Change Science Research Articles

Social Value of Patents: Evidence from the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit

To encourage invention, society awards inventors exclusive rights through patents. Patent law trades off incentives to invent new technologies against reduced access to already invented technology. However, patent law being national, it is difficult to investigate the trade off without confound by national economic and scientific changes. We exploit a unique quasi-natural experiment which changed patent law sub-nationally, within the United States. Beginning 1982, the Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit shifted law in favor of patent owners, to degrees varying geographically by judicial circuit. For businesses in complex technology industries, we find that the CAFC increased costs to users by more than US$5.6 billion per year, but did not significantly affect the technological quality of patented inventions. Our work contributes to a more nuanced appreciation of socially optimal patent law. Shifting the law in favor of patent owners, a policy to encourage innovation, seemed to increase economic rents without commensurate effect on invention quality.

From mentee to mentor: Becoming an early career professor in psychiatry

In the last years several social, economic and scientific changes have occurred, which have had a significant impact on psychiatric clinical practice, research and training. Some traditional syndromes seem to be disappeared, while new forms of mental health problems are coming to psychiatric consultation. The psychosocial distress caused by the current ongoing crisis due to the COVID-19 or the maladaptive use of the new technologies among the younger generation, are some good examples of psychosocial factors causing new mental health disturbances. Psychiatrists and mental health professionals are not yet well-equipped for managing these, which represent major unmet needs in modern clinical practice. Furthermore, in this evolving social context, the societal role of psychiatrists is completely changed, moving from being “alienist” working in asylums to “mental health care providers” working in the communities. The role of psychiatrists is to improve global mental health and to promote well-being in the general population according to a life-span perspective. Nowadays, early career psychiatrists report several unmet needs that we are not able to manage. In this symposium, I will describe my personal experience of moving from my role of mentee to mentor.DisclosureNo significant relationships.

ANALYSIS OF PARADIGM SHIFT AND IRRATIONALITY IN THOMAS KUHN’S PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE

In this article, I will explore Kuhn’s arguments concerning his claims of “paradigm shift in science is irrational”. First, I will do this by looking into Kuhn’s opinions about paradigms, normal science, and revolutions by taking reference to his writings. Second, I will try to understand influences and ideas located in “The Structure of Scientific Revolutions”. Third, I will look into the scientific examples that related to Kuhn’s claims about paradigm changes as irrational. I considered the paramount importance of historical and well-known examples in science. This is as to why and how Kuhn has concluded and understood the stages and effects of paradigm changes are irrational in the collective thinking of the masses in the science world. To get the bottom of Kuhn’s claims in the light of wider scientific changes, I will try to demonstrate relationships between Kuhn’s specific notions and these scientific examples. To do this, I came up with the main question and two close objectives so that complete the article in a manner that the article focuses on deeper layers of Kuhn’s claims how paradigm changes in science are irrational.

Image of Subject of Research in Discussions оn the Russian of Soviet Period (Imagery as a Linguistic and Stylistic Category of a Scientific Text)

Imagery is viewed as a hidden linguistic-stylistic category of a scientific text, the explication of which depends on the characteristics of the individual speech culture and the time of understanding the problem. The connection between scientific thinking and the figurativeness of the text is shown. It was determined that the imagery of a scientific text, in contrast to an artistic one, is not associated with the reproductive register of speech, it is formed by two linguistic and stylistic categories: the image of the subject of knowledge and, according to Yu. V. Rozhdestvensky, “the image of a scientific subject”. It is noted that scientific phraseology is formed in the same ways as poetic, but functionally different from it. The method of descriptive analysis revealed the associative and metaphorical fields of the key terms for linguistics. It has been established that scientific thinking is based on images of language-movement, language-space and language-social phenomenon. The authors believe that an appeal to related disciplines (linguistic personalology and the history of philology) makes it possible to develop fragments of a common scientific picture of the world at a certain historical stage, and to see the nature of their changes during the period of scientific paradigms change. The idea of the reproducibility of an image not as a “decoration” of speech, but a means of “figurative cohesion” (I. R. Galperin), a way of storing and transmitting information is fundamentally important in the article. The conclusion that the figurative paradigmatics influences the formation of the linguistic personality of the scientist-philologist is made.

The veterinary surgeon and the farmer — controlling TB farm by farm

In considering how tuberculosis (TB) affects cattle across the UK, the British Veterinary Association (BVA) has coordinated with representatives of the farming, veterinary and scientific communities from throughout the UK to bring out a new policy position on bovine TB. In it BVA seeks to draw on the social science of behavioural change, as well as the best available evidence to support each of the recommendations. By advocating strengthening the team of farmer, private veterinary surgeon and government at a single farm unit level, BVA believes that engagement with control and prevention strategies can be improved. Access to local, current data will be a powerful tool in motivating the conversations between veterinary surgeons and farmers on appropriate measures to be taken over and above the statutory minimum on each farm. Increasing knowledge of when and how to apply different testing modalities, as well as government support for their use, will enable ownership of both the disease and its solutions farm by farm.

Frequent Itemset Mining and Multi-Layer Network-Based Analysis of RDF Databases

Triplestores or resource description framework (RDF) stores are purpose-built databases used to organise, store and share data with context. Knowledge extraction from a large amount of interconnected data requires effective tools and methods to address the complexity and the underlying structure of semantic information. We propose a method that generates an interpretable multilayered network from an RDF database. The method utilises frequent itemset mining (FIM) of the subjects, predicates and the objects of the RDF data, and automatically extracts informative subsets of the database for the analysis. The results are used to form layers in an analysable multidimensional network. The methodology enables a consistent, transparent, multi-aspect-oriented knowledge extraction from the linked dataset. To demonstrate the usability and effectiveness of the methodology, we analyse how the science of sustainability and climate change are structured using the Microsoft Academic Knowledge Graph. In the case study, the FIM forms networks of disciplines to reveal the significant interdisciplinary science communities in sustainability and climate change. The constructed multilayer network then enables an analysis of the significant disciplines and interdisciplinary scientific areas. To demonstrate the proposed knowledge extraction process, we search for interdisciplinary science communities and then measure and rank their multidisciplinary effects. The analysis identifies discipline similarities, pinpointing the similarity between atmospheric science and meteorology as well as between geomorphology and oceanography. The results confirm that frequent itemset mining provides an informative sampled subsets of RDF databases which can be simultaneously analysed as layers of a multilayer network.

Small RNA research and the scientific repertoire: a tale about biochemistry and genetics, crops and worms, development and disease.

The discovery of RNA interference in 1998 has made a lasting impact on biological research. Identifying the regulatory role of small RNAs changed the modes of molecular biological inquiry as well as biologists' understanding of genetic regulation. This article examines the early years of small RNA biology's success story. I query which factors had to come together so that small RNA research came into life in the blink of an eye. I primarily look at scientific repertoires as facilitators of rapid scientific change. I show that for a short period of time, between the years 1998 and 2002, different model organism communities, investigative strategies, technological innovations, and research interests could be successfully aligned to take small RNA research off the ground. I discuss how the keystone discoveries were situated in specific experimental traditions and what strategies were employed to establish these discoveries as more general phenomena. Providing thus a practice-based approach of rapid scientific change, I ask how to relate the change in propositional bits of scientific knowledge with changes in scientific practice.

ACTIVITIES OF THE ALL-UKRAINIAN NETWORK OF THE OBSERVATION POINTS (1920’S – 1930’S)

The article analyzes the history of formation and development of agricultural research work – a component of the culture of agronomy, which was considered the basis of the agriculture. Despite the organizational and financial difficulties, the research work had developed. The flourishing of research in Ukraine fell on 20-30’s of the 20th century. At this time in the agrarian science of Ukraine there were the significant scientific and organizational changes, as a result of which the priorities in the tasks of research institutions changed and practice began to dominate over theoretical developments. In the conditions of agriculture of the Ukrainian SSR, successful control of the pests and plant diseases was the key to ensuring a good harvest. But the struggle without knowledge of the conditions of development of the pests or pathogens of the plant diseases, was a measure only of a palliative nature. The correct and expedient control of the plant diseases required knowledge of the course of development of the disease, the time of its occurrence, the prevalence and harmfulness and many other aspects of biological and economic nature.

The Source of Epistemic Normativity: Scientific Change as an Explanatory Problem

In this paper, I present the problem of scientific change as an explanatory problem, that is, as a philosophical problem concerning what logical forms of explanation we should employ in order to understand the major conceptual ruptures throughout the history of science. I distinguish between two logical forms of explanation: (a) empirical-scientific and (b) normative explanations. Based on this distinction, I distinguish between the scientific and the liberal versions of naturalism concerning the issue of scientific change. I argue in favor of the latter by showing that normative explanations are indispensable in order to fully understand scientific change. I also argue that we can defend scientific rationality without violating the naturalistic framework which is dominant in contemporary analytic philosophy. I conclude that endorsing scientific realism within a naturalistic framework is the only option for preserving scientific rationality.

The Disease and the Hero: Representations of Belgrano’s and Bolívar’s Hidden and Public Syphilis

This essay explores discourses of disease, specifically syphilis, linked to two defining figures of Latin American independence: Manuel Belgrano and Simón Bolívar. It examines the construction of discursive myths and their relation to political and societal shifts; the manner in which different representations of the disease serve as tools of mythification in the pursuit of cohesion-seeking narratives for their countries; and how mythification is continuously reshaped and at a constant risk of failure, particularly when the understanding of these diseases is adjusted as a result of scientific changes. It concludes by showing how the tension between extolment and debasement in terms of this venereal disease ultimately results in a further rooted mythical understanding of the two independence heroes.

Building the Profession of the Future: Challenging Assumptions.

Leaders need to have a change framework in order to be successful in building the future of nursing. Health care leaders need to combine their knowledge of culture, technology, and the science of change in order to lead innovation in their organizations. Leaders should also understand the negative behaviors that stop change and kill innovation.

Revisiting Hull's Evolutionary Model of Science

Evolutionary models for scientific change are generally based on an analogy between scientific changes and biological evolution. Some dissimilarity cases, however, challenge this analogy. An issue discussed in this essay is that despite natural evolution, which is currently considered to be non-globally progressive, science is a phenomenon that we understand as globally progressive. David Hull's solution to this disanalogy is to trace the difference back to their environments, in which processes of natural selection and conceptual selection occur. I will provide two arguments against this solution, showing that Hull's formulation of natural selection prohibits him from removing the environment from the selection process. Then I point to a related tension in his theory, between realism and externalism in science, and give some suggestions to solve these tensions.

ИНФОРМАЦИОННОЕ ОБЕСПЕЧЕНИЕ КАК ПРОЦЕСС ФОРМИРОВАНИЯ СОВРЕМЕННЫХ ПРЕДСТАВЛЕНИЙ О НОВЫХ ЗНАНИЯХ, МАТЕРИАЛЬНЫХ И ДУХОВНЫХ ЦЕННОСТЯХ

The article states that no matter how scientific and technological progress changes or accelerates, a person does not act in accordance with the information provided to him, but according to his worldview at the moment, education and personal characteristics, supported by information. The manifestation of creativity demonstrates a key role in the system of moral values and beliefs of a person who makes a deliberate decision. This takes a special place in the formation of information support. Taking a creative decision, a person always takes the next step in his development, constantly enriching the information sphere.

Türkiye'nin Leishmaniasis Araştırmalarına Katkısı (1980-2019): Bibliyometrik Analiz

Objective: The objective of this study is to review the studies on leishmaniasis since 40 years and to evaluate the increasing contribution of Turkey in terms of the studies on leishmaniasis globally.
 Material and Method: The literature data included all leishmaniasis research publications in the Web of Science database between January 1980 and December 2019. Language or document type limitations were not used. To evaluate the publication and research effect of Turkey, in the analysis function of the database, “Turkey” was chosen as the country and the publications on this topic were recorded based on their subject areas and yearly counts.
 Results: A total of 39373 publications were indexed from 1980 to 2019 in the Web of Science database. Among these publication, 541 were from Turkey. Language analysis of the publications revealed that English had the largest percentage (95.7%). When the worldwide geographical distribution of studies on leishmaniasis was analyzed, United States of America was the first with 9396 publications (23.86%). In terms of the number of publications, Turkey ranked 20th with 541 (1.37%) articles.
 Conclusion: Thus, this study presents information regarding the worldwide studies on leishmaniasis and provides an opportunity to compare the relationship of Turkey’s research output with that of the global one. The results of the present study will reveal the current scientific changes and thus help in analyzing the current state of leishmaniasis studies.

CLASSICAL PHILOSOPHICAL FOUNDATIONS OF FUNDAMENTAL SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH’ INSTITUTIONALIZATION IN COGNITIVE SOCIETY

The subject of publication is the theoretical generalization of the philosophical foundations of fundamental scientific research (FSR). The stages of institutionalization of attitude to the FSR are considered, from the stage of critical discussion of the conditions for obtaining true knowledge of the Hellenistic period to the developed system of teaching about the transcendental logic of Kant and Hegel’s logical teaching about being, essence and concept in the context of fundamental scientific research. The methodology is based on generalization of the most radical points of view and approaches of representatives of different philosophical schools and research programs to clarify the essence and ways of FSR. The causes and gnoseological origins of the FSR scientific method change to the modern form of the method of verification toleration of scientific theories of post-positivism and metapositivism (Popper, Lakatos, Kuhn, Feyerabend) are described. As a result of the study, it was concluded that the period of radical rethinking of the classical paradigm of fundamental theoretical research, which is set out in the teachings of researchers of the ancient period, the New Time, classical German, Marxist philosophy, has started. Instead of the deterministic method of scientific thinking, the verification logic of substantiation of the process of generating new knowledge (line Descartes&Pascal), the method of verification toleration/refutation of Popper is adopted by scientists. At the same time, the justification for the truth of the FSR is based on the development of Descartes’ teachings about the method. The applied result of the practical application of the Popper’s concept in the field of FSR implementation is a deliberately probabilized style of scientific cognition, the principle of verifying the intermediate interpretation of the truth, updating practical approaches to demarcation procedures, justifying the partial and permissible value of scientific theories as “points of invariability” in the continuum of continuous inaccuracy and uncertainty (Hume/Berkeley vs. Bacon/Newton line).

DIGITAL IMPERATIVE OF UNIVERSITY ACTIVITIES TRANSFORMATION

The last decade has been characterized by phenomenal scientific and technological changes, a dynamic digital transformation of business, networking of the economy and society. The methodological format of digital economy research is becoming relevant, taking into account, on the one hand, global trends of networking, intellectualization, individualization and digitalization, and on the other hand, the modern landscape of augmented and mixed reality within the virtual economy. Its scientific and practical issues are highlighted herewith within the concept of irreversibility of digital transformation grounding on generalization of modern theoretical developments. We expose here preconditions, factors and peculiarities of the digital economy formation. We place greater focus on business virtualization, blockchain, cryptocurrencies. We are trying to illustrate an imperative of computing in the digital economy in relation to the interface evolution. It is given herein assessment of further digitalization of industries, types and spheres of their activity, expectable trend of development of the digital economy towards virtual reality in the making and dynamic scaling of smart enterprises, cities and communities. We define reasonable grounds to the fact, that universities play a key role in the development of the intellectual capital, interacting with state and business within the system of open science, education and innovations. Scientific and practical value of the research centres on model validation of digital university development with digitalization of management system, educational and scientific activity, human capital development, infrastructure and creation of digital ecosystem based on Vadym Hetman Kyiv National Economic University.

O ensino da Natureza da Ciência como forma de resistência aos movimentos Anticiência: o realismo estrutural como contraponto ao relativismo epistêmico

As discussões realizadas neste trabalho se situam no debate sobre a Natureza da Ciência (NdC) no ensino de ciências. Defendemos que os conteúdos metacientíficos que dão forma às abordagens histórico-filosóficas no ensino precisam sofrer atualizações que façam frente aos desafios políticos, sociais e educacionais impostos pelos nossos tempos, nos quais movimentos anticientíficos e discursos exageradamente relativistas ganham força. Advogamos por discursos críticos às visões “positivistas ingênuas” sobre a ciência, mas que ao mesmo tempo seja capaz de dar conta de suas virtudes epistêmicas, configurando uma estratégia de resistência a formas exageradas de relativismo epistêmico. Mais especificamente, localizamos este debate dentro do problema da mudança científica, tópico da filosofia da ciência que dialoga com temas considerados relevantes no ensino da Natureza da Ciência. Apresentamos as contribuições do realismo estrutural para a construção de um discurso moderado frente aos dilemas relacionados ao caráter provisório e descontínuo da ciência por um lado e, por outro, sua possibilidade de progresso e compromisso com a verdade e com a realidade.

SCIENTIFIC AND METHODOLOGICAL ACTIVITIES AS IMPORTANT COMPONENTS OF MODERN LIBRARY DEVELOPMENT

The purpose of the article is to reveal the role of scientific and methodological activities in ensuring the development of the library industry and achieving compliance between the capabilities of libraries and the requirements of society. The methodology research consists in the application of general scientific andspecial methods, such as information and system approaches, terminological and historical methods, as well as methods of analysis and generalization of source information, the connection between theory and practice. The scientific novelty of this work is to expand ideas about the level of scientific and methodological influence on the activities of the library in modern conditions of transformational changes. Conclusions. Nowadays in Ukraine, there are processes of rethinking characteristics of libraries’ needs in methodological support, the role of a system of methodological centers, the content of methodological services, the structure of professional activities of Methodists, in particular, the direction of libraries on the path of quality changes. A new concept of methodical work forms an open methodological information space, conditions for creating information andcommunication technologies. There is an expansion of a system of methodological structures, methodological activities are carried out not only by the government but also by various public and non-profit organizations. There is a formation of interdepartmental interactions which are carrying out methodological activities,partnership relations of libraries are formed. Digital technologies are actively used in methodological activities, the share of electronic methodological resources and providing remote access to them increases, a variety of forms, methods, directions, and products of methodological activities are developed. These trendsshow that scientific and methodological activities change in according to the needs of library practice and are an integral part of libraries’ successful development.

Bareback Sex in the Age of Preventative Medication: Rethinking the ‘Harms’ of HIV Transmission

The experiences of people living with HIV have been transformed over recent years. Advances in medical science have made the virus a manageable chronic condition, while eliminating the risk of onward transmission for those with access to treatment, something referred to as TasP (treatment as prevention) or U=U (undetectable equals untransmissible). More recently, the availability of PrEP (pre-exposure prophylaxis), alongside PEP (post-exposure prophylaxis), through the NHS has created the conditions for condomless sexual encounters to take place without the fear of HIV transmission associated with previous decades. Despite this, the criminal law has continued to frame HIV in terms of personal responsibility and bodily autonomy within the dominant narratives of danger, disease, and out-dated science. Doctrinal law has failed to keep pace with social and scientific change. Therefore, in this article, we provide a re-examination of the criminal issues relating to HIV transmission within this new landscape, arguing that it necessitates a shift in attitude, policy and doctrine. We specifically argue that HIV transmission does not meet the appropriate harm threshold to constitute GBH and that if criminal law is ultimately about preventing or regulating harm, the ongoing criminalisation of HIV transmission is counter to that aim.

The extinction of rights and the extantion of ghehds

ABSTRACT The need to move away from the grip of the Anthropocene in all of its manifestations is now urgent. As Einstein might have said, ‘you can't solve the problems of the Anthropocene by using the same anthropocentric thinking that created those problems in the first place’. In addition to scientific and technological change, there must be, in lock step, cultural, ethical and legal change. Radical change is needed in all of these domains as many of our older practices and concepts have, sadly, become redundant for all cultures (old and new) on the planet. The Anthropocene is a powerful colonising agent and it ultimately desolates all that it touches. The antidote to the dysbiosis of the Anthropocene is the Symbiocene. Here, a powerful new meme based on the mutualistic features of grand-scale symbiosis in life can inform every aspect of humanity. Rights, it is argued, have crucially served to entrench separation between human and non- human beings in a competitive and adversarial legal and political system. I offer ‘ghehds’, as a concept befitting the Symbiocene, a more life-inclusive, descriptive ethical approach to all interspecies relationships. Ghehds (from the root ghehd, to unite, with etymological connections to modern words such as: to gather, together and good) will help bring about the extinction of rights and its applications to nature. Instead of a hierarchy of competing rights, assuming autonomous individuals or entities in a contested domain, ghehds respect entitlements of coalescence, vagility, passage, movement and flow within organically and symbiotically unified wholes. Rights assume division, competition and exclusion; ghehds assume unity, cooperation and inclusion. The concept of ghehds is offered as a way of avoiding biological and other forms of extinction.