Changes In Terminology Research Articles

On The Process Of Thematic Consolidation Of Legal Terms

This article is dedicated to the process of thematic consolidation of legal terms. It is evident that terms are commonly utilized in many realms including technology, science, art, literature and law. They have been studied for many years by plenty of scholars since they own primary and secondary meanings. The advancement of cutting-edge technologies has brought about many changes in terminology as well and various terms have appeared in every field. Indeed, law is a very broad area with its differently used words, phrases and word combinations. Nowadays, new terms have also been created in this sphere and they have to be learnt very thoroughly. Presently, lots of presidential decrees and rules have been enacted in a bid to develop law system; therefore, studying legal terms is a must for every linguist working in this field. As W.Shuy stated the main duty of linguists is to help untangle the language confusion (p. 12). Hence, we attempted to present some peculiarities of legal words and differences in their usage.

ПРО ДЕЯКІ ЗМІНИ В СУЧАСНІЙ МЕДИЧНІЙ ТЕРМІНОЛОГІЇ

The article considers the main changes in modern medical terminology related to the occurrence, prevention and treatment of coronavirus infections, analyzes the main lexical and thematic groups of neologisms in terms of their origin and functioning. Among all the changes in modern medical terminology, two main processes attract attention in the first place: the emergence of a large number of new terms and a change in the distinction between active and passive vocabulary. Given the extralinguistic causes of both processes, it can be predicted that similar changes are taking place now in most languages of the world. In addition, even without special research, it is clear that the main number of neologisms borrowed from English has an international character and Latin-Greek etymology. Today we can begin to describe, systematize and classify some processes that occur in the lexical system as the most mobile tier of language, which actively responds to all extralinguistic factors in society. Without being able to focus on all the problems of modern medical terminology related to the pandemic, we will consider the situation with lexical- thematic groups "name of coronavirus infection" and "names of social restrictions associated with the pandemic" as the most striking sections of the general problem. After all, due to the pandemic, almost all languages of the world are undergoing serious lexical changes. Among the main processes are the emergence of a large number of new medical terms and the change in the distinction between active and passive vocabulary, when professional medical vocabulary becomes an active vocabulary of every ordinary person. Consider this assumption on the example of two thematic groups - "covid" and "social isolation". The material for the study was the publication of periodicals, orders and recommendations of various levels from the Ministry of Health to rectors and directors of educational institutions, banners of various types, news sites, etc.

TERMINOLOGY AND THE TRANSLATION ISSUES

This article describes how structural changes in terminology and linguistics are reflected in lexical units in the field of building structures. It is revealed that the translation of terms related to the field of architectural construction differs in terms of application, and that this is a problem that needs to be studied in linguistics.

“ON THE PROCESS OF THEMATIC CONSOLIDATION OF LEGAL TERMS”

This article is dedicated to the process of thematic consolidation of legal terms. It is evident that terms are commonly utilized in many realms including technology, science, art, literature and law. They have been studied for many years by plenty of scholars since they own primary and secondary meanings. The advancement of cutting-edge technologies has brought about many changes in terminology as well and various terms have appeared in every field. Indeed, law is a very broad area with its differently used words, phrases and word combinations. Nowadays, new terms have also been created in this sphere and they have to be learnt very thoroughly. Presently, lots of presidential decrees and rules have been enacted in a bid to develop law system; therefore, studying legal terms is a must for every linguist working in this field. As W.Shuy stated the main duty of linguists is to help untangle the language confusion (p. 12). Hence, we attempted to present some peculiarities of legal words and differences in their usage.

Asthenic disorders as a manifestation of chronic fatigue syndrome

The article explains the changes in terminology and diagnostic criteria for asthenic disorders as manifestations of chronic fatigue syndrome CFS (myalgic encephalomyelitis). Chronic fatigue syndrome is defined as neuroimmune endocrine dysfunction with a purely clinical diagnosis. Probably, viral infections can play a leading role in the pathogenesis. Published diagnostic criteria reveal possible correlations between chronic fatigue syndrome and COVID-19 disease. A promising strategy for the therapy and rehabilitation of patients is the use of smart peptides, a representative of which is the drug cortexin.

A tentative analysis of legal terminology diachronic changes and the problem of communication effectiveness in legal settings

Abstract The aim of the paper is to present the diachronic changes taking place in legal languages and discuss whether the translators, who for some reason use as an equivalent an obsolete term, may produce a target text which is communicatively ineffective. The research methods applied encompass: the parametric approach to the interlingual comparison of legal terminology for translation purposes, the analysis of pertinent literature on translation and translation errors, the analysis of comparable texts for the purpose of observing diachronic changes in terminology. The diachronic change in terminology most frequently is the result of the amendments of legislation or repealing one act and replacing it with a new one. The terminological changes are especially frequent when the change in the political system occurs and the need appears to adjust the legal system to the new political ideology and principles. For that reason, the authors have analysed in detail three Polish acts on copyright enacted under three different political regimes that is to say (i) after the First World War when Poland regained independence after 123 years of occupation (Act of 29 March 1926 on Copyrights [Ustawa z dnia 29 marca 1926 r. o prawie autorskiem]), (ii) under the communist rule in Poland that lasted from 1945 until 1989 (Act of 10 July 1952 on Copyrights [Ustawa z dnia 10 lipca 1952 r. o prawie autorskim]), and finally (iii) after the collapse of communism in Poland and the period of transition into the democratic and free market society (Act on Copyrights and Related Rights of 4 February 1994 [Ustawa o prawie autorskim i prawach pokrewnych z dnia 4 lutego 1994 roku]). Apart from the main Polish corpus of above-mentioned acts, the authors have also provided examples from some other languages to confirm that the diachronic changes take place everywhere and miscommunication problems resulting from using an obsolete term in translation may occur in any pair of languages. In the last part of the paper the problem of the scale of miscommunication resulting from the usage of obsolete terminology in the target text is discussed.

Removing the stigma of medication for opioid use disorder

Removing the stigma of medication for opioid use disorder

Brag-bar kinship system in synchronic and diachronic perspectives

AbstractThe Rgyalrong languages are a group of unwritten non-Tibetic languages spoken in north-western Sichuan Province, China. This paper provides an in-depth analysis of the Brag-bar (a dialect of Situ Rgyalrong) kinship terminology at the synchronic level, and then by using both internal reconstruction and comparative method, we attempt to explain the directionality of both formal and semantic changes in the Brag-bar terminology. Thus we demonstrate that the present kinship system of Brag-bar (Situ) originates from a system with Omaha skewing.

Transition of the Korean Name for the Department of Radiology and Korean Medical Terminology: A Note Ahead of Publication for the Sixth Edition of the Korean Medical Terminology

저자는 “대한영상의학회 용어위원회” 위원장을 맡으면서 “대한의사협회 용어위원회” 위원 및 대한의사협회의 “제6판 의학용어집” 발간을 위한 “의학용어실무위원회” 위원으로 2015년 7월부터 2020년 1월까지 “제6판 의학용어집” 개정 발간을 위한 작업에 참여하였다. 이번 “제6판 의학용어집”의 용어 개정 작업에 참여한 경험을 바탕으로 그동안 한글의학용어와 영상의 학과의 명칭의 변화에 대한 특별기고문을 작성하였다.

Development of the ground model for the Clay-with-flints Formation: adventures in geological boundaries

The Clay-with-flints Formation crops out on the high chalk plateaux in southern England. Changes in terminology are summarized and distinctions from adjacent similar deposits (e.g. Valley Gravel) are detailed. A threefold division of the transition zone between the two deposits is proposed based on degree of disturbance. Relationships with parent materials are discussed through structural and spatial relationships, as shown on published maps and in memoirs. Dominant pedological processes involved in the formation of the Clay-with-flints Formation from the Lambeth Group are described. A twofold division between the two is proposed based on physical changes. In addition to geological and pedological information, the deposit was studied through ground investigation data from 60 km of motorway network, which covers the variation in the Paleocene deposits (Lambeth Group facies (Reading Formation to Woolwich Formation) and the increasing presence of Thanet Sand Formation along the North Downs, east of approximately Leatherhead). The resulting ground model requires detailed knowledge of the microstructures of the chalk, the facies variation of Paleocene and Pliocene deposits, and temperate climate pedological processes in the vadose zone. Future work to study the engineering properties reflecting the variation of both the Paleocene facies and the development of the vadose zone is summarized. Thematic collection: This article is part of the Ground models in engineering geology and hydrogeology collection available at: https://www.lyellcollection.org/cc/Ground-models-in-engineering-geology-and-hydrogeology

On the issue of standardization of cataloging terminology: formation and current trends

Some aspects of formation of Ukrainian library and information terminology and its transformation in modern conditions are considered, in particular tendencies of changes in terminology in the context of reforming of library branch in the conditions of informatization and its reorientation to the electronic environment. It is emphasized that the possession of modern scientific terminology by library and information specialists is an important component of their professionalism, and the formation of terminological culture is an important factor in professional training. The meaning of the term "term" and some of its characteristics are considered. The problem of foreign borrowings in the Ukrainian library and information terminology is paid attention. It is noted that the introduction of information and communication technologies in the library business primarily affected the processes of cataloging documents, so much attention is paid to the terminology of cataloging. The influence of the processes of globalization, integration and international cooperation on the state of the terminology of the library industry in Ukraine is considered. The issue of standardization of terminology is an important and relevant area of terminology, so one of the main tasks of standardization in the library and information field is to work on streamlining the use of terms. The need for normative regulation of the library and information sphere in accordance with international standards, development, harmonization and implementation of unified scientific terminology is noted. Some aspects and peculiarities related to terminology in connection with the introduction of a new international RDA standard, as well as the problems of implementation of this standard in Ukraine are considered. Emphasis is placed on the problem of harmonization and implementation in Ukraine of international standards in the field of library and information, which is an important factor on Ukraine's path to the European and world information space.

ТЕРМІНОЛОГІЧНЕ «РІЗНОМАНІТТЯ» У ЗАКОНОДАВСТВІ УКРАЇНИ ЩОДО ВІДЧУЖЕННЯ МАЙНОВИХ ПРАВ ІНТЕЛЕКТУАЛЬНОЇ ВЛАСНОСТІ

The article analyses the provisions of the legislation of Ukraine covering the assignment of economic intellectual property rights. It concluded that legal acts provide various terms and synonyms. The article provides the overview of the relevant clauses of the elaborated draft laws in intellectual property field. It is noted that in these draft laws changes in terminology are not given due attention. The article proposes the changes to the Civil Code of Ukraine, Laws of Ukraine "On Protection of Plant Variety Rights", "On Protection of Rights to the Composition of Semiconductor Products" and draft laws of Ukraine "On Amendments to Certain Legislative Acts of Ukraine (on Patent Legislation Reform)" , "On Amendments to Certain Legislative Acts of Ukraine Concerning Strengthening the Protection and Advocacy of Rights to Trademarks and Industrial Designs and Combating Patent Trolling" and "On Copyright and Related Rights".

Nonlocality claims are inconsistent with Hilbert-space quantum mechanics

It is shown that when properly analyzed using principles consistent with the use of a Hilbert space to describe microscopic properties, quantum mechanics is a local theory: one system cannot influence another system with which it does not interact. Claims to the contrary based on quantum violations of Bell inequalities are shown to be incorrect. A specific example traces a violation of the CHSH Bell inequality in the case of a spin-3/2 particle to the noncommutation of certain quantum operators in a situation where (non)locality is not an issue. A consistent histories analysis of what quantum measurements measure, in terms of quantum properties, is used to identify the basic problem with derivations of Bell inequalities: the use of classical concepts (hidden variables) rather than a probabilistic structure appropriate to the quantum domain. A difficulty with the original Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen (EPR) argument for the incompleteness of quantum mechanics is the use of a counterfactual argument which is not valid if one assumes that Hilbert-space quantum mechanics is complete; locality is not an issue. The quantum correlations that violate Bell inequalities can be understood using local quantum common causes. Wavefunction collapse and Schr\"odinger steering are calculational procedures, not physical processes. A general Principle of Einstein Locality rules out nonlocal influences between noninteracting quantum systems. Some suggestions are made for changes in terminology that could clarify discussions of quantum foundations and be less confusing to students.

A 200-Year History of the Study of Childhood Language Disorders of Unknown Origin: Changes in Terminology

Purpose The current “specific language impairment” and “developmental language disorder” discussion might lead to important changes in how we refer to children with language disorders of unknown origin. The field has seen other changes in terminology. This article reviews many of these changes. Method A literature review of previous clinical labels was conducted, and possible reasons for the changes in labels were identified. Results References to children with significant yet unexplained deficits in language ability have been part of the scientific literature since, at least, the early 1800s. Terms have changed from those with a neurological emphasis to those that do not imply a cause for the language disorder. Diagnostic criteria have become more explicit but have become, at certain points, too narrow to represent the wider range of children with language disorders of unknown origin. Conclusions The field was not well served by the many changes in terminology that have transpired in the past. A new label at this point must be accompanied by strong efforts to recruit its adoption by clinical speech-language pathologists and the general public.

L'analyse critique des manuscrits et les conseils d'amélioration donnés aux auteurs. A propos des publications : Klebel et al., 2020, Stern and O'Shea, 2019; Sarabipour et al., 2019; Inrae, 2016 / Critical analysis of manuscripts and advice for improvement given to authors. About the publications: Klebel et al, 2020, Stern and O'Shea, 2019; Sarabipour et al, 2019; Inrae, 2016.

The development of digital systems of information and the increase of the number of manuscripts submitted to scientific journals have been triggering major changes in scientific publishing, in particular about what is called ''peer review''. In this article, the circumstances that generated the old organisation of scientific publishing are recalled, the individual and collective interests of various features of the system are analyzed, and the principles that can lead to a modernization of the publication process are discussed. Changes in terminology, as well as of editorial practices, are proposed.

Hepatorenal syndrome: A review into changing definition, diagnostic criteria, pathophysiology, and management

Hepatorenal syndrome (HRS) is a form of kidney function impairment that characteristically occurs in patients with cirrhosis. The diagnostic criteria for this syndrome have been revised throughout the years, with recent revisions aimed at improving earlier diagnosis and treatment. HRS definition has been updated recently by the International Club of Ascites in accordance with Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcomes acute kidney injury (AKI) classification. Recent changes in terminology have led to acute or Type I HRS being referred to as AKI-HRS and chronic or Type II HRS as chronic kidney disease (CKD)-HRS. The contribution of systemic inflammation, a key feature of cirrhosis, in the development of HRS has been highlighted in recent years. The current standard of care for the management of HRS involves the use of vasoconstrictor therapy and volume expansion with albumin. All patients do not respond to treatment, and even in those who respond, early mortality rates are very high in the absence of liver transplantation (LT). LT is the only curative treatment of HRS.

The development of temperaments typology in E. Krestchmer's concept

The development of E. Kretschmer's concept of temperaments throughout fifty years is analyzed. The small changes in terminology that occurred in the fourth edition of «Body type and character» took place due to the introducing E. Bleuler's termin «synton» for the intermediate affective states of healthy cyclothymic temperaments and E. Kretschmer's termin "leptosom" for the body type that before was delineated as "asthenic". However, the transition from the systematics with 3 types of physique and corresponding 2 types of mental constitutions to the systematics, including separate temperament of athletic physique («viscous»), took place much later. This was preceded by the delineation of epileptic mental constitution by E. Bleuler (1916) and the description of epileptoid constitution. The clinical descriptions of cycloid and schizoid temperaments as the descriptions of corresponding «healthy» constitutional types of cyclothyms and schizothyms in the monograph «Body type and character» has not changed till the last lifetime edition of the author.В статье анализируется развитие концепции темпераментов E. Kretschmer на протяжении 50 лет, при этом отмечаются как небольшие, так и существенные изменения в терминологии, произошедшие в 4-м издании «Строение тела и характер» благодаря введению термина E. Bleuler «синтонный» для «средних» по аффективному состоянию «здоровых» циклотимных темпераментов и термина E. Kretschmer «лептосомный» для типа телосложения, обозначаемого ранее как «астеническое». Однако переход от систематики с тремя типами телосложения и соответствующими им двумя психическими конституциями на систематику, включающую отдельный темперамент атлетического типа, состоялся в монографии E. Kretschmer гораздо позже, чему предшествовало выделение эпилептической конституции E. Bleuler и описание эпилептоидной конституции. Клинические описания типов циклоидных и шизоидных темпераментов, как и характеристики соответствующих им «здоровых» конституциональных типов циклотимов и шизотимов в монографии «Строение тела и характер», не менялись до последнего прижизненного издания автора.

ТЕРМИНОЛОГИЯ В ОБЛАСТИ МИГРАЦИИ: ПРОБЛЕМЫ МЕЖДУНАРОДНОЙ СОПОСТАВИМОСТИ

The object of the research is the migration terminology issues of the basic concepts used by international organizations. The aim of the work is to substantiate the need for the adequate translation of terms according to the methods of leading information centers that deal with international migration. The work employs the methods of logical and theoretical analysis. The main result of the study is the clear distinction between incorrectly used terms and the corresponding indicators presented by the author, as well as the need for changes in migration terminology. In the author's opinion, this will help bringing together the conceptual apparatus of domestic and foreign works, more accurately applying English-language terms in migration practice. The term “free movements” requires special attention. It cannot be fully applied to migration from the countries with agreements on visa-free entry, for example, the CIS countries. The work shows the place of each of the six main types of migration in the world economy by the case of OECD countries. The general trend of immigration to these countries in the 2010s indicates an increase in the share of non-humanitarian types of migration where labour migration is of increasing importance. The analysis of the position occupies a significant place in the work. According to the analysis, it is incorrect to equate the terms "migrant remittances" and "remittances". The work thoroughly describes the differences and the role of a broad interpretation of remittances in accordance with the IMF methodology. The conclusions of the study, including the description of defining the concept of "profession", important in the design of the legal framework for labour migrants employed in the Russian economy, as well as the measures proposed by the author to improve professional training of migrants attracted by the Russian economy from Central Asian countries, may be of interest for Russian authorities when implementing state migration policy and developing modern economic measures to regulate migration. According to the author, the solution of the three groups of problems depends not only on the legislative and executive authorities, but also on the scientific community.

Análise histórica de diagnósticos de enfermagem relacionados a feridas e lesões de pele

Objetivo: Analisar historicamente mudanças nos diagnósticos de enfermagem relacionados às feridas e lesões de pele. Método: Pesquisa documental, realizada de abril de 2017 a abril de 2019. Fizeram parte da amostra os diagnósticos de enfermagem: Integridade da Pele Prejudicada, risco da Integridade da Pele Prejudicada, Integridade Tissular Prejudicada, Risco da Integridade Tissular Prejudicada, Risco de Lesão por Pressão da Taxonomia II da NANDA de 2001 a 2018. Resultado: A principal mudança foi nas características definidoras de Integridade da pele prejudicada. A definição de Risco da integridade da pele prejudicada passou por quatro mudanças. O diagnóstico Integridade tissular prejudicada modificou a definição e fatores relacionados. Houve alteração no diagnóstico Risco de Úlcera por pressão para Risco de lesão por pressão. Conclusão: As mudanças em terminologias e acréscimo de informações nos diagnósticos foram realizadas no intuito de favorecer a sistematização da assistência de enfermagem e fomentar a melhor identificação dos diagnósticos.

Peristilahan Kekerabatan Sunda Kuna dan Rekonstruksi Etnoarkeologi atas Hukum Keluarga Masyarakat Sunda Kuna

The research underlying this paper aims to reconstruct Old Sundanese kinship terminology and its consequences on the family law of the Old Sundanese community. Genealogical method was used to found kin terms and to reconstruct its structural features. From four manuscripts that have been studied, there were 25 term of refferences for 17 kin categories. Basically, old Sundanese kinship terminology have strong characteristics toward lineal-Eskimo type of terminology in which term of refferences for kins in nuclear family circle more descriptive and more classificatorist for other kins outside it. Balance distributions on kolateral kins also important in this type. Compared with contemporary Sundanese, there are no structural changes in Sundanese kinship terminology. Theoritically, the consequence of bilaterality in kinship terminology is parental nature of its family law. Probably, old Sundanese society also parental in their family law. .