Change In Direction Research Articles

Dynamics of production and export of potato from India: Markov chain approach

The present study was conducted to know the growth in area, production, productivity, and export of potatoes from India as well as to understand the change in direction and magnitude of the export of Indian potatoes to different countries. The study is based on secondary data collected from different e-resources like APEDA (Agricultural and Processed Food Export Development Authority) and Indiastat. The data was collected for a period of 15 years from 2006- 07 to 2020-21. The study revealed that all the variables like area, production, productivity, export quantity, and export values showed positive growth rates and were found to be significant at 1 percent. Markov chain analysis and transition probability matrix indicated that Nepal, Oman, and other minor countries pooled under the category “other” were found loyal to India in importing Indian potatoes since they retained a considerable share of their trade whereas Saudi Arabia is less stable and Malaysia is least stable among the competing countries considered over the study period of 15 years. Hence India can rely upon Nepal, Oman, and other minor countries in the export of its potato and therefore policies need to be oriented towards these countries in the export of potatoes in the near future.

Differential Uplift Triggered Basin‐And‐Range System: Evidence From Low‐Temperature Thermochronology in Eastern NE Asia

AbstractSince the Mesozoic, eastern NE Asia has experienced multiple tectonic events, resulting in a complex structure and forming one of the world's largest Meso‐Cenozoic lacustrine basin systems. Presently, basin evolution models require further elucidation regarding the simultaneous generation of diverse rift basins and the potential impact stemming from the closure of the Mudanjiang Ocean, whose oceanic closure demarcated the boundary between the Songliao Basin and the eastern basins, raises questions about its influence on the development of the basin‐and‐range system. To address these questions, we augment new low‐temperature thermochronological data on basement highs separating the eastern NE Asia basins to investigate the shallow‐deep coupling process of tectonic evolution since the Mesozoic. The new cooling age pattern shows non‐overlapping and spatial differences among major basement highs. Inverse thermal modeling revealed five‐stage cooling episodes among the basement highs, but with different onset and cooling rates of each episode, indicating a significant differential uplift mode. A major reburial stage was identified throughout eastern NE Asia during the mid‐Cretaceous. Compiling cooling age patterns and inverse thermal modeling, we note the existence of a proto‐basin covering an area much larger than the previously contemplated “Pan‐Sanjiang” Basin. In general, our study indicates the final closure of the Mudanjiang Ocean occurred at ca. 150–140 Ma. Since the Early Cretaceous, with changes in the subduction direction, two‐stage flat slab subduction of the Paleo‐Pacific plate and the consequent subduction of the Pacific plate co‐dominated the basements' differential uplift and the formation of the eastern NE Asia basin‐and‐range framework.

Application of the results of three-dimensional hydro-geomechanical modeling to determine the azimuths of hydraulic fractures

The article is devoted to the problem of determining the spatial orientation of the hydraulic fracture for hydrodynamic modeling. As a rule, the choice of the fracture strike azimuth is based on data obtained from the interpretation results of cross-dipole acoustic logging recorded for monitoring the fracturing operation. Due to changes in reservoir pressure, the expected and actual directions of the created fracture may differ, which must be taken into account when adapting and predicting the field development indices on the hydrodynamic model. The purpose of the paper is to calculate the influence of reservoir pressure on the fracture azimuth and, accordingly, on the field development indicators by constructing a combined hydro-geomechanical model that can later be used to select the optimal strategy for producing reserves. The reservoirs stressed state change, caused by the increase or decrease in reservoir pressure, is considered by the case of an oil reservoir located in the Orenburg region. Constructed geomechanical model of the selected sector includes the cubes of reservoir stresses at the initial date, the mechanical properties of the rock and faults in the productive formation. The dependence of the values of the angle on the formation pressure is constructed and the prediction calculations are carried out on the hydrodynamic model. The validity of the direction calculation is assessed by comparison with actual microimager data. As a result of work for the selected sector of the field, a hydro-geomechanical model is constructed, which makes it possible to obtain a forecast for the development of the hydraulic fracturing during the reservoir development.

THE ROLE OF UKRAINE’S CIVILIZATIONAL IDENTITY IN THE INSTITUTIONALIZATION OF ITS EUROPEAN INTEGRATION

The article examines the issue of institutionalization in Ukrainian society with special emphasis on the process of European integration and the role played by civilizational choice and civilizational identity in this matter. The research overviews the peculiarities of the institutionalization process of Ukraine as a post-Soviet country, the challenges it faces in the development of European integration and the general perception of Ukraine as a predictable international player. The author briefly reviews the process of institutionalization of European integration in Ukraine and shows that the European civilizational choice and the factor of Russian aggression play a decisive role in revitalizing this process, based on direct public demand for such institutionalization, which is now less dependent from the changes in political leadership. As an example of institutional changes caused by the civilizational choice of the Ukrainian people, there are changes in the practice of diplomacy, in particular regarding the use of civilizational rhetoric, as well as changes in the very functioning of the state system, which now combines the efforts of domestic and foreign policy departments for the development of Ukraine’s European integration. Ukrainian diplomats turned out to be the environment that was most sensitive to the public demand for a change in the civilizational direction of Ukraine’s development. The article also provides ideas for further development of this topic.

Shock wave induced migration of an edge dislocation dipole in alpha-Fe

The mobility of a 1/2〈111〉{110} edge dipole in alpha-iron has been studied using molecular dynamics simulations. Collision cascades generated by keV recoils have been shown to induce the migration of dislocations. In order to elucidate the origin of the motion of these dislocations, and separate the production of defects from temperature or pressure effects, a stressed region of different shapes (sphere and cylinder) is simulated close to the edge dipole. We observe that the generated shock wave triggers the movement of the dislocations even when no defects are produced. The shape of the distorted region and the character of the dislocations influence the way the dislocations move, due to the change in Peach-Koehler force direction and to the fact that the shock waves arrive to the different parts of the dislocations at different times.

Institutional investors and mispricing of unionized firms

AbstractWe examine investment by different types of institutional investors in firms with strong labor unions. We find that hedge funds own a lower percentage of shares in these firms than in other firms. In contrast, passive institutional investors and institutional investors as a group own a higher percentage. Our tests suggest that the relation between unionization and hedge fund ownership is causal: When union power changes in a firm, hedge fund ownership changes in the opposite direction. Instead, passive investor holdings in unionized firms seem to be driven by other firm characteristics.

Assessing mode-specific transport affordability in a car-centric city

Housing and transport are the two highest costs in household budgets and can significantly impact affordability and quality of life. These costs also impact decisions and require households to make a trade-off between the ease of accessing desired opportunities and the size of their home. Yet studies that have aimed to gain insights into the factors that influence housing and transport affordability to develop policy interventions rely on aggregate or incomplete measures of these associated household costs, potentially obfuscating the trends. This paper aims to enrich understanding of the relationship between housing and transport affordability using data collected from University of Alberta (Canada) students, faculty and staff. It relies on the reported monetary cost of household spending on housing and transport, and estimated travel time cost, as well as information on the transport mode and home location in an effort to confirm the relationship between housing and transport costs and identify policies that can lower generalized costs for households. Based on the analysis, we establish the importance of accounting for the travel time associated with different transport modes in quantifying the generalized cost burden of a household. We also confirm that housing and transport costs change in opposite directions with the increase in distance from the city core. Lastly, policy interventions that lower transport costs via improvements in transit service and land use are identified.

Diversification Strategy and Business Portfolio Development in State-Owned Companies PT. Hutama Karya

This research aims to analyse the business diversification strategy of PT Hutama Karya (Persero) and its subsidiaries, explain their business operations, and explore growth potential. This research tries to identify the company's internal and external environmental factors after business diversification, conduct an analysis of the corporate position and portfolio of business units and subsidiaries, and formulate a new business diversification strategy concept. This research method is descriptive qualitative with the data used in the research including primary data collected through interviews and questionnaires, as well as secondary data such as company financial reports, industry performance reports, and industry attractiveness. PT Hutama Karya's business diversification includes expansion into various business divisions, including Toll Road Business Entity (BUJT), Non-Toll Road Business Entity (Non-BUJT), and the establishment of subsidiaries such as Hutama Karya Infrastruktur (HKI), HAKAAston, HK Realtindo, Hutama Marga Waskita (HAMAWAS), and EPC Energy Singapore Ltd. The main supporting factors for this diversification are the continued economic growth and government support in infrastructure development. The company's internal strengths are the application of technology and adaptation to changes in the construction industry, they also face challenges such as cashflow issues, global economic uncertainty, and changes in political direction. The SWOT analysis shows that the company is in the "Grow and Build" quadrant and needs to pursue aggressive business diversification. The results of the GE Nine Cell Matrix analysis show a diverse position for the company's business units, with some as "Leaders" and others needing to be managed carefully or even divested. The managerial implications of this study are the need for business ecosystem development and business portfolio diversification, technology development across businesses to support competitive advantage, and the creation of new opportunities after the completion of the Trans-Sumatra Toll Road project

Government Subsidy Nexus: The Case of Employment and Performance Dynamics

In this article, the impact of nexus of subsidy on economic growth and performance is examined, with focus on age influence. We analyse data from 1,272 Chinese manufacturing firms from 2007 to 2017 using quantile regressions and Generalized Method of Moments. The findings indicate that subsidies have a positive effect on employment growth but a negative impact on performance. Age is found to have a weaker moderating effect on the subsidy-performance relationship but a stronger effect on the subsidy-employment-growth relationship. Young and private firms experience alternating growth patterns, while state and matured firms consistently exhibit positive growth across all quantiles. The study also reveals that lagged employment and subsidy levels have a significant positive relationship with current employment-related issues, while performance shows a change in direction with lags. Our result shows that subsidy impacts better on growth rather than performance as a by-product. However, with limiting recommendations on governments efforts to overspend on young firms. We discuss our findings within the theoretical frameworks of the economics of subsidy and the theory of cost and benefit for emerging markets.

Phase-field simulation for anisotropic dendrite growth in Mg-3wt.%Zn alloy

The anisotropy interfacial energy changes the growth tendency of dendrites in different directions during solidification, when the growth tendency in a specific direction appears or disappears, the transition of dendrite orientation will happen. In this study, three-dimensional simulations of anisotropic α‐Mg dendrite were conducted by changing the anisotropic interface energy in the phase field model. The variation in the preferred growth direction of equiaxed dendrite in α‐Mg was analyzed by controlling the anisotropic function of the interfaces. The changes in the growth direction of dendrites on different dendrite planes and the distribution of solute were investigated. The dendrites of α‐Mg equiaxed crystals mainly grow in ⟨112‾0⟩ and ⟨112‾3⟩ directions, and the transition of dendrite orientation depends on ⟨112‾0⟩ direction. When ⟨112‾0⟩ direction branching disappears, α‐Mg dendrite is transformed from 18 branches to 12 branches. The solute distribution at the front of the dendrite boundary changes significantly with the growth trend. Differences in the degree of solute distribution affect the solid-liquid interface and change the microstructure of the material.

PDZome-wide and structural characterization of the PDZ-binding motif of VANGL2

VANGL2 is a core component of the non-canonical Wnt/Planar Cell Polarity signaling pathway that uses its highly conserved carboxy-terminal type 1 PDZ-binding motif (PBM) to bind a variety of PDZ proteins. In this study, we characterize and quantitatively assess the largest VANGL2 PDZome-binding profile documented so far, using orthogonal methods. The results of our holdup approach support VANGL2 interactions with a large panel of both long-recognized and unprecedented PDZ domains. Truncation and point mutation analyses of the VANGL2 PBM establish that, beyond the strict requirement of the P-0 / V521 and P-2 / T519 amino acids, upstream residues, including E518, Q516 and R514 at, respectively, P-3, P-5 and P-7 further contribute to the robustness of VANGL2 interactions with two distinct PDZ domains, SNX27 and SCRIBBLE-PDZ3. In agreement with these data, incremental amino-terminal deletions of the VANGL2 PBM causes its overall affinity to progressively decline. Moreover, the holdup data establish that the PDZome binding repertoire of VANGL2 starts to diverge significantly with the truncation of E518. A structural analysis of the SYNJ2BP-PDZ/VANGL2 interaction with truncated PBMs identifies a major conformational change in the binding direction of the PBM peptide after the P-2 position. Finally, we report that the PDZome binding profile of VANGL2 is dramatically rearranged upon phosphorylation of S517, T519 and S520. Our crystallographic approach illustrates how SYNJ2BP accommodates a S520-phosphorylated PBM peptide through the ideal positioning of two basic residues, K48 and R86. Altogether our data provides a comprehensive view of the VANGL2 PDZ network and how this network specifically responds to the post-translation modification of distinct PBM residues. These findings should prove useful in guiding future functional and molecular studies of the key PCP component VANGL2.

Makromolekulare Hydrazon Hauptkettenphotoschalter

AbstractHydrazone – bestehend aus einer dynamischen Iminbindung und einem sauren NH‐Proton – haben sich in letzter Zeit aufgrund ihrer Fähigkeit zur Bildung thermisch bistabiler (Z) bzw. (E) Isomere als vielseitige Potoschalter erwiesen. In diesem Artikel stellen wir zwei lichtsensitive Homopolymere vor, die strukturell unterschiedliche Hydrazone als sich wiederholende Einheiten in der Hauptkette enthalten und durch „Kopf‐Schwanz“‐Polymerisation mittels azyklischer Dien‐METathese (ADMET) synthetisiert wurden. Der Hauptunterschied der beiden Polymere liegt dabei im Design des Hydrazon‐Photoschalters, insbesondere in der Lage des aliphatischen Arms, der den Rotor mit dem aliphatischen Polymerrückgrat verbindet. Es zeigt sich, dass sich das hydrodynamische Volumen der Polymere in verdünnter Lösung während der Photoisomerisierung (λ=410 nm) in entgegengesetzter Weise ändert. Darüber hinaus zeigt sich nach der Photoisomerisierung eine Veränderung der Glasübergangs‐temperatur (Tg) um fast 10 °C bei beiden Polymeren, unabhängig vom Design des jeweiligen Hydrazon‐Monomers. Die hier vorgestellte Designstrategie erlaubt es, makromolekulare Eigenschaften durch Strukturänderungen photochemisch zu kontrollieren.

Minute-scale oscillatory sequences in medial entorhinal cortex

The medial entorhinal cortex (MEC) hosts many of the brain’s circuit elements for spatial navigation and episodic memory, operations that require neural activity to be organized across long durations of experience1. Whereas location is known to be encoded by spatially tuned cell types in this brain region2,3, little is known about how the activity of entorhinal cells is tied together over time at behaviourally relevant time scales, in the second-to-minute regime. Here we show that MEC neuronal activity has the capacity to be organized into ultraslow oscillations, with periods ranging from tens of seconds to minutes. During these oscillations, the activity is further organized into periodic sequences. Oscillatory sequences manifested while mice ran at free pace on a rotating wheel in darkness, with no change in location or running direction and no scheduled rewards. The sequences involved nearly the entire cell population, and transcended epochs of immobility. Similar sequences were not observed in neighbouring parasubiculum or in visual cortex. Ultraslow oscillatory sequences in MEC may have the potential to couple neurons and circuits across extended time scales and serve as a template for new sequence formation during navigation and episodic memory formation.

Main-chain Macromolecular Hydrazone Photoswitches.

Hydrazones-consisting of a dynamic imine bond and an acidic NH proton-have recently emerged as versatile photoswitches underpinned by their ability to form thermally bistable isomers, (Z) and (E), respectively. Herein, we introduce two photoresponsive homopolymers containing structurally different hydrazones as main-chain repeating units, synthesized via head-to-tail Acyclic Diene METathesis (ADMET) polymerization. Their key difference lies in the hydrazone design, specifically the location of the aliphatic arm connecting the rotor of the hydrazone photoswitch to the aliphatic polymer backbone. Critically, we demonstrate that their main photoresponsive property, i.e., their hydrodynamic volume, changes in opposite directions upon photoisomerization (λ=410 nm) in dilute solution. Further, the polymers-independent of the design of the individual hydrazone monomer-feature a photoswitchable glass transition temperature (Tg ) by close to 10 °C. The herein established design strategy allows to photochemically manipulate macromolecular properties by simple structural changes.

The Empirical Influence of Tibetan Plateau Spring Soil Moisture on South Asian Monsoon Onset: A Linear Diagnostic Perspective

Abstract The South Asian high (SAH) location and intensity are linked with the latent heating of the Tibetan Plateau (TP) and Yangtze River basin. The relationship between SAH variability and its impact on South Asian monsoon (SAM) onset is rarely linked with TP soil moisture. This study uses remotely sensed soil moisture and reanalysis products to quantify the relationship between the TP spring (April–June) soil moisture with SAH and SAM onset during 1988–2008. The results show that the TP spring soil moisture and monsoon onset indices are negatively correlated (R < −0.65), whereas the SAH exhibits a significant positive correlation (R ≥ 0.70) with TP soil moisture. The monsoon onset shows a difference of 20–25 days between the early- and late-onset composites. Significant positive (negative) soil moisture anomalies persist over the TP during the early (late) onset followed by positive (negative) LH (SH) anomalies during early (late)-onset composites. The TP thermal forcing exhibited positive anomalies during the early (late)-onset composites implying significant soil moisture control over the diabatic heating, which favors vertical ascent over the eastern plateau. Such a pattern leads to an earlier formation and movement of the SAH toward the Bay of Bengal (BOB) and southwestward of the TP. Before the early and late monsoon onset composites, the SAH pentad evolution drives the lower-tropospheric westerlies/easterlies toward continental SA. In the Indian Ocean the wind shear and transition from prevailing easterlies into westerlies during the pre-onset, onset, and post-onset pentad results in strong/weak ascent affecting the onset timing over the Arabian Sea and continental SA with less influence over the BOB monsoon onset. Significance Statement The Tibetan Plateau heating is one of the key drivers of the Asian monsoon precipitation in the surrounding regions, which has been previously studied in detail. This study explored the Tibetan Plateau spring soil moisture’s effect on South Asian monsoon onset timing. The monsoon onset timing is calculated using changes in wind direction, atmospheric temperature, and relative precipitation magnitude. Results found that the spring soil moisture substantially affects the TP thermal heating and the SA monsoon onset timing and highlights the physical processes leading to changes in the monsoon onset timing. The inclusion of soil moisture in estimating the monsoon onset timing can provide a tangible way of improving our understanding of the monsoon and associated water resources management practices.

Study of the role of evolutionary new enhancers in the development of the <i>corpus callosum</i>

One important aspect of the mammalian brain is the exchange of information between neurons located in different hemispheres. This process evolved during the development of mammals. In marsupial (Marsupialia) and monotreme (Monotremata) mammals, the communication between hemispheres is facilitated through an enlarged anterior commissure. In placental (Eutheria) mammals, a new brain structure, the corpus callosum, emerged during the evolutionary process. The corpus callosum, comprising 80% of the brain’s commissural axons, is the largest commissure in the human body. The corpus callosum is a major contributor to the efficiency of higher neural activities, including memory, decision making, social interaction, and language. A possible explanation for the emergence of a novel structure for interhemispheric interaction is a change in the growth direction of neocortical axons during development. Changes in gene expression levels can regulate this process, which involves controlling axon growth and cell migration in the neocortex. A full comprehension of this process will enable the creation of new animal models for studying cortical malformations and the navigation of axons in the cerebral cortex leading to the formation of interhemispheric connections. Several enhancers were identified for protein-coding genes with differing expression patterns in neocortical cells of placental and non-placental (marsupial) mammals. Throughout the genomes of the house opossum (Monodelphis domestica) and the house mouse (Mus musculus), the acetylation levels of histone H3 on lysine 27 (H3K27ac) were compared. H3K27ac is considered an epigenetic marker for active gene enhancers. Then, a screening of candidate genes was performed to evaluate their localization and expression levels in the cortex during embryonic development. Thus, the Tbr1 gene was identified. Incorrect expression of this gene may result in changes to cortical development. The CRISPR/Cas9 system was combined with in utero electroporation to completely delete the active Tbr1 gene enhancer in developing neocortical cells of mouse embryos at day 14 of embryonic development. The impact of this enhancer deletion was then analyzed on the expression of Tbr1 in the upper layers of the cortex, as well as the direction of axon growth and neuronal migration on the 18th day of embryonic development. A significant reduction in Tbr1 expression was observed in the upper layers of the cortex after deletion of the active enhancer. Only 30% of the electroporated neurons retained Tbr1 expression. Moreover, a considerable delay in neuronal migration was observed in the subventricular zone (41% versus 17% in the control group) and in the upper layers of the cortex (20% versus 35% in the control group). However, the direction of axonal growth remained unchanged: callosal axons effectively crossed the midline and created the corpus callosum. Thus, expression of the evolutionary novel Tbr1 enhancer is important for neuronal migration during corticogenesis. However, its contribution to the development of the corpus callosum is not fully understood. A detailed analysis of the corpus callosum morphology post-enhancer deletion will be the subsequent step.

Performance analysis and gradient-porosity electrode design of vanadium redox flow batteries based on CFD simulations under open-source environment

As a promising large-scale energy storage device, the vanadium redox flow battery (VRFB) has attracted attention due to its excellent safety, the independence between energy capacity and power capacity, the suitable polarization potential, and the ability to avoid cross-contamination. In this work, a 3D model of VRFB is developed based on the open-source computational fluid dynamics (CFD) platform OpenFOAM, which is well-validated. Then, the effect of operating conditions is studied, which shows that a higher electrolyte concentration can reduce the overpotential and increase the discharge voltage. Reducing the current density can increase the deepness of charge and discharge, reduce the electrolyte concentration gradient, the mass transfer loss and the activation loss. In addition, the effect of electrode porosity is studied that the overpotential decreases near the membrane and increases near the current collector with increasing porosity. Finally, the effect of porosity changes in different directions is studied, and an attempt is made to utilize this overpotential distribution by introducing the gradient-porosity electrode to reduce the non-uniformity of overpotential. The gradient-porosity electrode design using higher porosity near the membrane and lower porosity near the current collector can effectively improve the distribution of overpotential and increase battery performance by 1.67 mV.

Effect of Deflector on the Combustion Characteristics of a Micro-Combustor With a Controlled Centrally Slotted Bluff Body

Abstract Flame tip-opening in a micro-combustor with a controlled centrally slotted bluff body adversely affects the combustion characteristics, leading to reduced average combustion efficiency and exhaust gas temperature. To minimize the adverse effects of the flame tip-opening, a deflector is introduced in the micro-combustor, downstream to the bluff body, and its effect on various combustion parameters is studied. The insertion of a deflector significantly increases the exhaust gas temperatures in the central region by establishing a secondary flame root. However, sudden changes in the flow direction caused by the insertion of deflector induce a sudden expansion-compression strain on the flame front, thereby slightly reducing the temperature of the flame zones on either side of the central region. A downstream shift in the position of the deflector marginally mitigates the adverse effects of sudden expansion-compression strain on the exhaust gas temperature, as they are induced within the secondary reaction flame zones. On the other hand, the downstream shift of the deflector negatively impacts the exhaust gas temperature in the central region due to the reduced length available for near-complete combustion downstream of the secondary flame root. In conclusion, the deflector positioned farther from the outlet is found to result in better overall combustion characteristics at higher controllable flow ratios.

Study on the power performance of wave energy converters mounted around an offshore wind turbine jacket platform

With the deepening of renewable energy research, the economic-friendly multi-energy coupling development method is gradually favored. This paper proposes a jacket-mounted hybrid wind-wave energy converter, which includes a bottom-fixed offshore wind turbine (OWT) and a microarray composed of three point-absorbing wave energy converters (WECs). Numerical simulations were conducted to study the power performance of the wave energy converter array, and a model test with a scale of 1:8 was carried out to calibrate and validate the numerical model. The array converts wave energy through a hydraulic system, and a dynamic-link library was created to simulate the hydraulic power take-off (PTO) system that can take into account the real-time pressure changes of the accumulator. The time domain simulation results show that the maximum capture width ratio (CWR) of the WEC array exceeds 0.5 when the wave period is nearly to the natural period, and the optimal CWR of a single WEC exceeds 0.8. When the wave period is less than 2 times the natural period, the energy capture behavior of WEC is sensitive to the change in wave direction, and this sensitivity is weakened when the device forms an array. Specifically, a single WEC prefers waves to be incident from the back side, while the WEC array prefers waves to be incident obliquely. This work will provide design guidance for the engineering application of stationary hybrid wind-wave energy concepts.

Computational design of a smoke detector with high sensitivity considering three-dimensional flow characteristics

Early fire detection is essential for preventing catastrophic events, and fire detectors play a critical role in ensuring fire safety. Among the various types of fire detectors, photoelectric smoke detectors are widely used because of their ability to detect smoke at an early stage. The present study investigates the effects of changes in flow directions and inlet size on the smoke detection ability of a photoelectric smoke detector by conducting computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations. The results indicated that when the flow direction changes, the components in the optical chamber may hinder the smoke inflow and increase the detector activation time. Moreover, the smoke inlet size was found to affect the carbon monoxide concentration inside the chamber. The velocity magnitude distributions confirmed the correlation between the smoke velocity in the labyrinth structures entering the optical chamber and the detection ability of the smoke detector. These findings suggested that when optimizing the performance of a smoke detector, flow direction, inlet size, and amount of smoke introduced into the optical chamber should be considered. The current study suggested the modified design of the smoke detector to have superior detection ability in both directions compared to the base case in terms of activation time.