Changes In Body Fat Distribution Research Articles

Quantitative Assessment of Body Composition in Cirrhosis.

Changes in body composition often accompany the progression of liver disease and seem to be an aggravating pathophysiological factor. Specifically, accelerated loss of skeletal muscle mass, lower muscle quality, and changes in body fat distribution have been shown to be associated with poor clinical outcomes. The aim of the present narrative review was to discuss the current status and relevance of commonly applied, advanced, non-invasive methods to quantify skeletal muscle mass, muscle fat infiltration-i.e., myosteatosis-and fat distribution. This review focuses in particular on Computed Tomography (CT), Dual-energy X-ray Absorptiometry (DXA), Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis (BIA), Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), and Ultrasonography (US). We propose future directions to enhance the diagnostic and prognostic relevance of using these methods for quantitative body composition assessment in patients with cirrhosis.

Gestational exposure to bisphenol S induces microvesicular steatosis in male rat offspring by modulating metaflammation

Prenatal exposure to endocrine-disrupting bisphenol A (BPA) shows a long-lasting programming effect on an organ's metabolic function and predisposes it to the risk of adult metabolic diseases. Although a reduced contaminant risk due to “BPA-free” exposure is proposed, limited data on a comparative assessment of gestational exposure to BPS and BPA and their effects on metaflammation in predisposing liver metabolic disease is reported. Pregnant Wistar rats were exposed to BPS and BPA (0.0, 0.4, 4.0 μg/kg bw) via gavage from gestational day 4 to 21, and effects were assessed in the 90 d male offspring. Prenatal BPS-exposed offspring showed a more obesogenic effect than BPA, including changes in body fat distribution, feed efficiency, and leptin signalling. The BPS exposure induced the adipocyte hypertrophy of visceral adipose to a greater extent than BPA. The adipose hypertrophy was augmented by tissue inflammation, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, and apoptosis due to increased expression of pro-inflammatory (IL6, IL1β, CRP, COX2) cytokines, ER stress modulator (CHOP), and apoptotic effector (Caspase 3). The enlarged, stressed, inflamed adipocytes triggered de novo lipogenesis in the bisphenol-exposed offspring liver due to increased expression of cholesterol and lipid biogenesis mediators (srebf1, fasn, acaca, PPARα) concomitant with elevated triacylglycerol (TG) and cholesterol (TC), resulted in impaired hepatic clearance of lipids. The lipogenic effects were also promoted by increased expression of HSD11β1. BPS exposure increased absolute liver weight, discoloration, altered liver lobes more than in BPA. Liver histology showed numerous lipid droplets, and hepatocyte ballooning, upregulated ADRP expression, an increased expression of pro-inflammatory mediators (IL6, CRP, IL1β, TNFα, COX2), enhanced lipid peroxidation in the BPS-exposed offspring's liver suggest altered metaflammation leads to microvesicular steatosis. Overall, gestational BPS exposure demonstrated a higher disruption in metabolic changes than BPA, involving excess adiposity, liver fat, inflammation, and predisposition to steatosis in the adult male offspring.

Targeting women at risk of CVD at midlife: a challenge to the physician

The menopause transition is a period of accelerated cardiovascular disease risk. While menopause does not directly cause heart disease, several cardiometabolic changes occur due to declining estradiol and ovarian aging. Studies have demonstrated that lipoproteins dramatically increase the year before through the year after the final menstrual period, independent of the effect of aging alone. In addition, adverse changes in body fat distribution (central weight gain) increases the risk for metabolic syndrome and has been related to menopause transition independent of aging. By midlife, it is estimated that ninety percent of women have at least one risk factor for cardiovascular disease; therefore, targeting women at risk for CVD at midlife will have substantial implications for prevention.

ASSOCIATION OF NECK CIRCUMFERENCE WITH LIPID PROFILE IN POSTMENOPAUSAL WOMEN ATTENDING TERTIARY CARE HOSPITAL.

Introduction: Metabolic syndrome is believed to increase the risk of cardiovascular disease and postmenopausal women are more prone to develop cardiometabolic risk, most probably due to change in body fat distribution due to deciency of estrogen. Evidence regarding the clinical signicance of neck circumference in cardio-metabolic syndrome is limited. Also there is inconsistency in the results of studies regarding the relationship between neck circumference and lipid prole. Therefore, present study was conducted with an objective to examine association between neck circumference and lipid prole to nd the independent contribution of neck circumference to cardiometabolic risk. Materials and Methods: This was a hospital based cross-sectional, observational study. A total of 129 postmenopausal women, age > 45 years were selected consecutively after applying the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Anthropometric and biochemical parameters taken in our study were height, weight, BMI, neck circumference, waist circumference, fasting blood glucose, lipid prole. Neck circumference >=34cm was considered as abnormal. Metabolic syndrome was dened based on (AHA/NHLBI+IDF) 2009 criteria. Me Result: an neck circumference was found to be 32.52 ± 2.67cm. 40% of total subjects had neck circumference >=34cms. NC was found to be signicantly associated with components of metabolic syndrome (p<0.001). NC was also found to be signicantly associated with cardiometabolic risk factors like low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL), triglycerides (TG), total cholesterol (TC) (all p- value < 0.001). NC showed signicant but negative correlation with high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL) (p<0.001). NC showed signicant correlation with lipid prol Conclusion: e (TC, TG, LDL, HDL). NC can serve as clinical marker to easily identify individuals, with a higher risk of developing cardiometabolic disorders, such as in postmenopausal women.

Minireview: A Need for an Adequate Diet Program for Postmenopausal Women with Obesity in the Republic of Korea.

Women undergo various physical changes because of hormonal changes occurring after menopause. Some representative changes caused by the reduction in estrogen levels in these women are dyslipidemia, abnormal lipoprotein levels, obesity, weight gain, and changes in body fat distribution. A characteristic of women approaching menopause is the shift of fat from their hips and thighs to their abdomen. Notably, fat accumulation is common in internal organs, resulting in male-pattern obesity among women approaching menopause; therefore, these women require more exercise therapy than premenopausal women to prevent and treat obesity. To the best of our knowledge, no effective exercise therapy guidelines have been established for postmenopausal women; therefore, I aimed to suggest more effective diet and exercise therapies for postmenopausal women with obesity. For this purpose, I organized the diet and exercise protocol by collaborating with an obstetrician and a researcher specializing in sports medicine; further, this protocol was actually applied to all participants. The results indicated that the protocol is effective in reducing weight; however, joint pain was commonly noted in participants who dropped out of the program. Based on the evaluation of joint pain, this study found that it is necessary to perform exercise therapy by avoiding weight-bearing activities and reinforcing personalized joint strengthening exercises because reduced estrogen level is an important factor exacerbating arthritis in postmenopausal women.

Co-administration of rimonabant prevents glucose intolerance in Sprague-Dawley rats treated chronically with lopinavir/ritonavir and zidovudine: an experimental study design.

treatment of HIV infection with Protease Inhibitors (PIs) and Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors (NRTIs) can lead to insulin resistance and changes in body fat distribution. Overactivity of the endogenous cannabinoid system produces similar disturbances in metabolic syndrome within the general population. However, Cannabinoid receptor type 1 antagonism, in both human and animal studies, reverses many of these biochemical and physical derangements observed in the metabolic syndrome. using an experimental study design, fifteen adult male Sprague-Dawley rats housed under standard conditions were randomized into three groups; Control, combined Anti-Retroviral Therapy (cART) only and cART + rimonabant. Drugs were administered daily by oral gavage for four weeks. After four weeks, insulin tolerance tests were conducted, the rats were euthanised and fat depots were excised and weighed. Experimental data were analysed using STATA 16.0 with the significance level set at p<0.05. The Shapiro-Wilk test determined normalcy. In cases of significance, post hoc analysis was performed by either the Dunn test or the Tukey HSD test. Sprague Dawley rats treated with cART + rimonabant demonstrated better insulin sensitivity (p = 0.0239) and lower body weight (p = 0.044) than rats treated with cART alone. They had leaner body composition with 58% less adiposity than cART-only rats. the study results suggest a role for the endogenous cannabinoid system in cART induced metabolic derangements and physical changes. Future studies can directly assay ECS activity in cART associated metabolic syndrome.

Body fat distribution and insulin resistance among Korean middle-aged women: a Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey.

ObjectiveTo evaluate menopause-related changes in body fat distribution and their relationship with insulin resistance in middle-aged Korean women.MethodsWe analyzed women aged 40–60 years using data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey conducted from 2008 to 2011. Body fat was measured using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Insulin resistance was assessed using the homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR).ResultsAmong 3,468 participants, menopausal women (n=1,489) had a higher body mass index (BMI) and higher trunk, arm, and head fat percentages than premenopausal women (n=1,979). However, no significant difference was found in the leg fat percentage according to menopausal status. Multivariable regression analysis for HOMA-IR showed that trunk fat percentage, BMI, and waist circumference positively correlated with insulin resistance and leg fat percentage negatively correlated after adjusting for several confounding factors, whereas menopausal status was not associated with HOMA-IR.ConclusionMiddle-aged women not only have different body weights and BMI but also have different body fat distributions according to menopausal status. Each fat percentage change in the trunk and leg is differently associated with metabolic health, particularly insulin resistance. To evaluate the metabolic health of middle-aged women, BMI is generally noted; however, body fat distribution, which can be easily assessed using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, should also be considered.

Change in body fat distribution after total thyroidectomy in euthyroid patients and its relationship with serum adiponectin and leptin levels

Searchable abstracts of presentations at key conferences in endocrinology ISSN 1470-3947 (print) | ISSN 1479-6848 (online)

Associations Between Central Obesity and Lifelong Antiviral Therapy in Adults Living With HIV Acquired From Early Childhood.

Little is known regarding the long-term effects of antiretroviral (ARV) exposure on body composition for people living with HIV (PLWH) since early childhood. This study explores changes in body fat distribution in relation to ARV exposure. We conducted a prospective study of adults with perinatal HIV (n = 70) using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry and standard anthropometrics. Trunk to limb fat ratio and waist to hip ratio were compared cross-sectionally to 47 matched controls. Furthermore, changes in body composition and ARV exposure were evaluated longitudinally in a subset of 40 PLWH with a median follow-up of 7 years. Cross-sectional comparisons of PLWH with controls revealed significantly higher waist to hip ratio, trunk to limb fat ratio, HOMA-IR, and triglycerides, whereas BMI did not differ. Among PLWH with longitudinal follow-up, the prevalence of overweight increased from 27.5% to 52.5% and obesity from 12.5% to 25%; waist to hip and trunk to limb fat ratios also increased (P < 0.0001). Changes in waist to hip ratio were positively correlated with longer exposure during follow-up to darunavir (r = 0.36; P = 0.02), whereas increases in trunk to limb fat ratio were positively correlated with longer exposure to stavudine (r = 0.39; P = 0.01) and didanosine (r = 0.39; P = 0.01) but inversely associated with emtricitabine (r = -0.33; P = 0.04). Increases in waist to hip ratio were correlated with increases in triglyceride levels (r = 0.35; P = 0.03). This study presents strong evidence for persistent and worsening central adiposity in young adults with lifelong HIV and extensive ARV exposure. As this cohort ages, continued evaluation of the body composition and metabolic impact of lifelong ARV therapy is warranted to optimize long-term health.

Association of conicity index with different cardiovascular disease risk factors among rural elderly women of West Bengal, India

Introduction:In menopause, changes in body fat distribution lead to increasing risk of cardiovascular and metabolic diseases. Therefore, the prediction of cardiovascular disease (CVD) by the presence of risk factors is of importance in elderly women.Objective:To find out the conicity index (CI) and its association with different CVD risk factors among rural elderly women of West Bengal.Materials and Methods:The study was conducted among 236 rural elderly women, selected randomly from 30 villages of Amdanga block, West Bengal. Components of metabolic syndrome (MS), body fat percentage, different lipid profile fractions, CI, and body mass index (BMI) were measured. Statistical tests were calculated using SPSS software version 20.0. P ≤ 0.05 was considered statistically significant.Results:High CI (median 1.25 and interquartile range 1.05–1.45) was found. The proportion of participants with high CI were significantly higher among those with MS (87.95%), waist circumference having 80 cm or more (99.09%), blood pressure having ≥ 130/85 mm of Hg (75.66%), body fat percentage ≥25% (80.14%), and BMI ≥23 (93.18%).Conclusion:High prevalence of CI existed among rural elderly women. Significant correlation existed between CI and different CVD risk factors as well as some of the components of MS indicating a possible coexistence of different CVD risks.

Study protocol car-predime (cardiovascular prevention with diet in menopause): preliminary report

Rationale: Recently several scientific societies outline the gaps in research, prevention and treatment of cardiovascular disease (CVD) for women1,2. The risk of CVD increases after menopause, with unfavourable changes in body fat distribution. We have designed a study protocol titled CAR-PREDIME to evaluate the effectiveness of 4 dietary patterns (Mediterranean, DASH, low fat and low carbohydrate diet) in order to reduce the prevalence and progression of CVD.

A cohurt study on association and inflammatiory markers of cardio metabolic risk factors in pre and post menopausal women

Pre and post menopause were the complications faced by women globally that not only interferes in physical health but also in mental health of a woman. The menopause factors includes many traditional CVD risk factors, including changes in body fat distribution from agynoid to an android pattern, reduced glucose tolerance, abnormal plasma lipids, increased blood pressure, increased sympathetic tone, endothelial dysfunction and vascular inflammation . Menopause is a risk factor for (CVD) because estrogen withdrawal has a detrimental effect on cardiovascular function and metabolism .The present study aimed for inflammatory markers of cardio metabolic risk factors in post menopausal women and premenopausal women and the results recorded the significant level of elevation in all parameters compared with case and control samples and the significance was given as student’s t test(p&amp;#60;0.001).

A Matter of Fat: Body Fat Distribution and Cardiometabolic Disease in Africa.

Africa is a complex and diverse continent that faces numerous challenges. It is a region in epidemiological transition which is currently experiencing a dual burden of communicable and non-communicable diseases. The high prevalence of cardiometabolic disease (CMD) on the continent is driven largely by the increasing prevalence of obesity in the more affluent African nations. Although epidemiological studies demonstrate that a greater level of total body fat is associated with a higher risk for CMD, there is a complex association between body fat distribution and CMD risk. Thus, visceral adipose tissue (VAT) is considered a prime etiological agent for CMD, while subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) may act as a protective factor. The literature demonstrates positive correlations of VAT with type 2 diabetes, hypertension, and atherogenic dyslipidemia. However, the mechanisms via which VAT and SAT modulate CMD risk in African patients require further investigation. In addition, studies from high-income countries have shown that HIV and antiretroviral therapy (ART) are associated with changes in body fat distribution and higher risk for CMDs. The prevalence of HIV infection is at its highest in sub-Saharan Africa. However, cross-sectional studies from this region have produced contradictory results on the association of HIV and ART with CVD risk factors, and data is required from large prospective studies to clarify these relationships.

Effect of strength training on people with HIV and immunometabolic disorders

The introduction of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) was able to help to control viral condition in patients living with HIV/AIDS, diminishing virus concentration and increasing T CD4 + cells. However, adverse effects follow the treatment, like lipodystrophy syndrome, characterized by morphological changes in body fat distribution and changes serum lipids and glycides levels, increasing the risk for chronical diseases with cardiovascular effects. Thus, complimentary non-drug practices, as strength training, are essential to treat these patients, helping to improve their immunometabolic condition, leading to a better coping with the disease. The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of a 12-week strength training protocol on immunometabolic system of people living with HIV/AIDS. It is a quasi-experimental study, conducted on 20 patients (16 men), all living with HIV/AIDS using HAART. T CD4 + cell numbers, serum triglycerides, cholesterol (total and fractions) and glycemia were measured before and after training. The data underwent to descriptive statistics using a paired T test, with the significance level set at p &lt;0.05.There was a significant increase of 15.4% (p=0.009) on T CD4 + cells and, although not statistically significant, reduction on glycemia, total cholesterol and triglycerides and increase on HDL-cholesterol fraction. So, it is suggested that strength training may be effective on immunometabolic condition of people living with HIV / AIDS, increasing T CD4+ cells and controlling serum levels of lipids and glycides.

The Changes in Body Composition in Obese Patients with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome after Laparoscopic Sleeve Gastrectomy:a 12-Month Follow-up.

To investigate the changes in body fat distribution and predicting factors of these changes in polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) patients with obesity, after laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (LSG). This study consecutively enrolled 153 patients with obesity aged 18-45 years (83 with PCOS and 70 control patients) who underwent LSG from May 2013 to September 2020 at the Department of Endocrinology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, with a 12-month follow-up. Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) was used to assess body fat distribution. The percentage of fat mass loss in the visceral adipose tissue (VAT) region (55.08%) was more than that in any other body regions at 12 months post-surgery in the PCOS group yet insignificant. Homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) at baseline and Δ HOMA-IR were only negatively correlated with the variations in VAT mass and volume at 3 months post-surgery in the PCOS group. Logistic regression analysis showed that HOMA-IR <6.65 was an independent predictive factor for the changes in VAT mass and volume at 3 months post-surgery in the PCOS group. In this study, the percentage loss of fat mass was greater in the VAT region than in any other body regions in all patients. The rate of VAT decrease in the PCOS group was higher than that in the control group yet insignificant. Compared with control patients, HOMA-IR at baseline was an independent risk factor for the changes in VAT mass and volume at 3 months post-surgery in patients with PCOS. •The percentage loss of fat mass was greater in the VAT region than in any other body regions in all patients. •The rate of VAT decrease in the PCOS group was higher than that in the control group yet insignificant. •HOMA-IR at baseline was an independent risk factor for the changes of VAT mass in patients with PCOS.

219-LB: The Changes in Body Composition in Obese Patients with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome after Laparoscopic Sleeve Gastrectomy: A 12-Month Follow-Up

Objectives: To investigate the changes in body fat distribution in obese women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) after laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (LSG), and to explore the factors that may predict changes in body fat distribution in PCOS patients after LSG. Methods: A total of 83 obese patients with PCOS aged 18-45 years and 70 patients without PCOS were consecutively enrolled in the Hospital, between May 2013 and September 2020. The demographic characteristics, metabolic and sex hormone parameters, and body fat distribution were collected at baseline, and again at 3, 6, and 12 months after LSG in all patients. Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) was used to assess body fat distribution. Results: Although the loss of percentage of fat mass in the visceral adipose tissue (VAT) region was more than that in any other body region at 12 months after LSG in all patients, homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) at baseline and the change of HOMA-IR were only negatively correlated with the variations in VAT mass and volume at 3 months after LSG in PCOS women with obese. Logistic regression analysis showed that HOMA-IR&amp;lt;6.65 was an independent predictive factor for the changes in VAT mass [OR=0.145 (0.024-0.887) P=0.037] and volume at 3 months [OR=0.045 (0.005-0.393) P=0.005] after surgery in patients with PCOS. Conclusions: Compared with control patients, HOMA-IR at baseline was an independent risk factor for the changes in VAT mass and volume at 3 months after surgery in patients with PCOS. Disclosure M. Cai: None. J. Gao: None. D. Lei: None. X. Cheng: None. J. Zhu: None. S. Qu: None. M. Zhang: None. Funding National Natural Science Foundation of China (81601269)

Comment on"Association between changes in body fat distribution, biochemical profile, time of HIV diagnosis, and antiretroviral treatment in adults living with and without virus infection".

Comment on"Association between changes in body fat distribution, biochemical profile, time of HIV diagnosis, and antiretroviral treatment in adults living with and without virus infection".

EVALUATION OF LOW BACK PAIN IN PATIENTS WHO UNDERWENT BARIATRIC SURGERY

ABSTRACT Objective Low back pain is an extremely common condition that can affect up to 84% of people at some point in life. It affects patients of both sexes, mainly between 30 and 50 years of age, and has a great impact on the quality of life, in addition to placing a significant demand on health services. Obesity is considered as an important risk factor for the development of low back pain since the change in body fat distribution causes changes in the locomotor system and especially in the spine. Methods The study makes a comparative, retrospective analysis of patients who underwent bariatric surgery through questionnaires to assess the improvement in their quality of life and low back pain. The data were submitted to a statistical analysis and the results compared to the literature data. Results As a result, there was a statistically significant improvement in quality of life in relation to weight loss; the greater the weight reduction, the better the quality of life and the younger the patient, the better their quality of life. Conclusions When asked about low back pain, 70.7% of patients classified it as moderate to severe. Level of evidence III; Comparative retrospective.

Shift in body fat distribution from lower body to upper body among urban Colombian women, 1988-1989 to 2007-2008.

Body fat distribution may be a stronger predictor of metabolic risk than BMI. Yet, few studies have investigated secular changes in body fat distribution in middle-income countries or how those changes vary by socioeconomic status (SES). This study evaluated changes in body fat distribution by SES in Colombia, a middle-income country where BMI is increasing rapidly. We applied factor analysis to previously published data to assess secular changes in adiposity and body fat distribution in cross-sectional samples of urban Colombian women. Anthropometry was used to assess weight, height and skinfolds (biceps, triceps, subscapular, suprailiac, thigh, calf). Cali, Colombia. Women (18-44 years) in 1988-1989 (n 1533) and 2007-2009 (n 577) from three SES groups. We identified an overall adiposity factor, which increased between 1988-1989 and 2007-2008 in all SES groups, particularly in the middle SES group. We also identified arm, leg and trunk adiposity factors. In all SES groups, leg adiposity decreased, while trunk and arm adiposity increased. Factor analysis highlighted three trends that were not readily visible in BMI data and variable-by-variable analysis of skinfolds: (i) overall adiposity increased between time periods in all SES groups; (ii) the adiposity increase was driven by a shift from lower body to upper body; (iii) the adiposity increase was greatest in the middle SES group. Factor analysis provided novel insights into secular changes and socioeconomic variation in body fat distribution during a period of rapid economic development in a middle-income country.

FAM13A affects body fat distribution and adipocyte function

Genetic variation in the FAM13A (Family with Sequence Similarity 13 Member A) locus has been associated with several glycemic and metabolic traits in genome-wide association studies (GWAS). Here, we demonstrate that in humans, FAM13A alleles are associated with increased FAM13A expression in subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) and an insulin resistance-related phenotype (e.g. higher waist-to-hip ratio and fasting insulin levels, but lower body fat). In human adipocyte models, knockdown of FAM13A in preadipocytes accelerates adipocyte differentiation. In mice, Fam13a knockout (KO) have a lower visceral to subcutaneous fat (VAT/SAT) ratio after high-fat diet challenge, in comparison to their wild-type counterparts. Subcutaneous adipocytes in KO mice show a size distribution shift toward an increased number of smaller adipocytes, along with an improved adipogenic potential. Our results indicate that GWAS-associated variants within the FAM13A locus alter adipose FAM13A expression, which in turn, regulates adipocyte differentiation and contribute to changes in body fat distribution.