Chemical Elements In Plants Research Articles

Background Concentrations of Chemical Elements in Plants Inhabiting the Northern Part of Western Siberia and Changes They Undergo under the Impact of Oil and Gas Production

Background Concentrations of Chemical Elements in Plants Inhabiting the Northern Part of Western Siberia and Changes They Undergo under the Impact of Oil and Gas Production

The content of chemical elements in <i>Trаpa nаtans</i> and <i>Nymphoides peltata</i> of the Volga Delta

Aim. To identify the specific features of the accumulation of heavy metals in Trаpa nаtans and Nymphoides peltata in the Volga delta. Materials and Methods. Plant sampling was carried out in the Astrakhan State Nature Biosphere Reserve. Determination of the concentration of chemical elements was carried out using atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Results. As a result of the research it was noted that the plant species studied had some similarities in the accumulation of chemical elements. In both types of plants iron was predominantly accumulated, manganese content being in second place in terms of metal concentration. Chromium and cadmium were found to be in the lowest concentrations. Nymphoides peltata is an iron accumulator compared to Trapa natans. The leaves of Trapa natans are manganese concentrators, while the stems are copper concentrators. Conclusions. Based on the specific features identified in the accumulation of chemical elements in plants, a proposal is put forward regarding the possibility of using the leaves and stems of Nymphoides peltata as a test object for monitoring iron and chromium concentrations in water and the leaves of Trapa natans for monitoring copper concentrations in water.

Accumulation of chemical elements in the roots of <I>Euphorbia fischeriana</I> Steudel in the Shilka river basin (Transbaikal region)

Background. Euphorbia fischeriana Steudel is used in traditional and herbal medicine in Russia and China. Its roots contain 241 chemical components, but there is not enough knowledge about the plant’s elemental composition. Concentrations of chemical elements in plants have an impact the effectiveness of medical products.Materials and methods. The research was conducted in the Transbaikal region. Plants were analyzed using an ICP-MS Elan 9000 mass spectrometer (Canada). The ICP-MS method of measuring metal content in solid objects, PND F 16.1:2.3:3.11-98 was used. Chemical analysis of the soil was performed at Kostromskaya State Station of Agrochemical Service. The obtained data were statistically processed using the Microsoft Excel software.Results. The accumulation of macro- and microelements in plant roots was studied (Ca, P, Mg, Na, Fe, Mn, Zn, Mo, Cr, Co, Se, Cu, B, Ni, V, As, Li, Pb, Ba, Bi, Cd, Hg, Be, Sb, Rb, Zr, Sn, Ag, W, Sr, and Ti). The chemical elements whose concentrations were significantly higher or, contrariwise, lower than the clarke of terrestrial plants were identified. Accumulations of Ti, Ag, As, Cr, Sr, Li, Ba, Mo, Fe, Bi, and Sb in descending order were 2–14 times higher than the clarke of terrestrial plants. Concentrations of Mn, Cd, Se, and especially V and Cu in E. fischeriana roots were low (0.01–5% of the clarke). The concentration of As in the test areas exceeded the threshold limit value for medicinal herbage and medicinal plant products (OFS.1.5.3.0009.15). Conclusion. The study made it possible to find deficiencies of a number of vital elements in E. fischeriana roots, discrepancy between the tested herbage and the threshold limit value for As, and increased accumulation of a number of toxic and potentially toxic elements compared with the clarke.

Accumulation and distribution of chemical elements in plants of Taraxacum officinale Wigg. (Transbaikal Territory)

The paper presents research data on the content of chemical elements in soils and the plant Taraxacumofficinale Wigg., which grows on the territory of the Transbaikal Territory. The content of chemical elements is comparedwith the maximum permissible concentrations. The coefficients of accumulation, root barrier, and translocation arecalculated.

Plant-matrix reference materials as a tool for ensuring the uniformity of chemical measurements in geochemistry, ecology, agriculture and pharmacology

The population needs reliable information on the chemical composition of plants and products made from them in order to preserve the environment and its safety. With the increase in cross-border trade, there is a growing demand for traceable results of determining the content of chemical elements in plants and not only proteins, fats, carbohydrates, pesticides, moisture, vitamins, etc., which can affect the quality of human life. An urgent but difficult analytical task is to obtain reliable measurements of the elemental composition of agricultural and wild plants and various products made from them. Reference materials (RMs) are a widely recognized tool for ensuring the uniformity of chemical measurements. They are designed for certification (validation) of existing and new methods (techniques) of chemical analysis, certification studies in the development of reference materials, and professional testing of laboratories. The article lists the reputable manufacturers of plant RMs in which the content of chemical elements is certified. The ratio of certified, reference, and quality control samples of plant-matrix has been assessed. The classification of certified reference materials according to the type of plant material used for their food application is provided. The contribution of different countries to the development of plant CRMs is hown. The selection of plants for the development of new RMs is discussed from two points of view, namely food composition databases (AOAC INTERNATIONAL) and the ‘Reference Plant’ chemical fingerprinting (B. Markert). Based on the consolidation of studies devoted to the development and appliance of plant-matrix reference materials, a list of the most important requirements has been compiled for reference materials that ensure the reliability and comparability of the results of chemical analysis in the fields of biology, geochemistry, ecology, agriculture, medicine, and interdisciplinary research.

THE ELEMENTAL COMPOSITION OF THE VEGETATIVE ORGANS OF SORTS REGAL AIR AND SPEAK TO ME OF HEMEROCALLIS HYBRIDA

The data on the content of 22 chemical elements in the leaves and rhizomes of Hemerocallis hybrida plants of the Speak to me and Regal Air varieties growing in soil-ecological conditions of the forest-steppe zone of Western Siberia are presented. The General regularities of accumulation and distribution of macro- and microelements in leaves and rhizomes of plants of two varieties of daylilies are established: excess of the content of many microelements (vanadium, chromium, nickel, rubidium) in rhizomes in comparison with leaves. It was revealed that the concentration of chemical elements in plants differed both in organs and between varieties. The peculiarity of the mineral composition of the Regal Air variety was the excess of the total content of trace elements in 1.5–3 times compared to the variety Speak to me. Concentrations of individual elements in the leaves and rhizomes of daylilies differed significantly. It is shown that in both varieties in the leaves the amount of bromine was 4 times higher than in rhizomes, strontium – 1.5–1.8 times. The concentration of toxicant elements in the phytomass of Hemerocallis hybrida varieties was significantly lower than permissible concentration, which makes it possible to use them for medicinal purposes.

Volcanism and geochemistry of soil and vegetation cover of Kamchatka. Communication 3. Elemental composition of vegetation of volcanic ecosystems

The link of the chemical composition of the plant with the active volcanism of Kamchatka, is determined by the stable occurrence into the composition of the priority chemical elements for plants, volcanic ashes and soils: Ca, Mg, Mn, P, Cu, Zn and Sr. An elevated geochemical background of Kamchatka plants relative to the bulk chemical composition of the peninsula’s soils was established. The contents of Br, Hg, Hf, Sb, Ga, W, K relative to the clarks for living matter in the plants of the region are exceeded by 3–5 times. Against the background of small variations in the contents of chemical elements in plants of different regions, the relatively rich biogeochemical background of the Western region of the southern province (the western coast of Kamchatka) is determined, where most ancient near-surface volcanic ashes for Kamchatka are transformed into humus-accumulative horizons. On the territory of young volcanic ash fallout in the immediate vicinity of volcanoes, the relative richness of vegetation with chemical elements and the poverty of soils by mobile forms of elements have been established. On the contrary, at a distance from the volcanoes in the zone of far transfer fallout ashes, there is a marked relative poverty of plants and soil richness of available chemical elements.

The Volcanism and the Geochemistry of the Soil and Vegetation in Kamchatka. Part 3. The Elemental Composition of Vegetation in Volcanic Ecosystems

The relationship between the chemical composition of plants and the active volcanism of Kamchatka is determined by the fact that the dominant chemical elements for the plants, volcanic ashes, and soils are invariably Ca, Mg, Mn, P, Cu, Zn, and Sr. We have found an increased geochemical background for Kamchatka plants relative to the bulk chemical composition of the soils in the peninsula. The concentrations of Br, Hg, Hf, Sb, Ga, W, and K relative to the clarkes in living matter were higher by factors of 3 to 5 in the plants of this region. While the concentrations of chemical elements in plants of different areas are subject to little variation, we found a relatively rich biogeochemical background in the Western Area of Southern Province (the western coast of Kamchatka); in this area the oldest (for Kamchatka) near-surface volcanic ashes have been transformed into accumulative humus horizons. It was found for the area where young volcanic ashes were deposited in the proximity of active volcanoes that the vegetation is relatively rich in chemical elements and the soils are depleted in mobile forms of elements. Farther from the volcanoes, however, in the zone where ashes of remote origin were deposited, one notes a comparative depletion in the plants and an enrichment in the soils in relation to accessible elements.

Elemental distribution and Pb speciation in vegetable and cereal seeds during germination by micro X‐ray fluorescence and X‐ray absorption near‐edge structure

The distribution of the chemical elements in plants is closely correlated with biological functions. Micro X‐ray fluorescence (μXRF) and X‐ray absorption near‐edge structure (XANES) spectrometry can be used to determine uptake, translocation, and accumulation of the elements in plants. In this research, μXRF and XANES were applied in studying distribution of the elements in the vegetable and cereal seeds during germination and the mobilization. It was found that (a) the distribution of the elements in the seeds was element specific; (b) K and Ca were mainly located in the embryo. Fe and Zn, as well as Mn and Cu, concentrated near the radicle and new developed root. Most of Pb was located in the new developing root; (c) the organic‐Pb complexes functioned as the main components of translocation of Pb in the seeds during germination, and the formation of Pb5(PO4)3Cl and Pb3(PO4)2 in seed and plant tissues was the mechanism of tolerance and detoxification to Pb in plants.

The effect of an organic waste compost on the agro-chemical characteristics of the soil, and the mineral composition of the sunflower leaves

Abstract Aiming to increase the use of natural resources and unexplored opportunities in industrial and agricultural practices, the marine algae biomass, that causes serious environmental problems in the Romanian Black Sea coast, was used in association with another two organic wastes, farmyard manure from cattle-breeding farms and sewage sludge resulted from the waste water treatment, to produce a compost suitable as organic fertilizer for plant cultivation in ecologic farming systems. Four variants of compost, first representing equal parts (33.33%) of those three components, and the other three proportions of 50% of each component, the difference being ensured in a ratio of 25% of each of the other two components, have been tested in a field experiment to assess their effects, both on the agro-chemical properties of the soil and on the sunflower plants development and crops. Until the phase of sunflower calathidia formation, the compost containing 50% farmyard manure influenced the best plant development in terms of height and number of leaves, then, at the end of vegetation period, the best plant development took place under the influence of compost prevalent in marine algae. The mobile forms of N and P were statistically differentiated depending on the dose of compost, the maximum dose generating the lowest content levels in the soil, as a result of higher absorption of these chemical elements in plants. The content of P and Ca in sunflower leaves recorded significant differences.

Толерaнтные к тяжелым метaллaм рaстения кaк состaвляющaя экологически чистых технологий

Industrial centers are areas of greatest pollution of various media with heavy metals. Near large industrialcenters, large number of heavy metals enter the soil, wherein soils of agrocenoses and cultivatedcrops can be polluted. A long period of self-cleaning of soils and the high cost of their artificial cleaningmake mankind seek for new ways to solve the problem associated with the contamination of soils withheavy metals. The most promising direction in this area is the study of the genetic potential of plants andthe identification of plant objects characterized by a minimum accumulation of heavy metals.The review presents data on the genotypic specificity of the adaptive potential of plants. Differenttypes of plants have different biological characteristics that determine the availability of heavy metals.The flow of heavy metals into plants depends on the characteristics of the absorption of an element bydifferent plant species. Soils characterized by a high polymetallic content of metals are distinguished bythe formation of specific communities.Not only different species, but also varieties of one species differ in ability to accumulate ions ofheavy metals, even with the same concentration in the soil. It is known that the ability to absorb, accumulate,and use chemical elements in plants is genetically determined. The physiological causes of thegenotypic specificity of the absorption of elements of mineral nutrition by plants are ambiguous: theycan be caused by differences, both in the primary mechanisms of ion uptake, and in their subsequenttransport and metabolism.Researchers identify selectively important indicators of technologically resistant varieties: plasticity,duration of vegetation period, yield, size and selectivity of root systems, detoxification and localizationof ecotoxicants in certain parts of the plant. An effective strategy to reduce yield losses is the use of varietiesthat have genes of tolerance or resistance to biotic and abiotic influences.

Evolutionary Dynamics of Intercoupling of the Chemical Elements in Plants and Primary Soil-Forming Processes

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Study the Dynamics of Vibrational Processes of Water Mineral Metabolism of Plants in Ontogenesis

We analyze the experimental data on the dynamics of water and mineral metabolism of tomato plants by using the methods of spectral analysis. Plants were cultivated under controlled conditions. We have used the various compositions of juvenile analogues of thin-layer soil. It is shown that the composition of the soil analogue significantly affects the dynamics of water-mineral metabolism of plants and plant productivity. It was found that the dynamics of the water and mineral metabolism of plants has a clear oscillatory structure. We have identified the most intense frequencies of this process. It was found that in order to maximize the productivity of plants it is necessary that the process of transpiration should contain simultaneously both high-frequency and low-frequency periodicities. This creates the most favorable environment for the development and functioning of the plant root system. It was shown that vibrations of water metabolism closely connected with the vibrations of the content of chemical elements in plants.

Elemental chemical composition of soils and plants in Western Taimyr

The contents of chemical elements in soils and plants collected from the tundra ecosystems of Western Taimyr (Russia) have been studied to determine the natural factors affecting the concentrations of chemical elements in plants and soils. Naturally high contents of Be, Cu, Mn, Nb, Ni, Pb, Sr, V, and Zn have been found in the soils, most likely due to polymetallic ore deposits in the region. The increased accumulation of Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, and Cd by plants has also been observed, which could be attributed to low soil pH and excessive soil moistening.

Using Hyperspectral Spectrometry and Functional Models to Characterize Vine-Leaf Composition

Concentrations of certain chemical elements in plants need to be controlled to ensure good crop quality and yield. However, laboratory analyses are usually time-consuming and expensive. Although indirect methods based on leaf reflectance are both faster and less expensive, most are based on indexes that only take into account certain wavelengths and fail to take full advantage of the entire reflectance curve depicted by modern hyperspectral sensors. This paper applies two functional prediction models, i.e., functional linear regression and functional nonparametric methods, to the prediction of the chemical characteristics (moisture, dry mass, and concentrations of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, iron, and magnesium) of vine leaves, using electromagnetic reflectance between 350 and 2500 nm as the input. Cross-validation was used to obtain optimal parameters for the models, which were tested using samples reflecting 5% and 10% of the sample size. The results obtained showed different levels of correlation between reflectance and the predicted data. The nonparametric methods yielded better results as they produced smaller prediction errors than functional regression. Moisture $(R^{2} = 0.96)$ and nitrogen $(R^{2} = 0.95)$ were the best predicted components, whereas magnesium content was the worst predicted component $(R^{2} = 0.77)$ .

Micronutrient composition of plants in the Polar Urals under contrasting geochemical conditions

Natural variation in the level of micronutrients in plants and soils of the Polar Urals depending on the types of bedrocks has been evaluated. The contents of Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, Ni, Cr, and Co have been determined by the atomic absorption method in 156 plant species of 25 families and in 38 soil samples. It has been found that the mineral composition of plant species varies depending on edaphic conditions. Taxon-specific features in the accumulation of chemical elements in plants of the Polar Urals have been revealed for the first time on the basis of a large amount of data.

Removal of macro-and microelements by the main crops in the Amur oblast

The distribution of the main nutrient elements (N, P, K) as well as microelements (Zn, Mn, Cu, Co, Mo) and heavy metals (Pb, Cd, Sn, Cr, and Ni) in various organs of soybean and wheat plants in the full ripeness stage is studied. It is found that the topography of chemical elements in plants depends on their physiological role, concentration, crop species and its yielding ability.

Evolution of diversity measures as a reflection of the process of primary soil formation in a model soil-plant system.

We used information theory methods to analyze the process of primary soil formation in a model soil‐plant system with permanent cultivation of plants under controlled conditions. When studying the dynamics of the diversity of the microbiotic complex, the organic matter formed, and the distribution of macro- and microelements in plant organs, entropy of information source was used as their quantitative characteristic. We found that both production and expenditure of entropy simultaneously occurred in the model soil‐plant system. The integrity and interrelation of natural objects and phenomena underlie formation of the entire diversity of soils with their inherent information content [1]. When studying the information function of soils, informationtheory methods permit quantitative estimation of the relative diversity of structures of the multitude of elements and monitoring of changes of these structures with time. This approach seems to be very useful for analysis of the evolution of diversity measures in the case of physical modeling of primary soil formation reproduced in a model soil‐plant complex with permanent intense cultivation of plants in a regulated agroecosystem (RAES). In this study, we searched for certain quantitative relationships of the degree of diversity of the soil‐plant systems in a RAES and analyzed its effects on plant functions. It was established experimentally that considerable changes in physical, chemical, and biogenic characteristics of root-inhabited media (RMs) based on granite crushed stone and other mineral materials occur in the case of long-term year-round cultivation of plants (wheat and tomato) in RAESs. The element composition of plants, as well as the biochemical compositions of the organic matter formed in RMs and the accompanying microbiotic complex also changes [2, 3]. It has been noted that these changes in the RM‐plant system have much in common with the evolutionary processes involved in primary soil formation under natural conditions, with coarse mineral RMs being subjected to intense biogenic erosion in RAESs. Accumulation of the fine fraction, which readily interacts with elements of nutrient solutions and metabolites of soil microorganisms, is accompanied by formation of certain secondary minerals. The results of the studies performed may serve as a basis for physical modeling and mathematical simulation of the processes involved in primary soil formation in the RM‐plant system that occur for long periods of time under natural conditions and are drastically accelerated in RAESs. The purpose of this study was quantitative description of the response of the RM‐plant system to complex evolutionary processes occurring in it in the course of long-term cultivation of higher plants (23 vegetation cycles of wheat and tomato in a RAES) in a one-crop system for 11 vegetations, subsequent crop rotation, and the accompanying changes in the relative contents of micro- and macroelements in plant organs. These changes allow the researchers to obtain information on redistribution of chemical elements in plants and variation of diversity measures in the course of primary soil formation and the evolution of the RM‐plant system under controlled conditions. We studied the patterns of the relative redistribution and formation of the relative diversity of chemical elements (Ca, K, P, S, Na, Si, Al, Fe, Mg, and Cl) in the course of the evolution of the RM‐plant system that played an important role in mineral nutrition of plants. Simultaneously, we monitored the dynamics of the changes in the biochemical composition of formation of organic matter, including cellulose, hemicellulose, alkaline-soluble and alcohol‐benzene fractions, and nonhydrolyzed residue, as well as the amount of its water-soluble part in the nutrient solution. In addition, we analyzed the dynamics of the species composition and amount of microorganisms (bacteria consuming mineral nitrogen, bacteria consuming organic nitrogen, spore-forming bacteria, cellulose-fermenting bacteria, fungi, and actinomycetes) in RMs. The biogenic accumulation of chemical elements observed in this case is specific with respect to the mechanisms and results related to the initial stages of transformation of RMs into soil.

Biogeochemical characteristics of natural and technogenic ecosystems of the southern Baikal region

The distribution of chemical elements in plants was studied in natural and technogenic ecosystems of the southern Baikal region. Basic statistical parameters characterizing the contents of a wide range of elements in different soil horizons and plants of the region and the “world land” (average for all the continents) were compared. On the basis of data on the distribution of chemical elements in the soil-plant system, groups of elements differing in the coeffient of biological absorption (Cb) were distinguished. Evidence of antagonism between the main biophilous elements and heavy metals accumulating in plants was obtained. Interrelations of K and Na, which play an important role in the regulation of osmotic processes in plants, were analyzed. The phenomenon of potassium replacement by sodium in plants of technogenic ecosystems may serve as a criterion for assessing the phytotoxicity and environmental quality.

Behaviour of Chemical Elements in Plants and Soils

Abstract Neutron activation analysis was used for the determination of the elemental composition of different plants and soils. Variations in concentrations of elements during the day were found. Mean concentrations, standard deviations and relationships between elements in soils and different parts of plants were studied. It was shown that the behaviour of chemical elements in samples from urban and unpolluted areas have significant differences.