Changes In Precipitation Patterns Research Articles

Cambio climático y plaguicidas: el caso del glifosato

esticide pollution, such as that caused by glyphosate, affects marine and terrestrial ecosystems globally. This agrochemical pollution is exacerbated by climate change, which leads to fluctuations in temperatures and increases in greenhouse gases. These factors stress organisms and their microbiomes. Additionally, the stress caused by climate change forces organisms to adapt to changes in precipitation patterns, resulting in droughts and floods. Consequently, the use of pesticides has also changed, often leading to the application of larger quantities than were previously required, due to the growing resistance of some pests. It has been documented that climate change has driven many organisms to migrate geographically. The interaction between pesticide uses and temperature fluctuations promotes plant diseases, reducing the availability and quality of food, while also causing damage to the reproduction of certain organisms, such as insects, amphibians, and fish, among others. In the case of glyphosate, its intensive and widespread use—primarily due to genetically modified seeds—has led to contamination of virtually all ecosystems with this compound, including humans. Keywords: Pesticides, Glyphosate, Climate change.

Exploring climate stabilisation at different global warming levels in ACCESS-ESM-1.5

Abstract. Under the Paris Agreement, signatory nations aim to keep global warming well below 2 °C above pre-industrial levels and preferably below 1.5 °C. This implicitly requires achieving net-zero or net-negative greenhouse gas emissions to ensure long-term global temperature stabilisation or reduction. Despite this requirement, there have been few analyses of stabilised climates, and there is a lack of model experiments to address our need for understanding the implications of the Paris Agreement. Here, we describe a new set of experiments using the Australian Community Climate and Earth System Simulator Earth system model (ACCESS-ESM-1.5) that enables the analysis of climate evolution under net-zero emissions, and we present initial results. Seven 1000-year-long simulations were run with global temperatures stabilising at levels in line with the Paris Agreement and at a range of higher global warming levels (GWLs). We provide an overview of the experimental design and use these simulations to demonstrate the consequences of delayed attainment of global net-zero carbon dioxide emissions. We show that there are substantial differences between transient and stabilising climate states and differences in stabilisation between GWLs. As the climate stabilises under net-zero emissions, we identify significant and robust changes in temperature and precipitation patterns including continued Southern Ocean warming and changes in regional precipitation trends. Changes under net-zero emissions differ greatly between regions, including contrasting trajectories of sea ice extent between the Arctic and Antarctic. We also examine the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and find evidence of reduced amplitude and frequency of ENSO events under climate stabilisation relative to projections under transient warming. An analysis at specific GWLs shows that significant regional changes continue for centuries after emission cessation and that these changes are stronger at higher GWLs. Our findings suggest substantial long-term climate changes are possible even under net-zero emission pathways. These simulations are available for use in the community and will hopefully motivate further experiments and analyses based on other Earth system models.

Socio-Economic Determinants of Human Negligence in Wildfire Incidence: A Case Study from Pakistan’s Peri-Urban and Rural Areas

This study aims to examine the socio-economic determinants of human negligence in wildfire occurrences across Pakistan’s peri-urban and rural regions. Increasingly frequent and severe wildfires, driven by climate change, socio-economic conditions, and human negligence, have become a pressing issue. Rising global temperatures and changing precipitation patterns have created drier conditions, while unsafe human activities—such as improper disposal of flammable materials and unsafe agricultural burning—further escalate wildfire risks. These issues are particularly pronounced in Pakistan, where high poverty levels, limited resources, and low education contribute to dangerous behaviors. Weak governance and poor policy enforcement further exacerbate the problem. Data were collected using a cross-sectional survey from 500 participants across five regions. Multiple regression analysis revealed that higher poverty levels significantly increased negligence, whereas higher education and improved access to resources reduced it. Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) highlighted the critical roles of local governance, policy enforcement, and community engagement in mitigating wildfires. Correlation analysis indicated an inverse relationship between wildfire risk awareness and negligent behavior. Chi-square tests demonstrated a strong connection between wildfires and migration patterns, underscoring the socio-economic instability caused by these events. Finally, linear regression showed that wildfires significantly impact regional climate indicators, emphasizing the need for integrated management strategies. This study offers valuable insights into the socio-economic factors driving wildfires in Pakistan and provides guidance for developing targeted mitigation strategies.

Patterns of foliar fungal diseases and the effects on aboveground biomass in alpine meadow under simulated climate change

1.Global warming and changes in precipitation patterns significantly affect plant fungal diseases, especially plant foliar fungal diseases. Research surrounding the effects of climate change on plants are mostly concentrated on aboveground vegetation and belowground soil microorganisms, with limited attention given to foliar fungal disease. Additionally, little is known whether climate change experiments can simulate the impact of variations on foliar diseases within real natural communities.2.We conducted a long-term experiment to investigate the effect of warming and altered precipitation on plant disease in an alpine grassland on the north-eastern Tibetan Plateau. Our study tracked foliar disease across 26 species of plants including non-legume forbs, legumes, grasses and sedges from 2019 to 2021. Each species was included in a two-factor full factorial experiment manipulating both temperature and precipitation.3.In our study the non-legume forb functional group carried the primary pathogen load, sedges maintained a near zero pathogen load across all investigated scenarios. Warming significantly elevated the pathogen load in legumes and non-legume forbs, while it reduced the pathogen load of grasses. Conversely, decreased precipitation significantly increased the pathogen load of non-legume forbs and increased the pathogen load of grasses. Notably, we found that pathogen load was primarily influenced by the direct effects of warming and precipitation, rather than indirectly through changes in plant community structure. Meanwhile, interannual climate variability exhibited a strong correlation with plant community pathogen loads. Areas experiencing increased temperature and precipitation showed lower fungal disease pressure, whereas regions with elevated temperatures combined with decreased precipitation faced a heightened risk of disease in alpine meadows on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.4.Our findings reveal that warming and decreased precipitation led to a reduction in above-ground biomass associated with increased the pathogen load of legumes. This underscores the importance of pathogen effects in both climate change prediction and ecological management.

Temporal and spatial use of a freshwater lake by upstream and downstream migrating adult Atlantic salmon Salmo salar.

Atlantic salmon Salmo salar typically enter fresh water several months prior to spawning and just as pools can provide areas of refuge in river systems, lakes may also provide important refuge habitat during the spawning migration. Using acoustic telemetry we examined the spatial and temporal movements of wild and a ranched strain of Atlantic salmon in a freshwater lake where the main spawning areas were located upstream of the lake. Over the study period (2011-2014), returning adult wild salmon spent an average of 228 days in fresh water and 90% of that time in the lake. On entering the lake, most wild salmon moved quickly to the northern part of the lake, close to the main inflow, spending an average 76% of the time in this location. The average number of days wild fish were absent from the lake during the main spawning period varied between years, ranging from 10 to 26 days for females and 32 to 35 days for males. Seventy four per cent (17/23) of salmon spawners returned to the lake and two salmon subsequently died in the lake post-spawning. Atypically, two salmon were resident in the lake for the whole period in 2013/14. During the study, wild salmon were detected at depths within the top 5 m for 73% of the time. Median depths post-spawning were greater than in the pre-spawning period, when salmon were found to spend extensive periods at depths in excess of 10 m. In July 2013, when the lake was stratified, thermal regulation behaviour was observed in wild salmon, whereby salmon moved to cooler deeper water when water temperatures at 1 m exceeded 20°C. In contrast to wild salmon, the majority of ranch salmon returned to the traps downstream of the lake prior to the spawning period, which would be expected as they were released as smolts below the freshwater lake. Ranch fish spent an average 80% of the time in the vicinity of receivers in the south of the lake and an average 98% of the time within the top 5 m. However, two ranch females were resident in the lake until the following spring and one ranch female moved upstream into the river during the spawning period. Clearly, in this catchment the lake provides an important habitat for migrating adult salmon. In the context of climate change, where thermal and hydrological regimes in rivers are expected to change in response to changes in air temperature and precipitation patterns, the availability of deep lakes that stratify in the summer and cool water refuges in river systems is likely to play a key role in the sustenance and conservation of salmonid species. Information about the migration patterns of Atlantic salmon in undisturbed freshwater systems may also assist in resolving issues associated with fish passage in impacted rivers and inform management decisions.

Soil Organic Carbon May Decline Under Climate Change: A Case Study in Mexican Forests

Soil organic carbon is essential for ecosystem health, influencing water retention, soil fertility and biodiversity. However, climate change and deforestation are reducing SOC globally. This study models and projects changes in the SOC of Mexican forest soils under different climate scenarios. Over 100 models were developed relating SOC to the Lang index (precipitation and temperature), altitude, slope, bulk density, texture and soil depth. The results indicate that SOC can be effectively modelled to assess scenarios for decision making. The highest SOC levels were found in tropical rainforests and mesophyll forests and the lowest in broadleaved forests of the Sonoran plain. Climate change is projected to reduce SOC in forest ecosystems by up to 11%, especially in temperate forests. Conversely, mesophyll forests are expected to experience a slight increase in SOC of 3% due to rising temperatures and changing precipitation patterns. This decline could lead to increased HGH and reduced carbon storage capacity. This study highlights the need for sustainable management practices and multidisciplinary research to mitigate these impacts and emphasises the importance of comprehensive strategies for long-term environmental sustainability.

IMPACTO DAS MUDANÇAS CLIMÁTICAS NA DISTRIBUIÇÃO E INCIDÊNCIA DE DENGUE NA REGIÃO AMAZÔNICA

This study addresses the impact of climate change on the distribution and incidence of dengue in the Amazon region, examining how changes in temperature, precipitation, and humidity patterns influence the proliferation of the Aedes aegypti mosquito, the disease vector. Evidence suggests that global warming and extreme weather events, such as heavy rainfall and drought periods, create favorable conditions for mosquito breeding, leading to a geographical expansion of risk areas and an increase in dengue cases.

Examining the Impact of Climate Change on Agriculture Products in the Province of Jawzjan (Case Study: Certain Villages in Sheberghan City)

A region's weather and climate patterns are impacted by climate change over an extended period of time. Rising temperatures, altered precipitation patterns, rising sea levels and other modifications to meteorological conditions are some of these changes. Numerous facets of existence, including the environment, economy, and human communities, may be significantly impacted by climate change. Significant repercussions of climate change are possible, particularly in the agricultural sector. The production of food crops may be impacted by these changes because agricultural goods are dependent on local climate and weather. Pests and plant diseases may also become more prevalent due to climate change. Accordingly, higher temperatures and changed precipitation patterns can foster the growth of pests and illnesses, which will lower agricultural yields. Investigating how climate change affects agricultural products in Sheberghan City, Jawzjan Province, is the goal of this study. A questionnaire was used in fieldwork to perform this study. Six communities inside Sheberghan City—Toka, Qowchin, Jalalabad, Seshanba, Nokar Abad, and Afghan Tapa—were given 100 questionnaires in all. Four different types of questionnaires were produced and designed for the survey portion of this study. Of the 100 responders, 26 worked as farmers, 37 as gardeners, 8 as teachers, and 29 as traders in agricultural products. Using the SPSS26 program, the research was analyzed. The results showed that agricultural goods are significantly impacted by climate change, highlighting the significance of agriculture and agricultural products in the economy. The research findings indicate that the utilization of contemporary technology, such as smart irrigation systems and smart systems, can be one of the elements in growing agricultural products, and that the development of climate-adaptive agricultural methods can boost agricultural products. Farmers' interest can also be raised by government encouragement and assistance. The general conclusion that can be drawn from looking at the aforementioned elements is that agricultural products have been impacted by climate change and the creation of farmers' techniques for adapting to it.

Increased rainfall frequency enhances dry seasonal soil mineral-associated organic carbon in a subtropical forest

Climate models predict longer and more severe droughts, and alterations in the frequency and intensity of rainfall events. However, how changing precipitation patterns affect soil organic carbon (SOC), particulate organic carbon (POC), and mineral-associated organic carbon (MAOC) remains unclear. Here, we conducted a three-year rainfall manipulation experiment with ambient rainfall as the control, removal of half the total rainfall amount with unaltered frequency (DRA), and increased rainfall frequency with the total amounts unchanged (IRF) in a subtropical forest. The results showed that the rainfall treatments did not change SOC content or fractions during the wet season. In the dry season, DRA significantly increased topsoil POC but did not change SOC or MAOC. IRF significantly increased POC and MAOC levels. The increased MAOC was associated with the newly formed binary complexes of Fe3+, Al3+, and Ca2+, and the adsorption/precipitation of reduced short-range-ordered Fe oxides, likely derived from the enhanced reductive dissolution in the IRF treatment. Our results suggest that changes in rainfall frequency affect organo-mineral interactions more profoundly relative to the rainfall amount and that these effects are season-dependent. Therefore, moisture-sensitive geochemical processes play an essential role in SOC stabilization in subtropical forests.

Study on the performance temporal variation of rainwater harvesting systems based on the dynamic change of rainfall pattern and domestic water demands

Rainwater harvesting systems (RWHs) in buildings are benefits in alleviating urban water scarcity. However, climate change and changes in building water demand affect the expected performance of RWHs over their life cycle. Previous studies have only focused on the adaptability of RWHs to climate change without considering the changes in building water demand. To address this issue, this study explores the impact of combined changes in precipitation patterns and domestic water demand on the water-saving efficiency of RWHs over their 25-year life cycle based on historical observations. Three cities in Japan were selected as case studies. The results indicate that during 25-year life cycle of RWHs, precipitation in different cities in Japan shows an increasing trend, while domestic water demand shows a decreasing trend. Such trend resulted in a change of -2.90–4.02% in the water-saving efficiency of the established RWHs and a change of -2.90–3.82% in the theoretical optimal water-saving efficiency, and these effects were greater in RWHs in buildings with high non-potable water demands. Therefore, RWHs in buildings with low non-potable water demand can appropriately reduce the rainwater tanks, while RWHs in buildings with high non-potable water demand must increase the rainwater tank size to eliminate this adverse effect. Furthermore, both reductions in domestic water demand and increases in precipitation have a positive effect on the water-saving efficiency of RWHs. However, when both domestic water demand and precipitation increase or decrease simultaneously, the change in water-saving efficiency of RWHs is related to the non-potable water demand of the building. This study can provide data support and theoretical evidence for the further implementation of RWHs under climate change, and can help stakeholders to optimize and update RWHs to ensure system feasibility.

The Accelerating Loss of Resilience in Suburban Woodlands Can Largely Be Attributed to the Changes in Urban Precipitation Patterns.

Vegetation resilience holds significant importance for stabilizing ecosystem service functions in a changing climate. While global land surface vegetation resilience changes have been extensively studied, the impact of urbanization on the resilience of suburban woodlands remains inadequately understood. In this study, we utilized two critical slowing down (CSD) indicators, namely lag-one autocorrelation (LOA) and variance (VA), to assess the vegetation resilience, its long-term trends, and influencing factors in suburban woodlands across 1356 cities worldwide. The recovery rates estimated by LOA ( ) and VA ( ) showed close alignment in suburban woodlands with low suburban forest coverage (SFC) areas (correlation coefficient (r) = 0.95). However, a notable divergence was observed in areas with high SFC (r = 0.73). Suburban woodlands with high SFC typically exhibited lower recovery rate estimates, thus indicating greater vegetation resilience compared to areas with lower SFC. From 1986 to 2022, the recovery rates of suburban woodland areas in over 83% of the cities demonstrated a significant upward trend, with an average of 3.23 × 10-3 year-1 for both and , signifying a widespread decline in vegetation resilience. The accelerating pace of urbanization led to higher rising rates of and during 2010-2022 (5.11 × 10-3 year-1) compared to 1986-1999 (0.49 × 10-3 year-1). The notable decrease in resilience of forestland was primarily attributed to reduced precipitation in urban suburbs, which can be explained by urbanization-induced heat island and building barrier effects, causing a shift of precipitation center from urban suburbs to central cities. In summary, this study revealed that urbanization diminishes the vegetation resilience of urban suburban woodlands by altering urban precipitation patterns. These findings underscore the necessity of augmenting water availability in urban suburbs to restore resilience in these woodlands, thereby enhancing their ecosystem service value.

Study of the feature of the temperature regime of the Mykolaiv and region in the context of the issue of climate change

Climate change is one of the most important and acute environmental problems of our time. It includes a complex of changes, such as rising ambient temperatures, changes in precipitation patterns, rising sea levels, and more frequent extreme weather events. According to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), the average global temperature has risen by about 1.1°C since the late nineteenth century. Projections point to a possible increase of 1.5°C by the middle of this century unless significant measures are taken to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. On the basis of the above, the paper analyzes trends in changes in atmospheric air temperature on the territory of risky agriculture in the South of Ukraine in the Mykolaiv region.The purpose of the study: to determine and substantiate the regularities of changes in the temperature regime of Mykolaiv and Mykolaiv region in the context of climate change.Research results. The values of temperature characteristics for the year and season in Mykolaiv and Mykolaiv region during 1991−2023 are analyzed. In Mykolaiv, about 60-67 days with a negative average daily air temperature and about 32 days with a negative maximum daily air temperature are recorded. The duration of the period with a negative minimum air temperature can be an average of 93 days per year: 64 in winter, 16 in spring and 14 in autumn. At the same time, on a large territory of the Mykolaiv region, autumn is warmer than spring. The average seasonal air temperature is 10.6°C, the average maximum temperature is 15.4°C, and the average minimum temperature is 6.4°C. In the Northern Black Sea region, both maximum and minimum temperatures in autumn are higher than in spring. The dynamics of changes in average annual temperatures in the city of Mykolaiv in the period from 1980 to 2023 are analyzed. A stable linear trend towards a gradual increase in average annual temperatures has been determined. The warmest year for this observation period is 2023, the coldest are 1985 and 1987. It is determined that the rate of increase in average temperature is 0.61°C for every ten years. Maximum temperatures are increasing at a rate of 0.0884°C per year and minimum temperatures are decreasing at a rate of 0.0136°C per year. Every year, the average annual temperature increases by approximately 0.021°С. The largest number of days accompanied by heat stress (up to 90%) is observed in July – August. Thus, changes in air temperature indicate a significant change in the temperature regime of the entire climate system of the region, and the consequences of climate change may be predominantly negative and will intensify in the future.

Examining the impact of climate change on local ecosystems and communities

We examine the particular impacts of rising temperatures, changed precipitation patterns, and an increase in the frequency of extreme weather events using climate models, field data, and socioeconomic analysis. The results of our investigation show that phenology, biodiversity, and species distributions are all significantly changing in the local ecosystems. Ecosystem services including pollination, water purification, and carbon sequestration are being hampered by these changes. One of the most important environmental issues facing humanity in the twenty-first century is climate change. The world's wealthiest and poorest nations are both impacted by climate change. In areas that are susceptible, for instance, shorter growing seasons and more frequent droughts are reducing agricultural productivity and leading to food insecurity. In addition to the environmental effects, local residents have substantial financial challenges. According to economic assessments, climate-related calamities such as floods and droughts have a substantial financial impact on both infrastructure and people. Particularly impacted are communities that depend on agriculture and natural resources, which has a big impact on their standard of living and economic stability. Our research also demonstrates how different adaptation tactics, including as water conservation and sustainable land management, can improve community resilience. Another important component of our research is the effects on health. We see a rise in climate-sensitive health outcomes, especially in areas with poor access to healthcare, such as vector-borne infections and heat-related illnesses. The mediating function of socioeconomic factors, such as income and education levels, on these health outcomes is significant. Our results highlight the necessity of focused interventions and policies to improve adaptive ability and reduce health risks. The study's finding highlights how intricately local ecosystems and communities are impacted by climate change. By providing a comprehensive analysis, our aim is to inform stakeholders and policymakers about workable mitigation and adaptation strategies. Future research should focus on longer observation periods and developing comprehensive approaches to address the complex issues caused by climate change. The paper concludes that although policy frameworks are necessary, their implementation and enforcement are hampered by Africa's poor governance structure and lack of political will.

Analyzing Current Trends and forecasting Snow Cover Dynamics: A Multi-Data Approach utilizing Satellite Data, ERA5 and SSP Scenarios for Enhanced Disaster Preparedness

The Indus Himalayan region, characterized by its challenging mountainous terrain, presents obstacles for ground observations. This study aims to investigate variations in Snow Cover Area (SCA) and its relationship with other climatic variables. We utilized MODIS snow cover, temperature, ECMWF ERA-5 and SRTM elevation products to assess present trends (2002-2023) and CMIP6 SSP scenarios (SSP1-2.6, SSP2-4.5, SSP5-8.5) to project future impacts (2024 to 2100) of climate change. Statistical analyses reveal decadal trends in SCA, with slight increases observed in winter, summer, autumn and annual periods (0.14% year−1, 0.33% year−1, 0.45% year−1 and 0.35% year−1 respectively). A significant positive trend is noted in spring (July-September) at 0.35% year−1. The study indicates an insignificant negative correlation (−0.81) between SCA and Land Surface Temperature (LST), suggesting potential climate change impacts on SCA depletion in the Northwest Himalayan (NWH) region. By projecting future climate scenarios including changes in temperature, precipitation patterns and annual frost days (Tmin < 0°C) until 2100, we observed a reduction in frost days and increasing temperatures due to climate change. Understanding evolving climate dynamics and snow cover trends is essential for developing effective strategies to address climate change impacts and to ensure community resilience in the Indus Himalayas.

Precipitation-induced biomass enhancement and differential allocation in Inner Mongolia's herbaceous and shrub communities

Changes in precipitation patterns induced by global climate change have profound implications for the structure and function of grassland ecosystems. However, the relationship between plant diversity and ecosystem function across different grassland types, particularly those with varying plant compositions and dominant species, remains inadequately understood. To address this knowledge gap, a five-year experimental manipulation of precipitation was conducted within herbaceous and shrub communities in the desert grasslands of Inner Mongolia. We found that increased precipitation significantly enhances aboveground biomass (AGB), belowground biomass (BGB), and community total biomass (CTB) in both herbaceous and shrub communities. In herbaceous communities, increased precipitation led to a disproportionate increase in both aboveground and belowground biomass, supporting the optimal allocation hypothesis. Structural equation modeling (SEM) further elucidated that precipitation regulates AGB and CTB through species richness and functional traits in herbaceous communities. In shrub communities, precipitation influences AGB, BGB, and CTB by affecting species richness and soil water content. This study highlights the critical role of precipitation in shaping biomass dynamics and allocation strategies within herbaceous and shrub communities in desert steppe of Inner Mongolia. These findings provide essential insights into the potential responses of desert grassland ecosystems to ongoing climate change.

Responses of greenhouse gas emissions to increased precipitation events in different ecosystems: A meta-analysis

Changes in precipitation patterns induced by climate change exacerbate the phenomenon by stimulating carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) processes in terrestrial ecosystems, leading to increased emissions of soil greenhouse gases (GHGs). However, the response of soil GHG fluxes across various global ecosystems under conditions of increased precipitation (IP) and extreme precipitation (EP) remains unclear. This study conducted a meta-analysis to examine the effects of IP and EP on soil GHG fluxes, synthesizing data from 49 published studies worldwide, and explored potential influencing factors. The results indicated that (1) IP significantly elevated CO2 emissions by 10.2 % and N2O emissions by 61.7 %, and did not impact CH4 emissions. EP treatment significantly increased N2O emissions by 61.8 %, CO2 emissions by 13.3 %, and CH4 emissions by 3.2 %. (2) Under IP treatment, significant differences in soil GHGs among various ecosystems were observed (P < 0.01). Among the three analyzed ecosystems (grassland, forest, and farmland), the response ratios of CO2 (30.4 %), N2O (61.8 %), and soil respiration (37.5 %, excluding plant respiration) were highest in the forest ecosystem and lowest in the grassland. (3) The response of CO2 flux to precipitation was most affected by soil dissolved organic C (P < 0.001) and microbial biomass C (P < 0.001). The key factor affecting the change in N2O flux was NH4+-N (P < 0.001). These findings provide a new perspective for understanding the effects of IP on soil C and N cycles in the context of global climate change.

Estimating future climate change impacts on human mortality and crop yields via air pollution

Future climate change may bring local benefits or penalties to surface air pollution, resulting from changing temperature, precipitation, and transport patterns, as well as changes in climate-sensitive natural precursor emissions. Here, we estimate the climate penalties and benefits at the end of this century with regard to surface ozone and fine particulate matter (PM[Formula: see text]; excluding dust and smoke) using a one-way offline coupling between a general circulation model and a global 3-D chemical-transport model. We archive meteorology for the present day (2005 to 2014) and end of this century (2090 to 2099) for seven future scenarios developed for Phase 6 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project. The model isolates the impact of forecasted anthropogenic precursor emission changes versus that of climate-only driven changes on surface ozone and PM[Formula: see text] for scenarios ranging from extreme mitigation to extreme warming. We then relate these changes to impacts on human mortality and crop production. We find ozone penalties over nearly all land areas with increasing warming. We find net benefits due to climate-driven changes in PM[Formula: see text] in the Northern Extratropics, but net penalties in the Tropics and Southern Hemisphere, where most population growth is forecast for the coming century.

Climate changes at mine closure: a systematic review

This systematic review addresses the implications of climate change on mine closure processes, aiming to identify, analyze, and synthesize recent literature on how climate change influences the rehabilitation of mined areas, environmental risks, the safety of remaining structures, and the long-term sustainability of closure projects. Through a methodology of selecting scientific articles, articles published between 2020 and 2024 found in the Capes/CAfe database were analyzed. The analysis covered the climatic impacts on increasing temperatures and changes in precipitation patterns in relation to soil erosion, water management, and revegetation in mine closure processes. The results highlight challenges and opportunities arising from extreme weather events, which compromise the stability of mine structures, and the noted absence of Emergency Action Plans for dealing with extreme events, which hinders decision-making and the implementation of control measures. Recommendations include the development of adaptive practices and the incorporation of advanced environmental monitoring to mitigate risks and promote sustainability in mine closure, as well as being essential to increase environmental resilience.

Plant functional trait is a strong predictor of ecosystem productivity under altered precipitation in desert steppes

AbstractThe relationship between biodiversity and ecosystem function has always been one of the hot issues in the field of ecology. With the acceleration of global warming, the precipitation pattern has become one of the main drivers of biodiversity loss, which has a profound impact on ecosystem functional services and stability. However, the studies on the effects and mechanisms of plant community diversity and ecosystem productivity under precipitation changes in desert steppe are still unclear. According to the change rate (−41.1% to 39.2%) of precipitation in the study area in recent 50 years, five precipitation gradients (i.e., −40%, −20%, CK, +20% and +40%) were set to simulate the possible future precipitation pattern changes. Aboveground biomass increased with the increase of precipitation. Compared with CK, the aboveground biomass increased by 22.81% with +40% and decreased by 80.71% with −40%, and the negative impact of precipitation decrease on aboveground biomass was more significant. Through multiple stepwise regression analyses, species diversity, functional diversity and phylogenetic diversity were identified as the best models of aboveground biomass. The results showed that the aboveground biomass changes could be explained by 51.3%, 81.6%, 32.6% and 60% respectively. Combined with plant community diversity, the final index model was obtained through multiple stepwise regression analyses, which could explain 88.3% of changes in aboveground biomass. In this model, The average coefficient of specific leaf area and leaf thickness had a very high significance level, and these two functional traits of dominant species had a greater explanatory power for ecosystem system function. There was a nonlinear correlation between precipitation and aboveground biomass, and drought had a more significant negative effect on aboveground biomass. Compared with species diversity and phylogenetic diversity, plant functional traits can better explain ecosystem productivity. Selection effects are the main maintenance mechanism of desert steppe community productivity under the background of precipitation change.

The ripple effects of climate change on agricultural sustainability and food security in Africa

AbstractClimate change results in lower agricultural outputs, disruption of food supply chains, and widening of the social gap between poor and rich in developing countries, with more vulnerable groups being pushed into untold poverty. This review aims to investigate the consequences of climate change on food insecurity in Africa in the context of environmental degradation. This review emphasizes the complexity of demands on food security systems due to changing climatic conditions under the four pillars (availability, accessibility, utilization, and stability). This review demonstrated the susceptibility of farm production to changes in temperature, precipitation, and weather patterns generated by climate change. In addition, this review investigated the factors shaping food insecurity, such as increasing population growth, poverty, inadequate early warning systems, and weak agricultural infrastructure. Furthermore, the review points out how climate change affects food prices and availability and the widening income gap, potentially leading to social unrest and political instability in Africa. Vulnerable populations, including impoverished, elderly, and physically challenged individuals, are at increased risk due to climate‐related health impacts. Women who face gender inequalities and socioeconomic limitations are particularly susceptible. We posit that there is a need for comprehensive strategies that address health disparities and consider vulnerable subgroups within society alongside broader measures to enhance food security in the face of climate change.