Chernozem Soil Type Research Articles

Comparative study of a winter wheat variety and hybrid sown after different pre-crops on chernozem soil

Wheat production is a determining branch within Hungarian crop production (produced on nearly one million hectares). Weather anomalies caused by climatic change confirmed the importance of the biological background (variety, hybrid) in wheat production. The adapting ability and reaction of different wheat genotypes towards nutrient supply were studied in a long-term field experiment on chernozem soil type in the case of different pre-crops (sunflower and maize). According to the experimental results of the vegetation of 2017/2018, the yield of the variety Ingenio sown after the sunflower as previous crop ranged between 4168 and 8734 kg ha-1, while in the case of maize as previous crop, this value ranged between 2084 and 7782kg ha-1, depending on the applied nutrient supply level. The studied genotypes produced rather significant yield surplus as a response to the application of mineral fertilization (4.6–5.1 t ha-1 after sunflower and 5.7–6.3 t ha-1 after maize). Optimal mineral fertilizer dosage was determined by both the genotype and the pre-crop. N-optimum values of wheat genotypes was determined using regression analysis. In the case of the variety Ingenio sown after sunflower, the optimum range was N144-150+PK, while after maize, it was N123-150+PK, respectively. For the hybrid Hyland, these optimum ranges were N114-120+PK, just as N150-153+PK, resp. The application of optimal mineral fertilizer dosages improved water utilization of the studied wheat genotypes to a significant extent. WUE values of the control, unfertilized treatments ranged between 4.1–8.3 kg mm-1, while in optimal fertilizer treatment, it ranged between 15.5 and 17.4 kg mm-1.

Effect of Water Erosion on Soil Respiration Characteristics of Chernozem Topsoil

Soil respiration characteristics are an important indicator of the soil state. The aim of this study is to determine the effect of water erosion on soil respiration characteristics, in particular to determine whether erosion-damaged areas show statistically significantly worse respiratory activity compared to intact soil. Respiratory biological activity, as an indicator of soil quality, was monitored on 13 plots with chernozem soil type damaged by water erosion. There were determined basic respiration characteristics, such as basal respiration (B), respiration after adding ammonia nitrogen (N), respiration after addition of glucose (G), respiration after adding glucose and ammonia. Furthermore, from the above mentioned characteristics, following ratios were determined: N/B, G/B, G/N, NG/B and the factor of complex action (FCA). Statistical analysis showed that the position on a slope affects the respiratory characteristics. Based on results, we can say that the soil shows excessive amount of nitrogen, lack of easily degradable organic substances and poor stability of organic matter. Using statistical analysis, it was found that water erosion affects only the indicators B and G/N.

Effect of sowing technology on the yield and harvest grain moisture content of maize (Zea mays L.) hybrids with different genotypes

From the aspect of the efficiency of maize production harvest grain moisture content shall be considered beside the amount of harvested grain yield. Hybrids with different genotypes and vegetation period length lose their moisture content different that is affected by row spacing and plant density – among agrotechnical production factors – depending on the given crop year. In the present research work three crop years with different weather conditions were studied (2013, 2014, and 2015). The small-plot field experiment was set up at the Látókép Field Research Centre of the University of Debrecen, Centre for Agricultural Sciences with four replications on a chernozem soil type. The effect of three factors was analysed in the experiment on yield amount and its moisture content. Factors were row spacing (45 and 76 cm), plant density (50, 70 and 90 thousand plants ha-1), while hybrids were of very early (Sarolta: FAO 290), early (DKC 4014: FAO 320, P 9175: FAO 330, P 9494: FAO 390) and medium (SY Afinity: FAO 470) ripening.
 In the crop year of 2013 the highest yield was produced – regarding the average of the hybrids – by the application of a row spacing of 45 cm (4.5%, 673 kg ha-1), however there was no significant difference between the yield of the populations of different row spacings. Significant difference (14.9%, 1751 kg ha-1; 6.3%, 583 kg ha-1) could be found in case of yield between different row spacing applications in 2014 and 2015. The effect of insufficiently distributed low amount of precipitation and lasting heat days in 2015 could be revealed in yield amounts and harvest grain yield moisture content results that were lower than in the previous years. In 2015 grain yield moisture content varied between 10.3 and 13.9% in case of a row spacing of 45 cm, while by 76 cm between 11.0 and 13.9%.

Effect of plant density and row spacing on maize (Zea mays L.) grain yield in different crop year

Nowadays the aim of crop production is to realize the highest possible yield per production area unit by the highest possible crop safety. One of the possible ways for this is to increase of plant density or to decrease row spacing. Therefore, the plant number per unit area can be increased and the potential yield loss of individual plants is compensated by the higher plant density. The development of yield amounts of eight different genotypes was investigated in a small-plot field experiment with four replications on a calcareous chernozem soil type at the Látókép Research Site of the University of Debrecen in the crop years 2013 and 2014. Row distances of 45 and 76 cm, just as plant densities of 50 000, 70 000 and 90 000 plants per ha were set. Significant differences were found between the yield amounts of the studied hybrids in both studied crop years, while the effect of plant density on yield amount showed different results. In the crop year of 2013 the hybrids resulted high yields in the treatment with a row distance of 45 cm and plant density of 90 000 plants per ha, however, in 2014 significant yield decrease was found in comparison with the previous year, that can be attributed to the weather conditions in the months April-May and June. Optimal plant densities of hybrids, just as the corresponding expectable yield amounts were determined with quadratic equations. Optimal plant densities of the hybrids were different in the two studied crop years: in 2013, regarding the treatments set with the row distance of 45 cm, increasing plant densities resulted in higher yields, while in 2014, the yield showed decreasing tendency parallel to the increasing plant densities, that is confirmed by the fact that plant densities of 50 000 and 65 000 plants ha-1 proved to be more favourable. Regarding the treatments with a row distance of 76 cm, hybrids obtained their yield maximums by 80 327 plants ha-1 in 2013, while in the vegetation of 2014, by higher plant density (85 845 plants ha-1).

Uticaj sistema obrade na posležetveno stanje sabijenosti i vlažnosti zemljišta u 2011/2012 proizvodnoj godini

Crop production was unthinkable without intensive tillage that affected multiple increase of field productivity. With utilization of modern machines and techonogy, there were problems which minimize or even cancel the positive effects of intensive soil tillage. It is the main reason why are many studies dedicate on researching of effecets different soil tretments. Therefore, a large number of studies dedicates to studying the effects of various treatment technologies from the aspect of soil fertility. In this paper are presented one-year experiment results of influece tillage managment on soil fisical properties in 2011/2012 growing season. The experiment was conducted on meadow chernozem soil type, in Južna Backa region. The plot was splitted on three even parth where was applied different tillage tretments in winter weath production: discing, plowing and chiseling. Tillage depth during discing was 10-15 cm, during chiseling soil was 18-20 cm, and during plowing was 20-25 cm. After winter wheat harvesting in 2012., there was conducted field opservaions of soil compaction and soil sampling to determine soil moisture content. The soil compaction was measured in zones with 3,5 cm increasing depth, and undisturbed soil samples are taken in soil layer of 0-15 cm and 15,1-30 cm. Analisys of data has shown that the greates average compaction was on treatment where tillage was performed by plow (2,11 MPa), than on treatment where tillage was performed by compact cultivator (1,89 MPa) and the lowest on treatment where tillage was performed by disc harrow (1,62 MPa). The maximum compaction was obtained on plowed soil in layer 15,1-30 cm, than on coiultivated soil (5,04 MPa) and the lowest on disced soil (4,36 MPa). The lowest soil moisture content was obtained on plowed soil (17,4%), than on disced soil (18,01%) and the highest on coultivated soil (18,55%). Between obtained values of soil mosture content was achieved statistical significant difference on confidence level of 95%. In soil layer 0-15 cm depth wasn't achieved statistical difference between values in accordance to treatment. In soil layer 15,1-30 cm depth was achieved statistical difference between soil moisture of plowed tretatment (15,57%) in comparation to disced treatment (16,75%) and coultivated treatment (17,64%).

Khorasan wheat population researching (Triticum turgidum, ssp. Turanicum (McKey) in the minimum tillage conditions

Khorasan wheat occupies a special place in the group of new-old cereals (Triticum turgidum, ssp. Turanicum McKey). It is an ancient species, native to eastern Persia, that is very close to durum wheat by morphological characteristics. Investigations were carried out in agro ecological conditions of the eastern Srem, with two wheat populations with dark and bright awns as objects of study. The following morphological and productive characteristics were investigated: plant height (PH), spike length (SH), number of spikelets per spike (NSS), absolute weight (AW) and grain weight per spike (GW), seed germination (G) and grains yield (YG). Field micro-experiments were set on the carbonate chernozem soil type on loess plateau in 2011 and 2012. Hand wheat sowing was conducted in early March with drill row spacing of 12 cm. The experiment was established as complete randomized block system with four replications. Tending crops measures were not applied during the growing season. Plants were grown without usage of NPK mineral nutrients. Chemical crop protection measures were not applied, although powdery mildew (Erysiphe graminis) was appeared before plants spike formation in a small extent. The results showed that both populations have a genetic yield potential. In general, both populations manifested a satisfactory tolerance on lodging and there was no seed dispersal. Plants from bright awns population were higher, had longer spikes and larger number of spikelet?s per spike. However, plants from dark awns population had higher absolute weight and grains weight per spike, as well as grain yield per plant. Strong correlation connections were identified among the investigated characteristics. The determination of correlations, as well as direct and indirect affects, enabled easier understanding of the mutual relationships and their balancing in order to improve the yield per unit area.

Maximizing the Positive Impacts of Irrigation and Its Influence on the Settlement of Soil Particles

Researches presented, are the subject of study on the evolution of soil quality indicators of Romanian Plain, where mainly is chernozem soil type, as a consequence of irrigation. To achieve the objectives we have studied some physical indicators of soil ( bulk density and total porosity ) în the territory concerned, the interpretation of analytical results been performed according to the proper methodology, after taking soil samplings from pedogenetic horizons. Through an analysis of the evolution of chernozem’s soil compaction, due to irrigation’s application, it highlights different soil compaction status correlated with the physical condition of the soil. If irrigated soil, in maize crop, loosening is moderate în the layer 0-10 cm, with values of 1.20 g/cm3,after applying every year of irrigation, it indicates values ranging în a fairly widely, from small (moderately loose soil, with bulk density of 1.23 g/cm3) , the medium ( soil poorly compacted, bulk density was 1.45 g/cm3) . Total porosity values are down slightly throughout the soil profile under the influence of irrigation, values are în the range middle - very high. After applying irrigation are observed physical changes, that induced changes in the balances resulting from damage to structure and structure to appear grainy dust structure and consequently the tendency of poor compaction and physical change of the soil.

Effect of Long Term Crop Rotation and Fertiliser Application on Maize Productivity

The effect of crop rotation and the application of fertilisers on maize yield were investigated in a 12-year study on the chernozem soil type at Zemun Polje, Serbia. The treatments included four cropping systems: continuous maize cropping (CS1); two crop rotation: maize - soybean (CS2) and maize - winter wheat (CS3), and three crop rotation maize - winter wheat - soybean (CS4) and the following fertilising treatments for maize: F1 - no fertiliser, F2 - 180 kg ha-1 NPK, F3 - 270 kg ha-1 NPK and F4 - 360 kg ha-1 NPK. The amount of applied nitrogen fertiliser in soybean was twice lower than in maize. The grain yield, on the average for all years, was the lowest (5.37 t ha-1) in continuous maize cropping. In a dominant type of the cropping system in Serbia (CS3), the maize grain yield was 6.82 t ha-1 and in CS2, was higher (7.60 t ha-1), even though the amount of nitrogen fertilisers applied, was lower by 50%. The highest average yield was obtained in CS4 (9.03 t ha-1). The application of fertilisers generally significantly influenced maize yield in comparison with control. These results favoured cropping systems with legumes preceded maize due to lower investments necessary to obtain higher yields

Dependence of the productivity of maize and soybean intercropping systems on hybrid type and plant arrangement pattern

Intercropping systems could improve utilization of the most important resources (soil, water and nutrients), provide a better control of weeds, pests and diseases, and finally higher productivity, especially under rain-fed growing conditions. This study aimed to determine the effects of three maize (Zea mays L.) prolific hybrids (FAO 500, 600 and 700) and the spatial intercrop patterns on the above-ground biomass and grain yields of maize and soybean (Glycine max L. Merrill), on chernozem soil type at Zemun Polje, Belgrade, in 2003, 2004 and 2005. The experimental design was a complete randomized block with four replications and three treatments: 3 rows of maize and 3 rows of soybean in strips for each maize hybrid (three variants, 3 rows of maize and 3 rows of soybean in alternate rows for each hybrid (another three variants) and monocrops of both maize and soybeans. To optimize the ecological and economic benefits of maize/soybean intercrop in terms of yield, variety selection and compatibility of the component crops should be made using established agronomic management practices involving the two crops. Suitable maize varieties for maize/soybean intercrop systems are varieties that have less dense canopy. These varieties would therefore have lesser shading effect to the understory beans. However, establishment of an appropriate spatial arrangement of the component crops would be essential to alleviate negative effects especially on the less competitive crop. The intercropping system in alternate rows showed significantly higher above-ground biomass and grain yields in comparation with both the strip intercropping system and maize monocrops in 2004. Soybean gave significantly lower above-ground biomass and grain yield in intercrops than in monocrops. Maize prolific hybrid growing in intercropping with soybean as legume crop, increased productivity of cropping system, especially in favourable agroecological conditions. Maize and soybean yields reduction could have also been due to interspecific competition for resources such as nutrients and water. Moreover, performance of the currently grown varieties in the semi-arid regions depends on the amount of rainfall received during the growing season.

Long term effects of different soil tillage systems on maize (Zea mays L.) yields

The effects of three tillage systems: no-tillage (NT), reduced tillage (RT) and conventional tillage (CT), and three levels of fertilization (0, 258 and 516 kg/ha NPK (58:18:24)), on the maize yield during ten years (1999–2008) were analyzed on the chernozem soil type in Zemun Polje, Serbia. Statistical analyses showed significant effects of all three factors i.e., year, soil tillage and amount of fertilizers, and their interactions on the maize yield. The ten-year averages showed that the highest yields were observed with CT (10.61 t/ha), while the averages with RT and NT were lower (8.99 t/ha and 6.85 t/ha, respectively). The results of the influence of the amount of the applied fertilizers on maize yield showed that the lowest yield was in the zero level of fertilization 7.71 t/ha, while the yield was raised when the 258 kg/ha and 516 kg/ha NPK were applied (9.18 t/ha and 9.56 t/ha, respectively). Analyzing the influence of the soil tillage systems on maize production with respect to the amounts of applied fertilizers, this research revealed the benefits of CT under the presented agroecological conditions, irrespective of the level of applied fertilizer.

Winter wheat yield and yield components as affected by soil tillage systems

Eight different soil tillage systems (TS) for winter wheat after soybean crop production were compared at the chernozem soil type in Croatian Baranya region in a 4-year period (2001/2002, 2002/2003, 2003/2004, 2004/2005). Tillage systems were: CT) conventional tillage, based on autumn mouldboard ploughing; DH) autumn disc harrowing; CH) autumn disc harrowing + chiselling; NT) No-tillage; CSDW) DH for winter wheat, alternated with CT for previous crop soybean; CWDS) CT for wheat, DH for soybean; CsNw) NT for wheat, CT for soybean; and CwNs) CT for wheat, NT for soybean. The dry conditions experienced in 2002/2003 decreased at half winter wheat grain yield at treatments NT and CwNs. The most stable grain yields were obtained by CT, CH, and CSDW in the third of 4 experimental years. CsNw, DH and CWDS did not result in significant crop yield reduction when compared to CT. There was no striking regularity regarding applied TS at the grain yield components. The strongest effects on yield and yield components for winter wheat were due to the climate conditions. TS had a significant effect on the grain yield and crop population in the earing stage in all 4 experimental years. The biggest difference in stem height was determined between CWDS and CsNw. Mass of plant, number of grains per spike, and hectolitre mass were greater under CT than under other TS. Coefficient of tillering and mass of 1000 grains had approximate values for all applied TS. In conclusion, CH, CSDW, and CsNw produced similar or slightly better quality properties than CT and these systems could be presented as an even-handed replacement for soil tillage.

Changes of soil organic matter under minimum tillage in different soil-climatic conditions

Quantitative and qualitative soil organic matter properties were observed in a specific large area experiment (Chernozem – Gross Enzersdorf, Austria) and in a medium-term field experiment (Cambisol – Studena, Czech Republic). Two technologies – minimum tillage (MT) and conventional tillage (CT) – were compared by means of the determination of quantitative and qualitative soil organic matter parameters of the soil samples in the years 2004–2005. Cambisol showed higher values of quantitative soil organic matter parameters in MT compared to those in CT over the whole soil profile. For Cambisol, the qualitative parameters were almost comparable for both technologies. Chernozem showed more favourable values of the quantitative parameters in the surface layer in MT, however, the values had rather a contrary trend in deeper soil layers. CT showed slightly more favourable values of the qualitative soil organic matter parameters in Chernozem. It can be said that Chernozem organic matter reaction to tillage technology changes is slower and of minor rate in comparison with that of Cambisol organic matter. The results of quantitative and qualitative parameters do not conform with the generally recognised values for the Chernozem soil type.

Types of interactions in intercropping of maize and soya bean

Intercropping two or more crops under similar micro environmental conditions can increase the agricultural productivity. A field study was conducted in three-year period 2003-2005 at experimental field of Maize Research Institute, Belgrade on chernozem soil type. This examination included three experimental hybrids of maize from various FAO groups of ripening (500,600 and 700) and the type of soya bean from II group of ripening (Nena). Maize and soybean was grown in pure stands and three combinations of intercrops (alternate-row and in strip intercropping). Additive design was used for creating of intercrop variants. The paper investigated the grain yield of maize and soya bean in the intercropping, and compared with the yield of the monocrops. Comparison of the yield was carried out with the most Number indicators- Land equivalent Ratio index (LER). For individual comparisons used the standard error differences between means. Comparing with the intercropping production of monocrops production of maize and soya bean, with the index LER, the results obtained indicate that there are more intercropping production, especially in 2004. The three-year average, the increase of grain yield in the intercropping in relation to monocrops of maize and soya bean was 45% in the strip, or 49% in the alternate rows. Intra-species the intensity of competition is higher in the strip and in the pattern arrangement of the resulting lower relative grain yield, primarily due to lower maize yield.

Influence of agroecological conditions on root yield of celeriac

What we have in the present paper are the results of analysis on how the amount of precipitation, temperature, type of soil, and drip irrigation can affect celeriac root yield. The soil type had a considerable influence on yield. In both study years concerning two ways of growing - watering and dry cultivation, the celeriac root yield was higher on the chernozem soil type. The higher amount of precipitation and higher temperature during the period of vegetation resulted in higher root yield the first study year (both locality and dry cultivation). Compared with in dry cultivation, in both study years as well as both localities, drip irrigation had higher effects on celeriac root yield. .

Effect of plant arrangement pattern and irrigation on efficiency of maize (Zea mays) and bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) intercropping system

A field study was conducted on an experimental field of the Maize Research Institute Zemun Polje- Belgrade (latitude: 44° 49′ N), Yugoslavia over a 3 year period (1994–1996). The objective of this study was to find the optimal spatial arrangement of a maize–beans intercrop in irrigated and rainfed farming systems.Plant arrangement patterns in an intercropping system did not significantly affect LAI values in maize compared with a sole crop, while irrigation had a greater positive influence on it. Leaf area values of beans were more sensitive to the same treatments. Microenvironmental conditions in maize–bean mixtures were more favourable for bean crop than for sole beans.An intercropping system had a greater influence on yield components of maize. Component combination 1/2[ratio ]1/2 (maize[ratio ]bean) was most effective in all yield components of maize. Intraspecific competition appears to be more intense than interspecific competition in both crops. Yield component of bean was more sensitive to water regime of the site than to planting pattern in an intercrop. Irrigation increased all yield components of bean (especially pod number). The intercropping system decreased harvest index in both crops compared with monocrops. Maximum total grain yield was in 1994 in irrigated maize–bean intercrop 1/2[ratio ]1/2, with highest efficiency being in an intercrop in irrigation in 1995. The Land Equivalent Ratio (LER), based on grain yield, was consistently greater than 1·0 in an irrigation water regime in 1995. Proportion of maize[ratio ]bean = 1/2[ratio ]1/2 gave the highest increase of yield (LER = 1·54). Under conditions of chernozem soil type in Zemun Polje, with often-expressed dry periods, irrigation is a very important measure for increasing maize–beans intercrop productivity.