External Temperature Changes Research Articles

Evolution characteristics and mechanism of concrete performance under water pressure environment: A comprehensive review

AbstractCompared with the ground service environment, the evolution of concrete performance under a water pressure service environment is quite complex with variable conditions. Because of the coupling effect of load and pressure, water has a special impact on the strength and deformation of concrete. Meanwhile, harmful ions usually react with the cement matrix as pressure water seepages into concrete, resulting in the reduction of concrete durability. Based on this, this study provides a comprehensive review of the strength, deformation, and durability of concrete under water pressure environment. It is found that microcracks in concrete tend to propagate and connect after exposure to water pressure, leading to a decrease in strength and deformation performance. The average loss rate of strength and elastic modulus increased by 12.15% and 10.97%, respectively, when water pressure increased by 1 MPa. However, the loading process of water‐confining pressure makes concrete more compact, where the static and dynamic mechanical performance can be improved. Besides, due to the enhancement of excess pore water pressure, concrete strength under a high strain rate increases by 61.79% compared to static load. The effect of water pressure increases the ability of the liquid to penetrate concrete, and corrosive ions trapped within the liquid and freeze–thaw caused by external temperature changes would further reduce the concrete durability. This study points out that static and dynamic loading characteristics and durability of concrete under multi‐factor coupling in a water pressure environment will be the future research direction. The summarized contents can provide guidance for construction and research of concrete engineering under a water pressure environment.

Dual‐Function Tactile Sensor with Linear Pressure and Temperature Perception at Low Degree of Coupling

Multiinformation tactile perception is highly important for detecting the change of external environment and realizing the compliant control of the robot. However, the integration of dual‐mode or multimode sensors with low coupling remains a challenge. Herein, a dual‐function tactile sensor with linear pressure and temperature perception is reported. The pressure detection part contains the pyramid conductive film and flexible hemispherical electrode, which works as the piezoresistive material. A spiral nickel film works as a temperature‐sensitive material for sensing the temperature of objects during approaching and while contacting. As a result, the dual‐function sensor can detect the pressure in 0–100 kPa with a sensitivity of 11.5 kPa−1, while the temperature is in 25–65 °C with a sensitivity of 0.0032 °C −1. To be state of the art, the tactile sensor array is used for an active safety control of robotic arms, which can realize the perception and timely avoidance of sudden changes in external temperature and object collisions.

A temperature sensor based on liquid crystal coated grapefruit microstructer fiber with core-offset splicing structure

A temperature sensor based on liquid crystal coated grapefruit microstructure fiber (GMF) with core-offset splicing structure is proposed and prepared. Both ends of the GMF are core-offset spliced with the single-mode fibers (SMF). The capillary glass tube is sleeved outside the GMF and filled with the liquid crystal. Due to the mismatch between the core mode fields of the input SMF and the GMF, a part of the light out of of the input SMF enters the core of the GMF, and the rest is coupled into the cladding of the GMF forming the cladding mode. The core-offset splicing structure forms the Mach-Zehnder interferometer and two beams interfere in the output SMF. Immersed in the liquid crystal solution, The interferometer generates the phase difference between the core mode and cladding modes of GMF with the change of external temperature. The temperature could be measured by detecting the change of the interference spectrum of the sensor. The experimental results show that the transmission spectrum appears red shift with the increase of temperature in 30 ∼ 90 °C, achieving the maximum temperature sensitivity of 202.26 pm/°C and good linearity. The sensor has the advantages of simple fabrication and high sensitivity, and has good applications in environment monitoring and industrial productions.

Ocean warming and acidification affect the transitional C:N:P ratio and macromolecular accumulation in the harmful raphidophyte Heterosigma akashiwo

Despite an increase in ocean warming and acidification that is expected to increase the number of harmful algal species worldwide, the population of the raphidophyte Heterosigma akashiwo has been reported to be reduced. However, how this species physically and metabolically modifies transitional C:N:P ratio and macromolecule accumulation is unknown. Considering 1st, 10th, and 20th culture generations under present (low-temperature; low-carbon-dioxide [LTLC] 21 °C; pCO2 400 ppm) and future (high-temperature; high-carbon-dioxide [HTHC] 25 °C; pCO2 1000 ppm) ocean conditions, we examined transitional C:N:P ratio and macromolecule level changes and performed transcriptome sequencing. The results showed that compared to 1st generation cells, 20th generation cells under HTHC conditions showed a large decrease in carbon quota (QC: 34%), nitrogen quota (QN: 36%), and phosphorus quota (QP: 32%), which were reflected in an overall reduction in DNA and RNA quantity. Decreased activation of photosynthetic, carbon fixation and lipid metabolic pathways coincided with changes in photosynthetic efficiency, carbon concentration, and lipid accumulation after long-term (20th generation) exposure to HTHC conditions. We observed that these variations in internal metabolic pathways were caused by external changes in temperature, which activated the (Ca+) signaling pathway, and external changes in pCO2, which altered proton exchange pathways. Our results suggest that H. akashiwo in a temperate environment will undergo profound changes in C:N:P ratio and macromolecular properties, leading to programmed cell death, in the future.

Thermal properties of nano-silica added concrete

As energy costs are rising, the utilization of thermal insulating materials during construction has assumed paramount significance. The response of different building components to changes in external temperature depends on the material’s thermal properties. The investigation connected to concrete material thermal properties is an essential factor when concrete is used for constructing green buildings. The effect of adding nano-silica on the concrete’s thermal properties is explored, and the findings are shown in this paper. The experimental results reveal that compressive strength increases and density reduce for nano-silica added concrete. The investigation indicates that thermal conductivity and thermal diffusivity decrease for concrete, whereas specific heat increases with a rise in nano-silica content. Also, a mathematical model was developed for the calculation of thermal conductivity.

Experimental characterization, modelling and compensation of temperature effects in optotunable lenses

Most tunable lenses (TLs) are affected by deviations in optical power induced by external temperature changes or due to internal heating while in use. This study proposes: (1) An experimental characterization method to evaluate the magnitude of the optical power deviations due to internal temperature shifts; (2) three different mathematical models (experimental, polynomial, and optimized) to describe the response of the lens with temperature; (3) predictions of the internal temperature shifts while using the lens in time frames of minutes, seconds, and milliseconds and; (4) a real time optical power compensation tool based on the implementation of the models on a custom voltage electronic driver. The compensation methods were successfully applied to two TL samples in static and dynamic experiments and in hysteresis cycles. After 40 min at a static nominal power of 5 diopters (dpt), the internal temperature exponentially increased by 17 °C, producing an optical power deviation of 1.0 dpt (1.5 dpt when the lens cools down), representing a 20% distortion for heating and 30% for cooling. Modelling and compensation reduced the deviations to 0.2 dpt when heating (0.35 dpt when cooling) and the distortions to 4% and 7%. Similar levels of improvement were obtained in dynamic and hysteresis experiments. Compensation reduced temperature effects by more than 75%, representing a significant improvement in the performance of the lens.

Dispersion properties of van der Waals phonon polaritons modulated by Weyl semimetals

Surface phonon polaritons (SPhP) as an alternative constituent for mid-infrared (MIR) nanophotonic applications have attracted extensive attention and they maybe solve the intrinsic loss problem of plasmonics. SPhP arise in polar dielectrics due to IR-active phonon resonances, leading to negative permittivity within the Reststrahlen band. Although SPhP have great potential in enhancing the interaction between light and matter in the infrared region, it is still limited to enhance optical fields and fixed resonance band because of the existing Reststrahlen band. Moreover, active manipulating of phonon polaritons in MIR range remains elusive. The significant research progress of natural van der Waals (vdW) crystal and heterostructures have been made, which are characterized by an anisotropic polaritonic response, leading to elliptical, hyperbolic, or biaxial polaritonic dispersions. Among these structures, SPhP with hyperbolicity in <i>α</i>-MoO<sub>3</sub> are of particular interest, due to not only the strong field confinement, low losses, and long lifetimes, but also the natural in-plane anisotropic dispersion. A heterostructure composed of a biaxial vdW material (<i>α</i>-MoO<sub>3</sub>) and a Weyl semimetal (WSM) is proposed to study the active tunability of anisotropic SPhP. The control of polaritons can show more degrees of freedom, which has not yet been addressed. Under the incident condition of transverse magnetic incident wave, the reflection coefficient and field distribution in the heterogeneous system are accurately solved by the 4×4 transfer matrix method, and the dispersion properties of anisotropic SPhP are described in detail. Variation of dispersion spectrum with azimuthal angle and <i>α</i>-MoO<sub>3</sub> thickness is presented. The research results indicate that mode hybridization and dispersion manipulation can be realized by controlling the azimuth angle and the thickness of <i>α</i>-MoO<sub>3</sub>. More importantly, the Fermi level of WSM enable the adjustment of dynamic dispersion curve, which depends on the change of external temperature. Isofrequency curves of hybridized SPhP at different Fermi levels are also demonstrated. By chemically changing the Femi level of <i>α</i>-MoO<sub>3</sub>, the topology of polariton isofrequency surfaces transforms from open shape to closed shape as a result of polariton hybridization. Therefore, our research is helpful in further optimizing and designing active optoelectronic devices based on vdW materials, which have good application prospects in infrared heat radiation and biosensing.

Evaluation of heat losses of the solar greenhouse during the heating season

The article presents the results of calculation of heat losses in greenhouses with different coatings, taking into account thermal-physical properties of coatings. In addition, based on the results of changes in external air temperature and solar radiation over time, numerical calculations were made on the heat load of a greenhouse with a useful area of 108 m2 and the thermal power provided by solar energy.

Using the higher-order shear deformation theory to analyze the free vibration of stiffened rotating FGM conical shells in a thermal environment

In this paper, free vibration analysis of rotating stiffened truncated conical shells with functionally graded materials (FGM) in a thermal environment is presented based on the higher-order shear deformation theory (HSDT). Assuming Coriolis acceleration and the centrifugal force, the governing equations of stiffened rotating FGM truncated conical shells are extracted utilizing the HSDT, the Donnell kinematics assumptions, and the smeared stiffeners technique. The partial differential equations are discretized into a set of ordinary differential equations employing Galerkin’s approach. The characteristic equation is computed as a tenth-order polynomial equation in terms of natural circular frequency. Regarding the characteristic equation, the free vibration of the stiffened rotating shell is analyzed to investigate the natural circular frequency. The results are presented and compared with the latest pertained developments found in the literature. Also, the effects of the internal and external stiffener, volume-fraction index, temperature changes, and different vertex angles on the frequency response curve are examined for various rotating speeds.

Thermochromic Smart Windows Assisted by Photothermal Nanomaterials.

Thermochromic smart windows are optical devices that can regulate their optical properties actively in response to external temperature changes. Due to their simple structures and as they do not require other additional energy supply devices, they have great potential in building energy-saving. However, conventional thermochromic smart windows generally have problems with high response temperatures and low response rates. Owing to their great effect in photothermal conversion, photothermal materials are often used in smart windows to assist phase transition so that they can quickly achieve the dual regulation of light and heat at room temperature. Based on this, research progress on the phase transition of photothermal material-assisted thermochromic smart windows is summarized. In this paper, the phase transition mechanisms of several thermochromic materials (VO2, liquid crystals, and hydrogels) commonly used in the field of smart windows are introduced. Additionally, the applications of carbon-based nanomaterials, noble metal nanoparticles, and semiconductor (metal oxygen/sulfide) nanomaterials in thermochromic smart windows are summarized. The current challenges and solutions are further indicated and future research directions are also proposed.

Effects of external temperature and dead volume on laboratory measurements of pore pressure and injected volume in a rock fracture

The accurate evaluation of pore pressure and injected volume is crucial for the laboratory characterization of hydromechanical responses of rock fractures. This study reports a series of laboratory experiments to systematically demonstrate the effects of external temperature and dead volume on laboratory measurements of pore pressure and injected volume in a rock fracture. We characterize the hydraulic aperture of the fracture as a function of effective normal stress using the exponential aperture model. This model is then employed to predict the pore pressure change and injected volume in the fracture without the influences of external temperature and dead volume. The external temperature changes in the cyclic loading test due to the Joule-Thompson effect for fluids. The effect of external temperature on pore pressure change in the fracture can be well explained by thermal pressurization of fluids. Our results also show that the external dead volume can significantly lower the pore pressure change in the fracture during the cyclic loading test under undrained conditions. The injected volume can also be substantially enlarged due to the external dead volume in a typical pore pressure system. Internal measurement of the pore pressure in the fracture using a fiber optic sensor cannot exclude the influences of external temperature and dead volume, primarily because of the good hydraulic communication between the fracture and pore pressure system. This study suggests that the effects of external temperature and dead volume on pore pressure response and injected volume should be evaluated for accurate laboratory characterization and inter-laboratory comparison.

Molecular sensors producing circularly polarized luminescence responses

Circularly polarized luminescence (CPL) refers to spontaneous emission with the oscillation axis of the emission's electric dipole rotating either right handedly or left handedly along the propagation axis. CPL provides a unique principle in luminescence visualization of target analytes: both the direction and magnitude of light polarization are sensitive to an asymmetric environment around a luminophore, which enables chirality sensing. In addition, CPL spectra are usually less complex than electric circular dichroism spectra because they emerge only from the lowest excited state. To exploit these benefits, researchers have vigorously developed CPL probes. This minireview provides the basic principles for creating molecular CPL activity, including asymmetric exciton coupling and helical intramolecular charge transfer. Emphasis is placed on molecular design. Analyte interactions can perturb the magnitude, reverse the polarization direction, or shift the peak wavelength of CPL, thereby enabling tractable strategies for creating CPL sensors. This minireview outlines selected examples of CPL sensors for physical stimuli, including changes in external magnetic fields, solvent polarity, and temperature. Probes capable of detecting chemical species, such as protons, metal ions, anions, amino acids, nucleosides and DNA, reactive oxygen species, and humidity, are also highlighted. These examples demonstrate the unique sensing utility of CPL sensors. We hope that this minireview will stimulate future research interest toward developing advanced CPL sensors with applications in bioimaging.

Effect of laser irradiation protocols on temperature, roughness, and morphology of the root surface after root-end resection

This study evaluated the effect of laser irradiation protocols using Thera Lase Surgery (TL), at 2.5 W (2.5) or 2.7 W (2.7), and Gemini (GE), at 1.2 W (1.2) or 1.5 W (1.5) of potency, on the root-end resection surface, in relation to external root temperature, roughness, and surface morphologic changes after the treatments, in the areas near to the root canal (RC) or external root surface (ER). Fifty teeth were endodontically treated and the root-end were resected 3 mm away from the root apex. The specimens were randomized into 5 groups (n = 10), according to the laser irradiation protocol: Control (CO-DW) without irradiation; (TL-2.5) Thera Lase Surgery, 2.5 W; (TL-2.7) Thera Lase Surgery, 2.7 W; (GE-1.2) Gemini, 1.2 W; and (GE-1.5) Gemini, 1.5 W. The external root temperature change was obtained through the difference between the highest value observed during the irradiation and the value at the beginning of the treatment. The surface roughness (µm) was analyzed by confocal laser microscopy and the apical surface morphology was evaluated by scanning electron microscopy, in RC or ER. The temperature change was similar between the irradiation protocols (p > 0.05). CO-DW and GE-1.5 provided the lowest surface roughness (p < 0.05), regardless of the analyzed area. TL-2.7 and GE-1.7 showed more uniform on apical resected morphology and a higher incidence of dentinal tubules occlusion, but only near the root canal (p < 0.05). Root-end resected surface submitted to TL-2.7 and GE1.7 irradiation protocols are more homogeneous and shown higher incidence of closed dentinal tubules near to root canal, despite providing a surface roughness.

Collective behaviors in a multiple functional network with hybrid synapses

Because of functional differentiation of biological neurons, more functional regions have been developed and formed in the brain and the neurons with the same biophysical function are connected in a specific region. Many neural circuits can be improved to exit specific functions by incorporating special electric components into the branch circuits, and they can be connected to simulate the cooperation of neurons with different biophysical properties. In this paper, three kinds of functional neural circuits are connected to develop a functional network for detecting external illumination, temperature changes and acoustic wave synchronously. The synchronous stability between neurons are much dependent on the intrinsic properties of the synaptic connection along the coupling channels. Electric synapse connection, capacitor-connection and induction coil connection are applied to trigger voltage, electric field and magnetic field couplings along the links in the neural network, respectively. Indeed, the field coupling induced by capacitive and inductive coupling can be controllable under external field by injecting energy continuously. The results indicate that the phase lock of the neural network can be stabilized by taming the coupling intensity carefully, and it can be further enhanced and switched by involving the noise. The Hamilton energy is estimated and in line with the phase synchronization. These results are helpful to know potential biophysical mechanism of synchronous firing and mode selection in the functional network.

The Synthesis, Properties, and Stability of Lithium-Containing Nanostructured Nickel-Doped Ceramics.

Lithium-containing ceramics have several great potential uses for tritium production, as well as its accumulation. However, their use is limited due to their poor resistance to external influences, mechanical pressure, and temperature changes. In this work, initial nanostructured ceramic powders were obtained using the sol-gel method, by mixing TiO2 and LiClO4·3H2O with the subsequent addition of NiO nanoparticles to the reaction mixture; these powders were subsequently subjected to thermal annealing at a temperature of 1000 °C for 10 h. Thermal annealing was used to initiate the phase transformation processes, and to remove structural distortions resulting from synthesis. During the study, it was found that the addition of NiO nanoparticles leads to the formation of solid solutions by a type of Li0.94Ni1.04Ti2.67O7 substitution, which leads to an increase in the crystallinity and structural ordering degree. At the same time, the grain sizes of the synthesized ceramics change their shape from rhomboid to spherical. During analysis of the strength characteristics, it was found that the formation of Li0.94Ni1.04Ti2.67O7 in the structure leads to an increase in hardness and crack resistance; this change is associated with dislocation. When analyzing changes in resistance to cracking, it was found that, during the formation of the Li0.94Ni1.04Ti2.67O7 phase in the structure and the subsequent displacement of the Li2TiO3 phase from the composition, the crack resistance increases by 15% and 37%, respectively, which indicates an increase in the resistance of ceramics to cracking and the formation of microcracks under external influences. This hardening and the reinforcing effect are associated with the replacement of lithium ions by nickel ions in the crystal lattice structure.

Dynamic thermal bridge evaluation of window-wall joints using a model-based thermography method

Infrared thermography is an effective method for diagnosing thermal bridges in the field. However, it is less applied in a quantitative manner particularly under dynamic conditions. This study proposed digital twin-based research, wherein a structure is described as a numerical model to identify insulation defects and thermal bridges at the window-wall joint. The window-wall joint construction level was divided into cases with or without insulation for the window-wall joints using a chamber describing dynamic external temperature changes. Thermal images for the indoor wall surface temperature around the window-wall joint were obtained and described using a numerical model capable of high-speed calculation. Regarding the case of absent insulation of the joint, the obtained thermal image results exhibited a large difference in temperature pattern compared to the reference model, which can be reduced to a smaller difference through multiple numerical models obtained by changing the thermal conductivity of the joint. The reduced model proposed for practical optimization simulation exhibited superior performance in terms of accuracy and calculation time compared to a commercial simulation model.

Digital Predistortion of RF Power Amplifiers Robust to a Wide Temperature Range and Varying Peak-to-Average Ratio Signals

In this work, a digital predistortion (DPD) model for the linearization of RF power amplifiers (PAs) is presented. The model provides a linearized gain (DPD &#x002B; PA) independent of the instantaneous transistor channel temperature within a predefined temperature window. Channel temperature variations due to varying ambient temperatures or changes in the signal probability density function (PDF) cause long-term memory effects, which results in dispersed (dynamic) AM/AM and AM/PM characteristics. The presented model is used to compensate for the memory effects due to self-heating and external temperature changes by estimating the transistor channel temperature through a linear single-pole Foster thermal network. The DPD model uses a first-order Taylor approximation to cancel out temperature-based nonlinearities. Gaussian pulses are used to extract the PA intrapulse gain at different temperatures without being affected by the signal PDF, thus allowing temperature- and signal-independent PA characterization. The model is validated from <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$20~^\circ \text{C}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> to <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$80~^\circ \text{C}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> and by considering a class-B 3.75-GHz 10-W gallium nitride (GaN)-on-SiC PA. The DPD performance is evaluated by considering the normalized root-mean-squared error (NRMSE), the output spectra, and adjacent channel power ratio (ACPR) with and without DPD for multiple signals bandwidths and peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) and finally compared with other approaches.

Three-Dimensional Printed Bimodal Electronic Skin with High Resolution and Breathability for Hair Growth.

People with neurological deficits face difficulties perceiving their surroundings, resulting in an urgent need for wearable electronic skin (e-skin) that can monitor external stimuli and temperature changes. However, the monolithic structure of e-skin is not conducive to breathability and hinders hair growth, limiting its wearing comfort. In this work, we prepared fully three-dimensional (3D) printed e-skin that allowed hair penetration and growth. This e-skin also achieved simultaneous pressure and temperature detection and a high tactile resolution of 100 cm-2, which is close to that of human fingertips. The temperature sensor maintained linear measurements within 10-60 °C. The pore microstructure prepared by a sacrificial template method helped the pressure-sensing unit achieve a high sensitivity of 0.213 kPa-1. Considering the distribution of human hair, the design of the main structure of the e-skin was studied to realize hair penetration and growth. High-performance pressure-sensitive inks and transparent flexible substrate inks for 3D printing were developed, and e-skins combining these functions were realized through multimaterial in situ 3D printing with high accuracy and high consistency. The temperature and pressure sensors separately performed simultaneous detection without interference, and the tactile sensor array accurately identified stimuli at different locations.

Patterned Magnetofluids via Magnetic Printing and Photopolymerization for Multifunctional Flexible Electronic Sensors.

Liquid conductor-based flexible sensors with high mechanical deformability and reliable electrical reversibility have aroused great interest in electronic skin, soft robotics, environmental monitoring, and other fields. Herein, we develop a novel strategy to fabricate liquid conductor-based flexible sensors by combining ionic liquid-based magnetofluids (IL-MFs), magnetic printing, and photopolymerization techniques. The as-prepared sensors exhibit excellent electromechanical properties, such as a wide detection range, low hysteresis, fast response time, good durability, etc. Moreover, the gauge factors (GFs) of the sensor could be easily adjusted by changing the modulators with different line widths or patterns, and the strain sensors can also be designed for anisotropic monitoring. Apart from serving as strain sensors, the magnetofluid-based flexible sensors can be used to detect external pressure, human activities, and changes in temperature, illumination, and magnetic field as well. This work provides a facile strategy to fabricate liquid conductor-based multifunctional sensors. Such a magnetofluid-based sensor has a great promising future.

A Potential Role of the Translation Elongation Factor eef1a1 in Gonadal High-Temperature Perception in Chinese Tongue Sole (Cynoglossus semilaevis).

Simple SummaryThe eukaryotic elongation factor 1 alpha (eef1a) gene is vital for protein translation by delivering aminoacylated tRNAs to the A/P site of the ribosome via the GTP-dependent reaction. Here, the Chinese tongue sole (Cynoglossus semilaevis) eef1a1 gene was identified, and its potential role in gonadal high-temperature perception was assessed. The full-length sequence of eef1a1 cDNA was 1809 base pair (bp) encoding a putative protein of 461 amino acids. The expression levels of eef1a1 in the ovary were significantly higher than that in the testis from 6 mpf to 3 ypf. Under high-temperature induction during sex differentiation, eef1a1 was significantly down-regulated in males, while the difference was not detected in females. Furthermore, the rapid response of eef1a1 to environmental high temperature was assessed in vitro. Our findings suggest that C. semilaevis eef1a1 might be essential for the molecular response regulatory network of external temperature affecting internal sex differentiation.The eukaryotic translation elongation factor 1 alpha (eef1a) gene has a well-defined role in protein synthesis. However, its role in external temperature perception and internal sex differentiation and development is still unclear. In this study, eef1a1 was identified and functionally analyzed in Chinese tongue sole (Cynoglossus semilaevis). The eef1a1 cDNA, 1809 bp in length, had a 1386 bp open reading frame (ORF) that encoded a 461 amino acid polypeptide containing one EF-1_alpha domain. eef1a1 expression levels were investigated across different tissues and during gonadal development. In the gonad, eef1a1 showed a sexually dimorphic expression pattern with a statistically higher expression level in the ovary than in the testis from 6 months postfertilization to 3 years postfertilization. Under high temperature (28 °C) treatment during C. semilaevis sex differentiation (from 30 days postfertilization to 3 months postfertilization), eef1a1 was statistically down-regulated in males, while the difference was not detected in females. In addition, the dual-luciferase assay exhibited that eef1a1 can respond to high temperature rapidly. Based on these results, C. semilaevis eef1a1 might have a dual role in the perception of external temperature changes and sex differentiation regulation.