Chickpea Seeds Research Articles

Chick-pea seeds in pig diets

Chick-pea seeds in pig diets

EFFECT OF HERBICIDES AND BIOLOGICAL PREPARATIONS ON GROWTH PROCESSES AND GRAIN PRODUCTIVITY OF NUTU

Chickpeas are a high-tech legume crop, so the improvement of scientifically sound technology of chickpea cultivation is a priority among agricultural producers. The article presents the results of the study of the effect of soil herbicides, the microbial preparation Rhizobophyte and the biofungicide preparation Biopolicide on the growth, development and productivity of chickpea plants. There is a clear dependence and positive effect of microbial preparations on the height of chickpea plants, grain yield of chickpea varieties Triumph and Rosanna when used in combination with herbicides. When combined before sowing chickpea seeds with the microbial drug Rhizobophyte (1,0 l/t) and biofungicide Biopolicide (100 ml/t) and application of this background soil herbicide Frontier Optima, 72% k.e., at the rate of 1,2 l/ha contribute to the control of weeds in chickpea crops, intensive growth and development of cultivated plants in height, a significant increase in the yield of chickpea seeds. In particular, the height of the plants of chickpea variety Rosanna in the phase of full flowering on average over the years of research was within 59.4 cm, and the increase before control was 23,6 cm. The number of beans formed per plant was within 19,41 pieces. The yield of chickpeas of Rosanna variety in these areas was within 2,28 t/ha, the increase before control was 1,74 t/ha or 322%. Thus, the effectiveness of the basic physiological and biochemical processes of the phases of growth and development of chickpea plants depends on a number of elements: agronomic, seed inoculation, the use of chemical and biological pesticides. The yield of chickpea seeds depends on the control of weeds in its crops, in particular, the application of the soil herbicide Frontier Optima, 72% of the active ingredient, at the consumption rate of 1.2 l/ha, as well as the complex pre-sowing treatment of chickpea seeds with the biological preparation Rhizobophyt, 1.0 l/t + biofungicidal drug Biopolicid, 100 ml/t. These measures contribute to the yield of Rosanna chickpea seeds at the level of 2.28 t/ha.

Application of protein fractions from selenized sprouted chickpeas as emulsifying agents and evaluation of their antioxidant properties

Chickpea seeds were germinated using 96 mg/L of sodium selenite (Na2SeO3) dissolved in the soaking water and germinated for 48 h. The total protein (PT), glutelin (Glu), albumin (Alb) and globulin (Glo) were extracted. Total selenium, electrophoretic profiles, and emulsifying capacity were determined in the fractions. Emulsions were formulated by sonication with 4% protein (Glu), 56% water and 40% olive oil. The control emulsion was produced with tween 20 instead of the protein. The zeta potential (ZP), polydispersity index (PDI), and droplet size were evaluated. The cellular antioxidant activity of the emulsions was evaluated in the Caco-2 cell line. Glu showed the highest Se accumulation followed by Alb and Glo. The protein profile was similar in all treatments. The emulsifying capacity of selenized Glu and Alb significantly increased by 8.6% and 7.8%, respectively. The selenized Glu (EGluSe) and non-selenized (EGlu) emulsions were more stable compared to the control emulsion (ETw). Highest ZP was observed in EGluSe (−16.27 mV). EGluSe showed the highest cellular antioxidant activity (CAA), being 11% higher than the observed for EGlu. Glutenin emulsions can be used in food or cosmetics to counteract cellular oxidative stress

Proteometabolomic Analysis Reveals Molecular Features Associated with Grain Size and Antioxidant Properties amongst Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) Seeds Genotypes.

Legumes are an essential source of nutrients that complement energy and protein requirements in the human diet. They also contribute to the intake of bioactive compounds such as polyphenols, whose content can vary depending on cultivars and genotypes. We conducted a comparative proteomics and metabolomics study to determine if there were significant variations in relevant nutraceutical compounds in the five genotypes of Kabuli-type chickpea grains. We performed an isobaric tandem mass tag (TMT) couple to synchronous precursor selection (SPS)-MS3 method along with a targeted and untargeted metabolomics approach based on accurate mass spectrometry. We observed an association between the overproduction of proteins involved in starch, lipid, and amino acid metabolism with gibberellin accumulation in large grains. In contrast, we visualized the over-accumulation of proteins associated with water deprivation in small grains. It was possible to visualize in small grains the over-accumulation of some phenolics such as vanillin, salicylic acid, protocatechuic acid, 4-coumaric acid, 4-hydroxybenzoic acid, vanillic acid, ferulic acid, and kaempferol 3-O-glucoside as well as the amino acid l-phenylalanine. The activated phenolic pathway was associated with the higher antioxidant capacity of small grains. Small grains consumption could be advantageous due to their nutraceutical properties.

EFFECT OF PHOSPHORUS FERTILIZER PLACEMENT ON EMERGENCE AND EARLY GROWTH OF CHICKPEA (Cicer arietinum L.)

Fertilizer in close proximity to seed can hamper emergence and early growth of seedlings. This study investigates whether phosphorus fertilizer placement with or close to seed affects emergence and early growth of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) and its relationship to soil texture. In pot culture studies with sandy soil, emergence and early growth were suppressed when triple superphosphate (TSP) and di-ammonium phosphate (DAP) were in contact with seed or banded 2cm directly below the seed; the effect of DAP was more detrimental than that of TSP. Placement of TSP at 5 cm directly below the seed did not hamper emergence in sandy soil although it still had a mild suppressive effect on early growth of chickpea. In clay soil, the recommended rate of TSP (100 kg TSP or 20 kg P ha- ) had little or no effect on emergence and negligible effect on subsequent seedling growth. In fields with clay loam soil, placement of the recommended rate of TSP with chickpea seeds in rows by a minimum-till planter was also found safe. In conclusion, the effect of phosphorus fertilizer placement in close proximity to chickpea seed was soil texture specific: in sandy soil the placement had deleterious effect on emergence and early growth while in clay soil there was little or no effect.

Armazenamento de sementes de grão de bico em diferentes embalagens, ambientes e períodos

ABSTRACT Storage is a fundamental practice in the control of the physiological quality of seeds, as it is a method that can preserve their viability and vigor for a longer period. Thus, the objective of the present study was to evaluate the storage of chickpea seeds in different packagings, environments, and periods. The completely randomized design was used in a 2 × 2 × 4 factorial scheme, corresponding to two types of packaging (hermetic and Kraft® paper), two storage environments (cold chamber environment and conventional environment), and four storage periods (0, 45, 90, and 135 days), with four replicates. The seeds were placed in Kraft® paper bags and hermetic packagings and stored for 135 days in the environments: cold chamber (14.5 °C and relative air humidity of 65%) and conventional environment (no temperature and relative air humidity control). Every 45 days, seeds were subjected to the following evaluations: determination of water content, germination, first germination count and accelerated aging. In general, the maintenance of the physiological quality of chickpea seeds was verified in Kraft® paper packagings and the cold chamber environment. Storage of chickpea seeds in hermetic packaging must be carried out with seeds with 7% moisture, regardless of the storage environment. The packagings maintained the physiological quality of chickpea seeds for up to 45 days, regardless of the storage environment.

Crystallization and crystallographic studies of a novel chickpea 11S globulin.

Chickpea is a crop that is known as a source of high-quality proteins. CL-AI, which belongs to the 11S globulin and cupin superfamily, was initially identified in chickpea seeds. CL-AI has recently been shown to inhibit various types of α-amylases. To determine its molecular mechanism, the crystal structure of CL-AI was solved at a final resolution of 2.2 Å. Structural analysis indicated that each asymmetric unit contains three molecules with threefold symmetry and a head-to-tail association, and each molecule is divided into an α-chain and a β-chain. CL-AI has high structural similarity to other 11S globulins and canonical metal-dependent enzyme-related cupin proteins, whereas its stimilarity to α-amylase inhibitor from Phaseolus vulgaris is quite low. The structure presented here will provide insight into the function of CL-AI.

Comparative evaluation of quality properties of chickpea seed (Cicer arietinum L.) grown under different irrigation conditions by using machine learning

Chickpea is an important edible legume consumed worldwide because of rich nutrient composition. The physical parameters of chickpea are crucial attributes for design of processing and classification systems. In this study, effects of seven different irrigation treatments on size, shape, mass, and color properties of chickpea seeds were investigated, and machine learning algorithms were used to estimate mass and color attributes of chickpea seeds. The results showed that Multilayer Perceptron (MLP) had the greatest correlation coefficients for mass (0.9997) and chroma (0.9997). The MLP yielded better outcomes than Random Forest for both mass and color estimation. In terms of physical attributes, the best results were obtained in I1 (rainfed) and I5 (irrigation at 50% flowering and 50% pod fill) irrigation treatments. Additionally, single or couple irrigations at different physiological stages instead of full irrigation treatment might be sufficient to improve the physical attributes of chickpea.

Seeds germination of different species in saline water

The objective of the work was to evaluate the interference of saline water in seeds germination of several species of economic interest. The experiment was developed at the Laboratory of Support to Teaching, Research and Extension of the Experimental Farm of Agricultural Sciences, Grand Dourados Federal University, in the municipality of Dourados, Mato Grosso do Sul state, Brazil. The germination tests were performed separately for each species, thus, each one has a methodology determined by Rules for Seed Analysis. The species used were: cotton, chickpea, pea, safflower, sesame, soybeans, and vetch. The treatments were formed by sodium chloride (NaCl) dissolved in water: T1 – control (0.0 g L-1 – 0.065 mS cm-1); T2 – 3.0 g L-1 (5.50 mS cm-1 ); T3 – 6.0 g L-1 (10.70 mS cm-1) and T4 – 9.0 g L-1 (15.10 mS cm-1). All treatments were cultivated in B.O.D with constant light and temperatures according to the species. The characteristics evaluated were: First count; percentage of germination; germination speed index; mean germination time; mean germination speed and seedling length. The experimental design used was completely randomized with four treatments and four replications. Doses up to 6.0 g L-1 of NaCl had not interfered on germination of cotton, chickpea, safflower and sesame seeds. Pea, soybean and vetch have not had their germination influenced by concentrations of NaCl used. Water salinity may not harm germination, however, it affects seedlings growth, and may be a determining factor in achieving the ideal population of each crop at field level.

COMPARATIVE STUDIES OF DIFFERENT ORGANIC SOURCES ON GROWTH OF LESION NEMATODE ON CHICKPEA

The chickpea (Cicer arietinum) is an annual legume of the family Fabaceae sub family Papilionoideae. Its different types are variously known as gram or Bengal gram, Garbanzo or Garbanzo bean, or Egyptian pea. Chickpea seeds are high in protein. The lesion nematode Pratylenchus thornei is described as a major limiting factor in chickpea. In this taking experiment we have taken 10 treatments i.e. T1 - Compost, T2 - Glomus etunicatium, T3 Rhizobium, T4 - Oil seed cake, T5 - Acaulospora scrobiculata, T6 - Compost + Glomus etunicatium + Acaulospora scrobiculata, T7 - Compost + Rhizobium + Acaulospora scrobiculata, T8 - Oil seed cake + Glomus etunicatium + Acaulospora Scrobiculata, T9 - Oil seed cake + Rhizobium + Acaulospora scrobiculata) and used T0 - Control as a check. We have analyzed it statistically on the basis of observation made in this research. The observations include pot and eld experiments having growth parameters [Days owering initiation, Branches (No.), Shoot length (cm), Flower (no.)]. In this research paper we have compiled the all above information and study the studies of different organic sources on growth of lesion nematode on chickpea.

Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) Seeds as a Reservoir of Endophytic Plant Growth-Promoting Bacteria.

The seed microbiome, the primary source of inoculum for plants, may play an important role in plant growth, health and productivity. However, the structure and function of chickpea seed endophytes are poorly characterized. Bacteria with beneficial characteristics can be selected by the plant and transmitted vertically via the seed to benefit the next generation. Studying the diversity and multifunctionality of seed microbial communities can provide innovative opportunities in the field of plant-microbe interaction. This study aimed to isolate, identify and characterize culturable endophytic bacteria from chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) seeds. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rDNA showed that the endophytic bacteria belong to the genera Mesorhizobium, Burkholderia, Bacillus, Priestia, Paenibacillus, Alcaligenes, Acinetobacter, Rahnella, Enterobacter, Tsukamurella, and Microbacterium. The most frequently observed genus was Bacillus; however, rhizobia typically associated with chickpea roots were also found, which is a novel finding of this study. Siderophore production and phosphorus solubilization were the most widespread plant growth-promoting features, while hydrogen cyanide production was relatively rare among the isolates. Most of the isolates possess two or more plant growth-promoting features; however, only Bacillus thuringiensis Y2B, a well-known entomopathogenic bacteria, exhibited the presence of all plant growth-promoting traits evaluated. Results suggest that endophytic bacteria such as Bacillus, Mesorhizobium, and Burkholderia may be vertically transferred from inoculated plants to seeds to benefit the next generation.

Structural characterization and bioactivity evaluation of water-extractable polysaccharides from chickpeas (Cicer arietinum L.) seeds.

Two water-extractable polysaccharide fractions designated as CWP (7. 37 × 105 Da) and CWP-0.2 (1.58 × 104 Da) were isolated and purified from chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) seeds. The chemical structure of the two polysaccharides was characterized by various methods. Monosaccharide composition and methylation analysis showed that CWP was composed of Man and Glc in a molar ratio of 44.6:55.4, and CWP-0.2 was composed of Rha, Ara, Man, Glc, and Gal in a molar ratio of 10.6:23.3:5.2:4.9:56. Further structural characterization indicated that the main chain connection of CWP was → (2-β-d-Fruf-1) n →, and the main chain connection of CWP-0.2 was explored as → 2,4)-α-l-Rhap-(1 → 3)-α-d-Galp-(1 → with the branched chain of → 2,4)-α-l-Rhap-(1 → o-4. Besides, both CWP and CWP-0.2 had antioxidant and immunoregulatory activity in vitro, through scavenging DPPH· and ABTS·+ as well as stimulating production of NO, IL-6, TNF-α and MCP-1 in RAW 264.7 macrophages. CWP-0.2 revealed significantly higher bioactivity than CWP.

Counting and Classification of Seed Using Machine Learning Methods

Deep learning, machine learning and image processing techniques have become important tools used in facilitating agricultural work and developing solutions to different problems in the production phase. In this study, a seed number and type detection algorithm was developed using YOLO deep learning architecture, a real-time object detection algorithm employing the CNN structure in AugeLab Studio sofware. With the developed model average loss factor of 0.417 was achieved after 3000 iterations. As a result of the analysis, it has been determined that the bean classification accuracy varies between 97% and 100%, while the chickpea classification accuracy varies between 91% and 100%. In addition, the total number of 11 beans and 10 chickpea seeds in a single image was determined with 100% accuracy. The results demonstrated that AugeLab, a software employing artificial inteligence based image processing techniques, can be used by seed production companies, agricultural biotechnology laboratories and seed certification institutions in counting and classification of seeds. It can also be used in variety and/or species separation, separating and detecting germinated seeds, or detecting and proportioning foreign mixtures in seed certification processes within shorter time and less costs.

ZnO Nanoparticle-Mediated Seed Priming Induces Biochemical and Antioxidant Changes in Chickpea to Alleviate Fusarium Wilt.

Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) is one of the main pulse crops of Pakistan. The yield of chickpea is affected by a variety of biotic and abiotic factors. Due to their environmentally friendly nature, different nanoparticles are being synthesized and applied to economically important crops. In the present study, Trichoderma harzianum has been used as a stabilizing and reducing agent for the mycosynthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs). Before their application to control Fusarium wilt of chickpea, synthesized ZnO NPs were characterized. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis revealed the average size (13 nm) of ZnO NPs. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) indicated their spherical structure, and energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX) confirmed the oxide formation of ZnO NPs. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) described the size and shape of nanoparticles, and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy displayed the presence of reducing and stabilizing chemical compounds (alcohol, carboxylic acid, amines, and alkyl halide). Successfully characterized ZnO NPs exhibited significant mycelial growth inhibition of Fusarium oxysporum, in vitro. In a greenhouse pot experiment, the priming of chickpea seeds with ZnO NPs significantly increased the antioxidant activity of germinated plants and they displayed 90% less disease incidence than the control. Seed priming with ZnO NPs helped plants to accumulate higher quantities of sugars, phenol, total proteins, and superoxide dismutase (SOD) to create resistance against wilt pathogen. These nanofungicides were produced in powder form and they can easily be transferred and used in the field to control Fusarium wilt of chickpea.

Use of Emulsion-Templated, Highly Porous Polyelectrolytes for In Vitro Germination of Chickpea Embryos: a New Substrate for Soilless Cultivation

The application of highly porous and 3D interconnected microcellular polyelectrolyte polyHIPE (PE-PH) monoliths based on (3-acrylamidopropyl)-trimethylammonium chloride as soilless cultivation substrates for in vitro embryo culture is discussed. The embryo axes isolated from chickpea seeds are inoculated onto the surface of the monoliths and allowed to germinate. Germination study show that the newly disclosed PE-PH substrate performs much better than the conventionally used agar as the germination percentage, shoot and root length, fresh and dry weight as well as the number of leaves are enhanced. The PE-PHs exhibit a higher absorption capacity of the plant growth medium, that is, 36 g·g–1 compared to agar, that is, 20 g·g–1, and also survive autoclaving conditions without failing. The key advantage over standard agar substrates is that they can be reused several times and also without prior sterilization. These results suggest that PE-PHs with exceptional absorption/retention properties and robustness have great potential as soilless substrates for in vitro plant cultivation.

The use of ginger rhizome in the production of meat products based on poultry and rabbit meat

The efficiency of the use of protein-carbohydrate compositions in the production of baked meat product is substantiated. The prospects of using vegetable composites of a protein-carbohydrate composition based on flour from sprouted chickpea seeds, jerusalem artichoke and sodium caseinate dietary fibers, a puree–like semi-finished product from ginger rhizome to improve the functional and technological properties of the stuffing system and obtain a meat product with high technological yield and improved quality characteristics are considered. The optimal dosage of the introduction of additives has been established: protein-carbohydrate complex (15%) to the mass of minced meat and mashed ginger rhizome at a dosage of 5.0% to the mass of minced meat. The use of a complex of additives contributed to the expansion of the range of products produced by the meat industry on the basis of the integrated use of raw materials of animal and vegetable origin.

Use of Extreme Low Temperatures Against Adzuki Bean Weevil (Callosobruchus chinensis L., Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) in Storage Management

This study was conducted to determine the effect of low temperatures on the different biological stages of adzuki bean weevil (Callosobruchus chinensis L., Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) in stored chickpea seeds. Different extreme low temperatures were tested for eggs, larvae, pupae and adults in all experiments with different exposure times. For larvae, pupae and adults, 100% death was obtained after 45 minutes at -16 °C, 30 minutes at -20 °C and 20 minutes at -26 °C. LT95 value was determined as 38.3, 39.0 and 36.8 minutes for larva, pupa and adult at -16 °C, respectively. LT95 value was determined as 27.4, 27.5 and 26.0 minutes for larva, pupa and adult at -20 °C, respectively. After 120 minutes at -20 °C, 100% mortality was achieved in the eggs and it was determined that the adults did not emerge from the eggs that were kept at -20 °C for 60 minutes. From these results, it is understood that extreme low temperatures are effective in all biological stages of adzuki bean weevil that cause damage in storage, and this method can be used safely against other pests that cause damage in storage.

Foliar application of wood distillate boosts plant yield and nutritional parameters of chickpea

AbstractIn the quest for eco‐friendly products with biostimulant properties, foliar application of wood distillate (WD) was tested on the growth and yield of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.). WD (pyroligneous acid) is a by‐product of plant biomass pyrolysis and is rich in biologically active substances like polyphenols, alcohols, acids and esters. In this work, chickpea plants were sprayed weekly with 100 ml 0.25% (v/v) chestnut (Castanea sativa Mill.) WD during the whole growing period, and at the end physiological and nutritional analyses were performed both on the whole plant and on seeds. While plant height and weight did not change significantly, seeds showed an increase in diameter (+11.2%) and weight (+33.3%), and in the content of starch (+45.9%), total soluble protein (+12.9%), total polyphenol (+16.4%) and antioxidant power (+28.4%). Overall, the content of essential free amino acids increased, except for lysine (−3.4%), phenylalanine (−10.5%) and methionine (−13.7%). Among all the mineral elements analysed, only potassium and magnesium decreased in WD‐treated plants, although values were within the common range for chickpea seeds. These results are a clear demonstration of the effectiveness of the use of WD on increasing the nutritional qualities of the edible parts of crop species, thus representing a possible solution to counteract human malnutrition and famine as well as environmental concerns.

Evaluation of Endophytes for Enhancing the Growth and Seed Yield in Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.)

Background: Endophytes are microorganisms that reside in the tissues of living plants are relatively unstudied as a potential source of novel natural products for exploitation in medicine, agriculture and industry. In present study, the endophytes were extracted from aerial parts of chickpea (stem and leaves) brought from three different villages of Vijayapur district. Methods: The isolation of bacteria was done and their morphological and biochemical properties were studied. The screening was done to select efficient endophytes based on compatibility test between Rhizobium GV-2 and the isolated endophytic bacteria and indole acetic acid test. Accordingly, three efficient endophytes BL-4, MS-1 and MS-4 were selected and identified as Bacillus thuringiensis, B. cereus strain LPDB2 and B. cereus strain LPDB5 based on 16S rRNA molecular identification. These three efficient endophytes along with the Rhizobium GV-2 were treated with the chickpea seeds in different combinations and sown in pot culture and field condition to check the effect of endophytes on crop performance in chickpea. The observations on plant height and dry matter at 30 DAS, 60 DAS and at harvest, number of branches per plant, number of pods per plant, seed yield per plant, seed yield per net plot, seed yield per hectare were recorded. Result: The significant difference was observed among the treatments and the results revealed that treatment with B. thuringiensis+B. cereus strain LPDB2+B. cereus strain LPDB5+Rhizobium GV-2 noticed significantly higher performance in growth and yield parameters.

Novel alimentary pasta made of chickpeas has an important allergenic content that is altered by boiling in a different manner than chickpea seeds

Alimentary pasta made of chickpeas has been recently introduced in the market. The novelty and presentation of this food can have a confounding effect on chickpea allergic patients and can pose a risk to them. The allergenic content of novel alimentary chickpea pasta in comparison with regular chickpea seeds has not been analyzed so far. Protein extracts were obtained, and the allergenic content was analyzed with sera from chickpea allergic patients and antibodies against major allergens by western blot, ELISA, dot blot, and cellular assays. Alimentary chickpea pasta showed an important content in IgE-binding proteins and chickpea allergens: 7S globulin, 2S albumin, LTP, and PR-10, similar to hydrated and boiled chickpea seeds. During boiling, more allergens from alimentary chickpea pasta were transferred to the boiling water than chickpea seeds. Novel alimentary chickpea pasta retains an important allergenic content which is affected by boiling by transferring allergens to the cooking water.