Changes In Morphometric Parameters Research Articles

MORPHOGENESIS OF THE WALL OF GLANDULAR PART OF THE STOMACH IN CHICKENS DURING POSTNATAL PERIOD OF ONTOGENESIS

Knowledge about the morphological features of the structure and functions of the digestive organs provide the basis for rational and effective use of feed, prevention and treatment of gastrointestinal diseases in poultry. In this regard, the study of the morphogenesis of the digestive system in birds and the mechanisms of their regulation is of great importance. The object of the study was the glandular part of the stomach (proventriculus) in chickens of Shaver 579 strain. The material for macro- and microscopic examinations was selected from birds at age of 1, 30, 60, 90, 120, 150, 180, 210, 240, 270, and 300 days and 1, 2, and 3 years; it was fixed in a 10% neutral formalin solution and embedded into paraffin according to conventional methods. For submicroscopic examinations, the material was selected from hens of this strain at age of 180 days. The structure of epitheliocytes in the superficial epithelium and secretory cells of the deep glands was studied in ultrathin sections. Digital indicators of research results were statistically processed by a personal computer using Microsoft Excel program. The glandular stomach in chickens is a direct extension of the esophagus and has the form of a thick-walled tube, the wall of which is formed by mucous, muscular, and serous membranes. The superficial epithelium of the mucosa is represented by cylindrical epithelial cells that are located within the basal membrane. They are linked to each other by different types of contacts and have a well-defined polar differentiation. The lobules of the deep glands are formed by cells with well-developed synthesizing organelles and secretory granules. The morphogenesis of the glandular part of the stomach in chickens according to age aspect is manifested by changes in morphometric parameters of the thickness and the area of the membranes of its wall. The wall thickness increases (between the folds 4223.23 ± 189.25 and in the area of the folds 5561.32 ± 45.01 μm) unevenly in chickens up to age of 240 days. The most developed membrane of the wall of the glandular stomach is the mucosa. Its area increases (by 82.14 ± 0.56%) in chickens up to age of 180 days, and area of muscular and serous membranes decreases (by 15.54 ± 0.65 and 2.32 ± 0.33%, respectively). In older birds, the thickness of the wall and the area of the membranes of the glandular stomach do not change significantly.

Food as a factor of fertility, development duration, and changes in morphometric parameters in Henosepilachna vigintioctomaculata (Motschulsky)

Relevance.The physiology of insects nutrition and digestion reflects the diversity of their food specialization, aimed at the most effective use of feed. The choice of the object of nutrition is provided byattractants in it, as well as the presence of substances necessary for the insect to pass the stages ofdevelopment and general nutrition. On the other hand, the “plant-phytophage” system has well-developed barriers that limit the choice of plants by insects for settling, feeding, and eggs laying. In themodern literature, there is very little information on the effect of food plants on fertility, developmentduration, and changes in morphometric parameters in 28-spotted potato ladybird Henosepilachnavigintioctomaculata (Motschulsky). However, they are important for understanding the ecology of thepest and developing effective control measures.Research methodology.The laboratory colony of Henosepilachna vigintioctomaculata(Motschulsky) was established in 2019. Adults were collected in various locations throughoutPrimorsky Territory, Russia. For an introduction into the culture of the insectarium, imagos,clutches, and larvae were collected in natural habitats. Standard methods of keeping andbreeding insect cultures were used, aimed at optimizing the parameters of the environment, thedensity of the content, and the feed supply.Results.The uneven influence of crops on different aspects of the ontogenesis of the potato ladybirdwas revealed. The potato was the most favorable food in most experiments. When feeding with thiscrop, the smallest incubation period of eggs, the largest sizes of larvae of initial ages, the largest sizesof pupae, fertility, low mortality was observed, and as a result, the largest growth coefficient(3.22±0.22) and the shortest period of development from eggs to imago (21.3±0.81) were revealed.The remaining forage plants used in the study showed a less unambiguous result. The different influence of crops on both individual indicators and the ontogenetic periods of the phytophage was found.When eating tomato, cucumber, pumpkin, lime, high overall mortality was noted. At the same time, linden stimulated the development of eggs and the growth of young larvae but provoked low fertility anda general prolongation of the development period. According to the set of characteristics, pumpkin,cucumber, and linden were the least favorable for nutrition.

The influence of probiotics of different microbiological composition on histology of the gastrointestinal tract of juvenile Oncorhynchus mykiss.

This article presents results of the influence of three probiotic feed additive of various microbiological composition: Bacillus subtilis (VKPM B-2335); B. subtilis (OZ-2 VKPM-11966) + Bacillus amyloliquefaciens (OZ-3 VKPM-11967); Lactobacillus acidophilus (VKPM B-3235) on the growth and histology of the organs of the gastrointestinal tract of juvenile Oncorhynchus mykiss by morphometric parameters. These probiotic bacteria are the most commonly used in aquaculture. The effect of the probiotic feed additive led to the increase in fish growth and influenced different sections of the gastrointestinal tract. The biggest change was found in the mid intestine and the reliable difference compared with the control diet was obtained at the following parameters: lamina propria width, intraepithelial lymphocytes number of prismatic epithelium and goblet cells area. The changes in the pyloric appendages were less obvious but reported as playing an important functional role in digestion. The liver preserved normal functional structure in all series of the experiment except for the group with L. acidophilus, where hepatocyte small-drop vacuolization was observed. That might be connected with the change of the digest activity resulting from a decrease in secretory activity of the intestinal exocrinocytes. The use of all probiotic feed additives led to a similar change in morphometric parameters in all groups, which suggests a decrease in the immune response.

Prenatal and postnatal exposure to cell phone radiation and its possible impact on the development of albino rat testicular tissue light and electron microscopic study

AbstractIntroduction: Perinatal periods are critical phases in the development of testis, and it is sentient to the surrounding environmental pollutants. Electromagnetic radiation (EMR) exposure as a consequence of excessive use of cell phones might be one of such pollutants. Aim of the work: This study was designed to evaluate the impact of pre-and postnatal exposure to cell phone radiations on the development of rats’ testes.Methods: Sixteen healthy pregnant female rats were used in the current work. The dams were exposed to EMR of cell phone 2 hours /day from the 6th day of pregnancy, throughout lactation until weaning. We also used corresponding control dams kept away from any radiation. The male pups of both groups were subdivided into three groups (n = 10); according to their age at the time of scarification; group A; scarified at first postnatal day (PND 1), B (PND 21), and C (PND 70). Testes of each group were excised and processed for light (LM) and electron microscopy (EM) studies. Assessment of oxidative parameters, semen analysis and morphometric analysis were conducted on each group.Results: Various degenerative changes in the structure of rat testis were noticed in EMR-exposed animals which were assured by the significant changes in morphometric parameters. Besides, the oxidative stress status because of EMR-exposure was evident. Sperm parameters of rats at PND 70 were markedly decreased in the exposed animals compared with controls regarding sperm count and motility with an increase in abnormal forms. Conclusion: Serious effects might result from excessive EMR exposure on developing testis.

IDENTIFICATION OF THE MORPHOMETRIC PARAMETERS OF THE CRANIO-FASCIAL REGION OF CHILDREN WITH CONGENITAL CLEFT AND PALATE REFLECTIONS USING A DEVELOPED RESEARCH MAP

Relevance. This article proposes the technology of creating an effective morphometric research form (RF) based on an informed study plan. The RF developed is a means of collecting data on morphometric indicators of the craniofascial region of children of the I and II childhood with congenital cleft lips and palate after urano- and cheilorinoplasty and registration of a study on paper media. The aim of the study was to develop a RF to investigate the change in morphometric parameters of the craniofascial region in children with congenital cleft lip and palate after cheilorinoplasty and uranoplasty. Materials and methods. Morphometric indicators of the craniofascial region for each child are collected in a RF, which was conducted at the Department of Surgical Dentistry of the BSMI. The RF was approved by the Ministry of Health of the Republic of Uzbekistan by the Department of Scientific and Medical Information under registration number No. 0456, 08.02.2021. Results. RF facilitates efficient and complete data processing, analysis and reporting on measurement parameters. The measurement data collected during the study were complete and accurately reflected all morphometric measurements, which proved some deviations on the upper jaw in children of the I and II childhood period with congenital cleft lips and palate after urano- and heilorinoplasty. Conclusion. To achieve the effectiveness of comprehensive treatment of children with cleft lip and palate, a detailed study of the dynamics of the movement of upper jaw segments throughout all age periods is necessary. In this regard, RF is of important scientific and practical importance in the collection of morphometric parameters of the craniofascial region of children of the I and II period of childhood with congenital cleft lips and palate.

Зміни морфометричних параметрів макули як неінвазивний біомаркер ступеня тяжкості діабетичної полінейропатії

Diabetic polyneuropathy (DPN) is one of the most common complications of diabetes mellitus (DM), affecting up to a quarter of all patients with DM, and in asymptomatic form it is present in all patients. A number of changes in the retina, optic nerve, corneal nerve fibers, and visual function may correlate with DPN, so their evaluation may provide additional information on the detection and determination of its severity. The aim. To determine the peculiarities of changes in morphometric parameters of the central zone of the retina depending on the severity of DPN. Materials and methods. In total, 575 patients with type II DM were examined (1150 eyes). In 365 (63.5 %) DM patients, the diagnosis of DPN was excluded (stage N0). DPN was diagnosed in 210 (36.5 %) DM patients. Asymptomatic DPN was observed in 101 (17.5 %) DM patients: N1A stage – in 47 (8.1 %) patients, N1B stage – in 54 (9.4 %) patients; symptomatic DPN – in 89 (15.5 %) DM patients: N2A stage – in 46 (8.0 %) patients, N2B stage – in 43 (7.5 %) patients; stage of severe complications (N3 stage) – in 20 (3.5 %) DM patients. The control group consisted of 50 healthy individuals (100 eyes). In addition to standard ophthalmic examination methods, optical coherent tomography of the retina and optic nerve was performed. Results. Patients with type 2 DM had morphometric features of macular lesions depending on the severity of DPN: the index of focal loss volume (FLV) of retinal ganglion cells was 8.4 times higher in asymptomatic stage A DPN, 8.7 times higher in asymptomatic stage B DPN, 14.1 times higher in symptomatic stage A DPN, 14.3 times higher in symptomatic stage B DPN, 15.3 times higher at the stage of severe DPN complications (p <0.05), and the thickness of the retina in the foveolar zone in patients with asymptomatic stage A DPN was 9.1 % lower, with asymptomatic stage B DPN it was 8.9 % lower, and at the stage of severe complications of DPN it was 12.7 % lower than the respective indices in healthy age-matched individuals. Conclusions. The obtained data indicate the relationship between morphometric parameters of the macula and the severity of DPN. The identified morphometric features of the macula in type 2 DM can serve as a non-invasive ophthalmic biomarker of the severity of DPN.

Peculiarities of morphogenesis of orbit and organ of vision structures in human fetuses

The aim of this work is to elucidate the features of morphogenesis, syntopic and morphometric changes in the structures of the orbit, neurovascular and muscular structures of the organ of vision in the fetal period of human ontogenesis.Material and methods. By means of complex of methods of morphological research (anthropometry, morphometry, microscopy, preparation, three-dimensional computer reconstruction and statistical analysis), 30 specimens of human fetuses of both sexes aged from 4 to 10 months of intrauterine development (IUD) (160.0-460.0 mm parietal-coccygeal length (PCL)) were studied. Computer tomography was used to study 17 human fetuses aged from 4 to 9 months of IUD (180.0-440.0 mm PCL).Results. At the end of the 5th month of IUD, an orbital index is 75%, which is noted in the transformation of the shape of orbit from flattened to rounded due to an increase in its vertical size relative to the horizontal one. We associate this transformation of the orbit with syntopic influence of adjacent regions: the growth of the lateral wall of the nasal cavity, development of the paranasal sinuses, and facial skeleton. At the end of the 5th week of intrauterine development, external eyeball muscles are finally differentiated from the common muscle rudiment. The analysis of changes in morphometric parameters of muscles of the eyeball made it possible to derive mathematical functions, that describe normal dynamics of growth of their length, as well as to reveal critical periods of their development in terms of the rate of changes in their thickness and width.Conclusions1. The development of the organ of vision in the fetal period of human ontogenesis is a complex process due to the coordinated interaction between morphological and morphometric changes in the orbit, eyeball and its muscles, nerves and vessels.2. Critical periods of development of the orbit and its structures is the 6th month of intrauterine development, during which there is an uneven growth rate of the size of the muscles of the eyeball, as well as the size of the orbit.3. At the 6th month of intrauterine development, uneven growth rates of the horizontal size of the orbit relative to the vertical one are observed, as a result of which its shape begins to return to the mesoconchal type characteristic of such prefetuses. Such age-related transformations of shape and size of the orbit are due to the growth of the eyeball, skull and face, which generally determines the shape of the orbit.4. Starting from the 8th month of fetal period of development, structure and topography of the structures of the orbit acquire signs of a definitive condition, the shape of the orbit is finally established, and uniform growth rates of all structures of the organ of vision are observed, except for the growth of the circumference of the orbit at the end of prenatal period of human ontogenesis.

Combined action of gamma radiation and exposure to copper ions on Lemna minor L

Purpose Under natural conditions, the reaction of living organisms to the action of acute gamma radiation depends on other stressors, including heavy metals. The aim of this work was to study changes in morphometric parameters, the content of photoassimilation pigments and the level of oxidative stress in irradiated duckweed at various copper concentrations in the culture medium. Materials and methods As a model organism, we used Lemna minor L. Duckweed was exposed to acute γ-radiation at doses of 18, 42, 63 Gy. After irradiation, the plants were transferred into a medium containing 3, 5, 6.3 μmol/L Cu. On the 4th day of exposure, the levels of chlorophyll, carotenoids, malondialdehyde (MDA) were measured; after 7 days, the specific growth rate, the level of damage, the change in the frond area, copper concentration in plant tissues were determined. Results The action of γ-radiation (18, 42, 63 Gy) and copper ions (3, 5, 6.3 μmol/L) reduced the growth rate, increased the membrane lipid peroxidation, reduced the area of the fronds more significantly than under the separate action of the factors. The factors acted antagonistically on the specific growth rate. The content of copper in the tissues of irradiated plants (42, 63 Gy) increased. Conclusion Irradiation of duckweed with acute doses of gamma radiation reduced the resistance of plants to excess copper in the environment.

Strip-grazing: Reduces pony dry matter intakes and changes in bodyweight and morphometrics.

Obesity can negatively impact upon equine welfare and bodyweight (BW) of pastured equines is often difficult to manage. To compare the effects of three restricted grazing regimens on changes in pony BW and morphometric measurements. Randomised study. Twelve mature ponies were individually grazed in 10m wide, rectangular, electric fenced paddocks. The dry matter (DM) herbage yield of each paddock was determined, and paddock length adjusted on Day 1 to provide 1.5% of individual pony BW as herbage DM daily, for 28days. There were four ponies per treatment. Treatments were: total paddock area (TA) and strip grazing treatments, SG1 and SG2. SG1 had a 'lead' fence spanning the paddock width being moved a set distance along the paddock length daily to provide 1.5% of pony BW as fresh pasture DM (as determined on Day -1). SG2 also had a 'back fence' 7-12m behind the 'lead' fence which was moved the same distance as the lead fence daily. Calculated dry matter intakes, changes in cresty neck score (CNS), body condition score (BCS) and percentage changes in BW, heart girth (HG), belly girth (BG) and rump width (RW) were compared between treatments. Mean (±SD) calculated pasture DM intakes (as % BW/d) by TA ponies were 2.33±0.50, being significantly higher (P< 0.05) than 1.82±0.43 (SG1) and 1.59±0.42 (SG2). Mean percentage BW changes were higher (P<0.05) for TA ponies at 4.82±1.36 vs. 1.16±0.39 (SG1) and 1.54±1.35 (SG2). SG1 and SG2 pony BW changes were not significantly different. TA, but not SG1 or SG2 animals showed significant (P<0.05) increases in BCS1/9 (+0.94±0.32), CNS1/5 (+0.5±0), RW (+2.11±3.6) and BG (+4.15±2.29). SG1 and SG2 ponies showed significant (P<0.05) decreases in HG (-0.05±2.12) and BG (-5.53±4.89) respectively. Small sample size. Strip grazing limited pony bodyweight gains and upward changes in morphometric parameters.

Postnatal growth and development of Natalus mexicanus (Chiroptera: Natalidae)

Natalus mexicanus is a bat species distributed from northern México to Central America. It inhabits various types of tropical vegetation, roosting mainly in caves with high relative humidity and temperature, and feeding mostly on arachnids. This study investigated postnatal growth and flight development of populations under natural conditions inhabiting “Los Laguitos” cave, Chiapas, southern México. Forty-four females and 50 males were monitored from birth to 55 days of age; at five-day intervals, we measured body mass, forearm length, cartilaginous epiphyseal gap of the fourth metacarpal-phalangeal joint, and development of four characters. We used statistical analyses and growth models to quantify the changes in morphometric parameters. Neonates are altricial; the ears began to unfold since day one, while the eyes opened at day 25. Greyish hair appeared between 25 to 35 days. Forearm length and body mass increased linearly over 35 days, then the growth rate decreased. The cartilaginous epiphyseal gap increased in size until day 25 and then started to close. The logistic equation yielded the best fit for forearm length (K = 0.07) and body mass (K = 0.10). Sustained flight was first achieved at 35 days of age. N. mexicanus neonates are altricial and relatively small compared with other bats. Eye-opening and fur development took place at a slower rate than in most species of insectivorous bats. In the Chiapas population, eye-opening, fur development, and volancy occurred more slowly relative to the population inhabiting Álamos, Sonora. These differences are probably consequences of local variations. The morphometric postnatal growth pattern of N. mexicanus was like that of other insectivorous bats, i. e., linear growth rate before the onset of flight and slowing down thereafter. As in other studies, the logistic model best fitted the growth pattern of body mass and forearm length, but growth coefficients were lower versus other tropical bats. The cartilaginous epiphyseal gap of the fourth digit closes at an intermediate age relative to other insectivorous bats. Sustained flight was attained when the relative body mass and forearm length of individuals approached adult body dimensions, as in other bat species.

Effect of chronic β-radiation on long-distance electrical signals in wheat and their role in adaptation to heat stress

Plants are unavoidably exposed to ionizing radiation (IR) from natural and anthropogenic sources. Along with the chronic irradiation, plants are influenced by other environmental stress factors, to which they must adapt. We suppose that high background radiation modifies plant response to environmental stressors by influencing the stress signaling which are the crucial players in induction and orchestrating the formation of plant adaptation. Chronic β-radiation (31.3 μGy/h) does not cause pronounced oxidative stress and significant changes in morphometric parameters of wheat seedlings (Triticum aestivum L.). At the same time, chronic IR exposure causes slight activation of transpiration and assimilation, and activates H+-ATPase-dependent transmembrane transport. In irradiated plants, there is an increase in the amplitude, velocity and propagation distance of electrical signals induced by a local stimulus. Accordingly, in irradiated plants, photosynthesis and transpiration responses caused by an electrical signal are significantly enhanced. The opposite effect of the electric signal on heat stress resistance was found: after the signal passing, the resistance of control plants increases, but it decreases for irradiated plants. It is assumed that the inversion of the effect is resulted from the enhanced responses of transpiration due to the electrical signals amplification.

МОРФОЛОГИЧЕСКИЕ АСПЕКТЫ АДАПТАЦИИ АЛКАЛОФИЛЬНОЙ БАКТЕРИИ Bacillus aequororis К ВЫСОКОЙ СОЛЕНОСТИ И ЩЕЛОЧНОСТИ СРЕДЫ

AFM-images were obtained and the morphometric parameters of cells of the facultative alkalophile Bacillus aequororis 5-DB and neutrophilic Bacillus subtilis ATCC 6633 were calculated after incubation in an alkaline medium with a high concentration of sodium chloride. It was shown that adaptation of B. aequororis 5-DB is not accompanied by significant changes in morphometric parameters, while the volume of cells slightly (by 1–1.5 times) decreases and their surface roughness increases. Neutrophilic bacillus, on the contrary, reacts to an increase in salt concentration and pH (50 g/l, pH 11) by significant changes in the cell: the cell volume decreases 2–3 times, and with daily adaptation to 50 g/l salt with pH 8 increases by 2.4 times due to the increase in cell length. Cells of an alkalophilic bacillus, in contrast to those of a neutrophilic bacillus, do not undergo significant changes in morphology with a high mineralization of the environment, both under direct exposure and after daily adaptation.

Detrusor Overactivity May Be a Prognostic Factor for Better Response to Combination Therapy Over Monotherapy in Male Patients With Benign Prostatic Enlargement and Storage Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms.

PurposeSeveral trials have shown that in men with overactive bladder (OAB) and benign prostate enlargement (BPE), the combination of an α-blocker with an anticholinergic is superior to α-blocker monotherapy. The purpose of this study is to explore whether urodynamic detrusor overactivity (DO) affects clinical outcomes in men with BPE and OAB.MethodsThis is a post hoc analysis of a prospective, randomized trial, designed to evaluate the changes of morphometric parameters of the prostate following monotherapy or combination therapy in men with BPE-OAB. The initial study recruited men aged ≥50 years, with BPE and predominantly storage lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS). Patients were randomized to receive tamsulosin monotherapy or a combination of tamsulosin and solifenacin for 26 weeks. All participants completed a 3-day bladder diary and the International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS), and then underwent pressure-flow and ultrasonographic studies. Data were stratified and analysed based on the urodynamic observation of DO at baseline (DO vs. non-DO). The primary endpoint was the mean change in urgency episodes from baseline. Secondary outcomes were the changes in nocturia, total IPSS, and urodynamic parameters.ResultsSixty-nine men were initially randomized, but only 60 men were included in this analysis. Urgency episodes significantly improved in men with DO who received combination therapy compared to the DO monotherapy subgroup (P=0.04) or to the non-DO combination treatment subgroup (P=0.038). Nocturia also improved in the DO combination treatment subgroup as compared to the non-DO combination subgroup (P=0.037). The 24-hour frequency and total IPSS significantly improved from baseline without significant differences among the subgroups.ConclusionsThe present study suggests that baseline DO could be a prognostic factor for a better response to combination therapy over monotherapy in men with BPE and storage LUTS.

Morphometric characteristics of distal airways of guinea pigs sensitized with ovalbumin

The reaction of the structural components of small bronchi and terminal bronchioles is the urgent issue of morphology and medicine in general, as well as one of the insufficiently studied issue in the study of morphological changes in the airways with allergic inflammation in the chronobiological aspect. The purpose of this work is to study the morphometric parameters of distal airways of guinea pigs sensitized with ovalbumin. We have studied the lung of 48 guinea pigs, using histological, morphometric and statistical methods under conditions of experimental ovalbumin-induced allergic inflammation, simulated by three times subcutaneous sensitization and subsequent 8-day intranasal inhalation of ovalbumin. The thickness of mucosa, muscular layer and adventitial layer was determined to assess morphometric parameters of bronchioles and terminal bronchioles. There are reactive changes in morphometric parameters of bronchioles on the 23rd and 30th days of observation, such as the thinning of mucosa and on the 36th day such as muscular-fibrous hyperplasia, accompanied by the narrowing of the bronchioles lumen. There are the most significant confirmed statistically changes in the terminal bronchioles on the 36th day of the experiment such as the thickening of mucosa and adventitial layer, accompanied by muscular hyperplasia and edema of the connective tissue stroma. Thus, sensitization and allergization with ovalbumin of experimental animals cause morpho-functional changes in the structural elements of the wall of bronchioles and terminal bronchioles, which have a staged, mainly multidirectional character and correspond to the main morphological manifestations of allergic inflammation with maximal changes in the late period of its development (the 36th day of the experiment).

Morphometric characteristics of the components of the mucous membrane of the of rats under the action of opioid, its cancellation and under medical correction

When the drug acts on the body, it is important to timely select and use pathogenetic drugs for the effective treatment of periodontal diseases. The purpose of the study – to conduct a morphometric analysis of quantitative and qualitative changes in the components of the gums of rats under the action of an opioid analgesic, after its abolition and corrective action.Material and methods. The study was conducted on white male rats, which were divided into 5 groups. 1st group - intact rats. Group 2 - rats were administered the opioid analgesic nalbuphine in doses of 0.212-0.252 mg/kg for six weeks. Group 3 - Nalbuphine injections were given for two weeks, followed by four weeks of discontinuation. Group 4 - rats were administered nalbuphine for two weeks, with a four-week withdrawal and injections of pentoxifylline (2.857 mg/kg) and 11 days of ceftriaxone (2.86 mg/kg). Group 5 - rats were injected with nalbuphine (0.212 - 0.252 mg/kg) for six weeks and injected with pentoxifylline and ceftriaxone.Results. At two-week administration of the opioid and its withdrawal, the indicators did not differ significantly from the corresponding indicators of the intact group. Under the conditions of opioid administration and its abolition and drug correction within four weeks, it was found that the indicators were closest to the parameters of intact animals. Opioid administration for six weeks resulted in more pronounced changes in morphometric parameters compared to the intact group. However, in all groups the indicators were clearly different from similar parameters of animals with six weeks of opioid administration.Conclusions. It was found that the morphometric parameters of the components of the gums of rats with two-week administration of opioid, its difference and with the use of pentoxifylline and ceftriaxone, differed slightly from similar parameters of intact animals and significantly improved compared with six-week administration of opioid. At drug correction against long-term action of opioid, average values of indicators had more expressed changes, however, positive dynamics of restoration of trophic gums was noted.

MORPHOMETRIC CHARACTERISTICS OF GINGIVAL COMPONENTS AT DIFFERENT TERMS OF EXPERIMENTAL OPIOID INFLUENCE

The aim of the study was to investigate changes in morphometric parameters of the gingival epithelial thickness, connective tissue papillae height and lumen diameter of arterioles, capillaries and venules in the dynamics after two, four and six weeks of experimental opioid exposure. Studies were performed on outbred white male rats. In the experiment, animals were injected with increasing opioid analgesic nalbuphine for six weeks, which ranged from 0.212 to 0.252 mg / kg. For histological and morphometric studies, semi-thin sections of the upper and lower jaws of rats were used. It was found that with the introduction of the opioid analgesic nalbuphine in increasing doses, the difference in the components of the periodontium were statistically significant compared with similar values of intact animals, indicating reactive changes in the gingival mucosa during short-term opioid action. After six weeks of opioid exposure, morphometrically revealed a sharp change in the vector of dynamics, which was manifested by statistically significant changes in the values of the components of the gums compared with similar indicators of intact animals, indicating the development of inflammatory- dystrophic changes in periodontal tissues.

Ecotoxicological assessment of effluents from Brazilian wastewater treatment plants using zebrafish embryotoxicity test: A multi-biomarker approach

Effluent from wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) remains one of the major pollutants of aquatic environments; however, knowledge about its ecotoxic effects at fish early life stages is limited. The ecotoxicity of effluent from Brazilian WWTPs was herein analyzed based on responses of multiple biomarkers in the zebrafish embryotoxicity test (ZET). Ecotoxicity was analyzed based on mortality rate, hatching rate, spontaneous movement rate (neurotoxicity), heart rate (cardiotoxicity), frequency of morphological changes and morphometric parameters during 144 h exposure time. Results showed that embryos exposed to affluent and effluent presented high mortality rate and delayed hatching rate, as well as changes in morphometric parameters. Exposed embryos also showed physiological, sensory, skeletal and muscular changes, which confirms that the ecotoxic effect of WWTPs effluent is systemic and associated with the presence of several pollutants, even at low concentrations (mixture toxicity). The present study is pioneer in using responses of multiple biomarkers in ZET as suitable approach to assess the ecotoxicity of WWTPs effluent in developing countries, as well as to add value and contribute to studies on WWTPs worldwide. Zebrafish is a suitable vertebrate model to assess the ecotoxicity of WWTP effluent.

Morphometric characteristics of the sciatic nerve trunk structural components with a single introduction of cryconserved placenta against the background of acute aseptic inflammation in rats

The study was carried out on 55 adult male rats. The dynamics of changes in morphometric parameters with a single administration of cryopreserved placenta against the background of acute aseptic inflammation in rats is presented. Thus, it was proved that a single administration of cryopreserved placenta against acute aseptic inflammation of the sciatic nerve trunk induced by a single intraperitoneal injection of λ-carrageenan led to a total change in the sciatic nerve trunk that reached its maximum on the 10th day with the reliable difference (р&gt;0.05) and further reliable recovery on the 21st day. The term of 21 days after a single administration of cryopreserved placenta against the background of acute aseptic inflammation of the sciatic nerve in rats is sufficient to assess the final results of regenerative processes in the structure of the sciatic nerve damaged by the inflammatory process in the rat.

The progeny of Chernobyl Arabidopsis thaliana plants does not exhibit changes in morphometric parameters and cellular antioxidant defence system of shoots

Morphometric parameters and functional state of the cellular antioxidant defence system of shoots were studied in the progeny of Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh. (A. thaliana) plants, previously and chronically exposed in the Chernobyl Exclusion Zone (ChEZ). Changes in cellular antioxidant enzyme activities in the progeny of exposed plants were assumed because antioxidant status of cell may be altered by inherited epigenetic changes, resulting in changes in antioxidant-response genes expression. These changes can be inferred as induced expression of CAT and SOD genes was found previously for A. thaliana plants by another group of scientists. It is well-known that ionizing radiation may induce changes in hormonal-signalling net-work, shifting balance in growth factors that may cause changes in morphometric parameters of plants. Seeds from A. thaliana plants were collected in the ChEZ at different levels of the external dose rate from 0.28 ± 0.01 to 12.93 ± 0.08 μGy/h. Internal dose rate for parent plants was calculated on the basis of the activity concentration of 90Sr and 137Cs in the plants, using dose conversion coefficients for wild grass. Total dose rate, absorbed by parent plants, was calculated as the sum of the external and internal dose rate and was in a range between 2.8 ± 0.2 and 99 ± 8 μGy/h. Seeds were then grown in the standard laboratory conditions (nutrient-agar, light-dark cycle and appropriate temperature) to analyse morphometric parameters of seedlings and final germination percentage. No significant changes in the morphometric parameters (root length and rosette diameter of shoots) of the seedlings were observed. Changes in the final germination percentage of the studied seeds were found, but low correlation was observed between found changes and the dose rate, absorbed by parent plants. In contrast to the results obtained in A. thaliana plants directly sampled in the field, no effect on the functional state of the cellular antioxidant defence system of shoots in the progeny of Chernobyl A. thaliana plants was observed.

The combined effect of intermittent normobaric hypoxia and melatonin on the morphological changes of the spontaneously hypertensive rats pancreas

The aim of the study was to investigate the morphological changes in the pancreas of spontaneously hypertensive animals after the combined effect of intermittent normobaric hypoxia (INH) and melatonin.Materials and methods. The study was carried out in spring on 24 spontaneously hypertensive male rats (SHR line). The experimental animals were daily given a hypoxic gas mixture (12 % oxygen in nitrogen) in an intermittent mode: 15 min deoxygenation/15 min reoxygenation for 2 hours. The same rats were daily administered orally with exogenous melatonin at 10.00 at a dose of 5 mg/kg. The duration of the experiment was 28 days. Histological preparations were prepared according to a standard procedure. Morphometry of the digital images of preparations was performed using the computer program ImageJ.Results. Based on changes in morphometric parameters (reduction in the size of acini, exocrinocytes, height of the epithelium), it can be assumed that the combined effect of INH and melatonin reduces the activity of the exocrine function of the pancreas. In the endocrine part of the pancreas of experimental animals morphological signs of its activation were noted: the linear dimensions of the Langerhans islets, the number and the density of their endocrine cells increased. Experimental animals also showed a decrease in the width of interlobular and interacinar interlayers of connective tissue, which can be considered as a manifestation of the mechanism of structural adaptation that facilitates the transport of oxygen and nutrients to the parenchymal elements of the pancreas.Conclusions. The combined effect of intermittent normobaric hypoxia and melatonin leads to the appearance of morphological signs of a decrease in the activity of the exocrine part of the pancreas in hypertensive rats. At the same time, the activity of the endocrine gland function in these animals increased.