Change In Dielectric Constant Research Articles

Electrochemical Changes in Epoxy Resin Due to Thermal Aging and Their Effect on Electrical Tree Growth

Thermal aging causes electrochemical changes in a polymeric dielectric, instigating the formation of microvoids and oxidized carbonaceous layers. These voids increase in number and size with aging time. This and other chemical changes result in weight reduction, change in dielectric constant of the sample, and affect electrical tree growth inside the polymer. The current work aims to understand the electrochemical changes in epoxy resin due to thermal aging and their effect on electrical tree growth. Physicochemical analysis is performed using field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The formation of carboxyl groups and voids encourages space charge accumulation resulting in local field enhancement. Inception of trees occurs in the regions of high field stress. Carbonization of tree tubules due to aging makes the walls conducting and promotes tree growth. Furthermore, thermal aging leads to gap formation and carbonization at the metal–dielectric interface, which also affects the nature of electrical tree growth in aged insulation.

Enhanced electrocaloric effect of P(VDF-TrFE)-based nanocomposites with Ca and Sn co-doped BaTiO3 particles

We report on the enhancemenent of electrocaloric effect in solution cast polymer nanocomposites based on Poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-trifluoroethylene) [P(VDF-TrFE) 55-45] with Ca and Sn co-substituted BaTiO3 ceramic fillers (Ba0.94Ca0.06Ti0.925Sn0.075O3, BCST). Saturated hysteresis loops and normal ferroelectric behaviour of the copolymer-based nanocomposites -as opposed to the relaxor ferroelectric nature of the terpolymer-based ones-allow the utilization of the indirect method to estimate the electrocaloric properties. Both the dielectric constant and electrocaloric temperature change (ΔT) increases as the particle content increases. Maximum adiabatic temperature change was obtained as 6.96 K under 900 kV/cm for the 10 vol % BCST containing polymer composite around the Curie temperature of the copolymer (70 °C). This relatively large electrocaloric strength is slightly lower than those obtained for terpolymer-based nanocomposites.

Mapping Decomposition: A Preliminary Study of Non-Destructive Detection of Simulated body Fluids in the Shallow Subsurface

The processes of decomposition that the body will have after the time of death are peculiar and complex. The body swells and expels gases and fluids, and the flesh decays. It also attracts many insects and scavengers. We know that these fluids are nutrients for the vegetation, and if the body is inhumed in the subsurface, they allow a rapid crop growth that remote sensors can mark. During forensic investigations, mapping the fluid migration in the subsurface can help reconstruct the genesis of a clandestine grave. Several studies show how different remote sensors and analyses can be sensitive to human burials. This paper presents a preliminary experiment studying the fluid dispersion in the subsurface using simulated body fluids in a shallow grave and detecting it through the ground penetrating radar (GPR) technique (given its ability to detect dielectric constant changes in the investigated media) and other remote sensing techniques. Although the simulation of the body fluids related to the dielectric constant was accurate and allowed us to better understand how decomposition in the subsurface does not always migrate in the way that was initially expected (toward gravity), other typical characteristics of the body fluids, other soils and external factors were left out and would be studied in future simulations.

Surface waves propagating along the interface between a parabolic graded-index medium and a self-focusing nonlinear medium: exact analytical solution

The waveguide properties of interface between a parabolic graded-index medium and a self-focusing nonlinear medium are described theoretically. The exact analytical solution to the wave equation with dielectric permittivity dependent on the distance from interface and on the electric field intensity is found. The obtained solution describes the new type of nonlinear surface wave. It is shown that the electric field is localized completely inside the parabolic graded-index layer. The dispersion equation determining explicit dependence of the effective refractive index on the thickness of the parabolic graded-index layer and the change in dielectric constant in it is found in a particular case corresponding to the exotic surface wave propagation. The influence of the optical parameters on the distribution profile of the electric field across is analyzed. The decrease in the field in surface waves with distance from the interface is non-exponential.

Comparative studies on electric properties of 85% BaTiO3 + 15% Ni0.95-xCoxMn0.05Fe2O4 magnetoelectric composites

The magnetoelectric (ME) composites with varying ferromagnetic phase: 15% Ni0.95-xCoxMn0.05Fe2O4 (x = 0.01, 0.02 and 0.03) and ferroelectric phase: 85 % BaTiO3 are prepared. In XRD studies, two phases: piezomagnetic cubic phase and perovskite piezoelectric tetragonal phase are detected in resultant ME composites. The dielectric constant (έ) versus frequencies (10 Hz to 1 MHz) measurements for resultant ME composites at room temperature showed dispersion owing to the interfacial polarization of Maxwell-Wagner type. The temperature-dependent changes in dielectric constant (έ) and loss tangent (tan δ) are recorded at constant frequency. As a function of magnetic field intensity, the ME- conversion factor dc (ME)H is investigated. With varied molar ratios of the ME components, variations in dielectric properties and ME effect are observed. The highest value dc(ME)H = 0.610 mV/cm.Oe for ME- conversion factor is obtained in a ME composite consisting of 15% Ni0.95-xCoxMn0.05Fe2O4 + 85% BaTiO3 with x = 0.01.

The dielectric function profile across the water interface through surface-specific vibrational spectroscopy and simulations

The dielectric properties of interfacial water on subnanometer length scales govern chemical reactions, carrier transfer, and ion transport at interfaces. Yet, the nature of the interfacial dielectric function has remained under debate as it is challenging to access the interfacial dielectric with subnanometer resolution. Here we use the vibrational response of interfacial water molecules probed using surface-specific sum-frequency generation (SFG) spectra to obtain exquisite depth resolution. Different responses originate from water molecules at different depths and report back on the local interfacial dielectric environment via their spectral amplitudes. From experimental and simulated SFG spectra at the air/water interface, we find that the interfacial dielectric constant changes drastically across an ∼1 Å thin interfacial water region. The strong gradient of the interfacial dielectric constant leads, at charged planar interfaces, to the formation of an electric triple layer that goes beyond the standard double-layer model.

Food‐Based Capacitive Sensors Using a Dynamic Permittivity Change with Hydrogels Responsive to Hydrogen Peroxide

AbstractRecent advances in ingestible electronics have elucidated the chemical composition of the gastrointestinal tract. Most devices are typically assembled from nondegradable materials, which require surgery for removal in cases of retention. Thus, edible electronic components based on naturally derived materials have been developed. However, a disease‐specific digestible sensor is difficult to construct due to the limited ingredients available. Here, a food‐based capacitive sensor using large dielectric constant changes with excellent selectivity is proposed. The sensor uses a combination of an interlayer of an enzyme‐containing degradable hydrogel, an insulator of food‐based slippery liquid‐infused porous surfaces, and Au/gelatin electrodes. In the enzymatic reaction, generated micro‐bubbles change the permittivity of the capacitor dynamically. Compared to most approaches for capacitive sensors using swelling/shrinking of the interlayer, this simple method excels in a large permittivity change with selectivity associated with the enzymatic reaction. This sensor is potentially applicable to various gaseous reactions, such as redox reactions, weak acid release reactions, and thermal decomposition. The capacitive component works in the contact‐free device as the resonator or sensor. Therefore, this study would open the way to human‐friendly material‐based wireless chemical sensors in healthcare or environmental domains.

Halogen tuning toward dielectric switch and band gap engineering in one-dimensional hybrid materials

Organic-inorganic hybrids with multiple tunable functions are very attractive for potential applications in sensors, smart switches, etc. To investigate the effect of halogen tuning on the properties of hybrid materials, two new multifunctional organic-inorganic hybrid compounds [3-hydroxy-azetidinecation]2SbX5 (1: X = Cl; 2: X = Br) are successfully synthesized here by replacing halogen anions. Reversible structural phase transitions accompanied by anomalous changes in dielectric constants are found when heating (T1 = 362 K; T2 = 373 K). Both two compounds have the same space group change from P212121 (Low Temperature Phase) to Pnma (High Temperature Phase). When replacing Cl with Br, the phase transition temperature increases by ca. 10 K and the band gap changes from 3.21 eV to 2.75 eV. Based on the above properties, this work could provide an effective molecular design strategy for the exploration and construction of temperature-tunable, lower bandgap semiconductor hybrid materials.

Criticality-related fundamental bases for new generations of gas–liquid, liquid–liquid, and liquid (LE) extraction technologies

The report presents experimental results, which can be considered as the reference for innovative generations of supercritical fluids (SCF), liquid–liquid (LL), and liquid (L) extraction technologies. They are related to implementations of Critical Phenomena Physics, for such applications not considered so far. For the gas–liquid critical point, the shift SuperCritical Fluids (SCF) ⇒ SubCritical Fluids, due to the additional exogenic impact of ultrasounds, is indicated. For LL technology, the possibility of increasing process effectiveness when operating near the critical consolute under pressure is indicated. Finally, the discovery of long-range precritical-type changes of dielectric constant in linseed oil, standing even 50 K above the melting temperature, is presented. It suggests that extraction processes linking ‘SCF’ and ‘L’ technologies features and exploring the natural carrier, such as linseed oil, are possible. The report recalls the fundamental base for extraction processes via Kirkwood and Noyes–Whitney relations and presents their implementations to ‘critical conditions,’ including pressure. Graphical abstract

Simple and High-Sensitivity Dielectric Constant Measurement Using a High-Directivity Microstrip Coupled-Line Directional Coupler

Simple methods using a microstrip coupled-line directional coupler (CLDC) are presented for dielectric constant measurements. The material under test (MUT) is placed on the coupled-line section of the coupler, and either the coupler’s coupling ( <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\lvert S_{31} \lvert $ </tex-math></inline-formula> ) or its isolation level ( <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\lvert S_{41} \lvert $ </tex-math></inline-formula> ) is considered as the sensor’s response. Putting different MUTs on the microstrip line leads to a change in the effective dielectric constant of the structure and consequently causing a change in the coupling coefficient. In addition, since the isolation level of a microstrip coupled-line coupler depends on the phase velocity difference between the substrate and the medium above the signal strips, putting different MUTs on the line significantly changes the isolation level. This change is significantly greater than the change in <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\lvert S_{21} \lvert $ </tex-math></inline-formula> level of a microstrip line when loaded with different MUTs. Validation of the method is presented through measurements for both solid and liquid MUTs.

Discrete Modeling of Ionic Space Charge Zones in Solids

In this contribution discrete modeling of space charge zones in solids is presented, which is a sensible approach for handling pronounced space charge potentials as well as non-idealities in realistic solid state system1. At interfaces in charge-carrier containing systems, individual charge carriers redistribute, which leads to transport but also storage anomalies2. Such space charge zones are usually described by a continuum picture based on classic Gouy-Chapman (or Mott-Schottky) models. In addition to issues of internal consistency, this continuum approach is questionable if extremely steep profiles close to the interface occur, and analytical corrections are not very helpful. We show how discretization remedies a variety of such short-comings, allows for a straightforward taking account of non-idealities, and even provides surprising insight into double layer capacitance and conductance effects. Combining discrete modeling with the continuum description provides a particularly powerful method with the help of which non-idealities in the first layers (variation in structure, elastic effects, saturation effects, changes in dielectric constant) can be directly addressed. Various examples of practical value for functional ceramics and batteries are discussed. We believe that such discretization represents a substantial progress in the field of space charge theory being advantageous over introducing corrections into the already overstrained Gouy-Chapman function.References C. Xiao; C.-C. Chen; J. Maier, Discrete modeling of ionic space charge zones in solids, submitted.C.-C. Chen, J. Maier, Decoupling electron and ion storage and the path from interfacial storage to artificial electrodes, Nature Energy 2018, 3 (2), 102-108.

Importance of uniformity of grain size to reduce dc degradation and improve reliability of ultra-thin BaTiO3-based MLCCs

Excellent direct current (dc)-bias and reliability have become increasingly important for ultra-thin BaTiO3-based multilayer ceramic capacitors (MLCCs). Herein, X5R-MLCCs with a thickness of ∼1 μm are fabricated using BaTiO3 with varied grain size. It is shown that the uniformity of the grain size plays an important impact on the direct current (dc)-bias and the reliability of ultra-thin MLCCs. Uniform grain size, which is indicative of good distribution of doping element contributes to improved temperature stability. By contrast, abnormal large grains induce reinforced space charge polarization. Chips with non-uniform grains exhibit dramatic dielectric constant change under dc-bias due to the high tetragonality and irreversible domain-wall motion. Weibull distribution and highly accelerated life test (HALT) reveal that non-uniform grains contain more oxygen vacancies supported by impedance spectra analysis at 300–450 °C. This study provides a feasible strategy to improve the dc-bias and the reliability of the ultra-thin MLCCs.

Design and Analysis of a PDLC-Based Reconfigurable Hilbert Fractal Antenna for Large and Fine THz Frequency Tuning.

The proposed reconfigurable radiating antenna design is based on the integration of a reconfigurable fractal antenna and electro-optic substrate material. This antenna can be adjusted to achieve either re-configurability or tunability in the desired frequency range for wireless systems. The electromagnetic characteristics of the fractal antenna are manipulated at both the level of fractal geometry, electrical length and dielectric substrate. The designed antenna features multiband responses, in which the geometry and length change create a large frequency shift and the dielectric change using polymer dispersed liquid crystal (PDLC) creates fine and/or continuous tuning. The far field and scattering properties of the antenna are analyzed using the Computer Simulation Technology (CST) Microwave Studio Suite. The proposed approach has successfully demonstrated reconfigurable switching for up to four frequency bands between 0.2 and 0.6 THz. The dielectric constant change in the PDLC substrate shows fine and continuous frequency tuning with an 8% maximum frequency shift when operating around 0.54 THz and a high directivity of 7.35 dBi at 0.54 THz and 8.43 dBi at 0.504 THz. The antenna can also realize a peak gain of 4.29 dBi at 0.504 THz in the extraordinary polarization state of PDLC. The designed antenna can be readily integrated in the current communication devices, such as satellites, smart phones, laptops, and other portable electronic devices, due to its compact geometry and IC compatible design. In satellite applications, the proposed antenna can play a significant role in terms of security. The antenna could be extremely useful for satellites that want to keep their information secret; by constantly switching their operating frequency, spy satellites can evade detection and data collection from enemy ears.

A universal theoretical model for hybrid structure sensor with proximity and large-range contact force sensing

Human-robot collaboration (HRC) is highly relied on the multi-information from the environment, especially for the external object approaching and large-range contact force perception. The information collected by the sensor with only a single-function will make the system complex and hard to achieve. Herein, we propose a universal theoretical model for hybrid structure sensor with multi-information perception capacity, which combines the capacitive and piezoresistive mechanisms for proximity and large-range contact force detection, respectively. The capacitor from the complex hybrid structure is decomposed into several ones with a single dielectric constant, which can simplify the model. The change of equivalent relative dielectric constant is response for the change of sensor output during the object approaching and contact in a tiny force. The bulk and interface resistance of the composite film will extend the sensitive range of contact force. Furthermore, the theoretical model is solved via numerical method and verified by experimental results. Finally, the maximum error is only 0.57%, 3.07% and 3.83% for object approaching, contacting force in 0–20 N and in 20–120 N, respectively. It indicates the accuracy and validity of the model, which can provide a promising method for designing integrated sensor for proximity and contact sensing and active safety control on HRC.

Reaction Entropies in Solution from Analytical Three-Dimensional Reference Interaction Site Model Derivatives with Application to Redox and Spin-Crossover Processes.

An analytical approach to compute the excess entropy of solvation at constant pressure in three-dimensional reference interaction site model (3D-RISM) calculations is presented. It includes the changes in the macroscopic dielectric constant of the solvent upon variation of temperature and density. The approach is exact within the framework of force-field descriptions of the solute and gives reasonable results for self-consistently determined electrostatics as used in the 3D-RISM-self-consistent field approach, particularly for entropy differences. The new method is applied to simple examples of reaction entropies of iron complexes in aqueous solution, for which simple gas-phase calculations and many other approaches give unreliable estimates. For both redox half-reactions and spin-crossover processes, (semi)quantitative agreement with experimental reaction entropies can be achieved out of the box.

Changes in the skin characteristics associated with dehydration and rehydration

ABSTRACT The present study aimed to test the hypothesis that changes in the dermal tissue dielectric constant (TDC) and biomechanical properties of the skin would be correlated with the indicators related to dehydration. Ten healthy adult men were enrolled in three trials: no fluid intake (DEH), ad libitum fluid intake (AL-HYD), and programmed fluid intake (P-HYD) after exercise in a randomised crossover design. The participants performed a pedalling exercise at 60% heart rate reserve until 2% body mass loss. At 120 min after exercise, an incremental exercise test was carried out. Aerobic capacity, body composition, TDC, biomechanical properties of the skin (pliability, viscoelasticity, and total recovery), and indicators related to dehydration in the serum and urine were measured before and 120 min after exercise. Higher values of the pliability and viscoelasticity, and lower value of the total recovery on the hand were demonstrated in the P-HYD trial compared to the DEH trial (all P < 0.05). Changes in the TDC were significantly correlated with changes in body mass, total body water, serum osmolarity, and hematocrit (all P < 0.05). Changes in the biomechanical properties of the hand were significantly correlated with changes in body mass, hematocrit, and urine specific gravity (all P < 0.05). The present study showed that the changes in skin characteristics correlated with the body water and dehydration-associated indicators in the serum and urine, thus suggesting that skin characteristics may be useful in the assessment of dehydration. Highlights This study was the first to investigate the effect of dehydration and rehydration on the TDC and biomechanical properties of the skin upon instrumental measure, and not manual testing. This study confirmed the decline in aerobic capacity by dehydration and immediate recovery with sufficient rehydration. Changes in the TDC and the biomechanical properties of the skin correlated with the body water and dehydration-associated indicators in the serum and urine. Skin characteristics may be useful in the assessment of dehydration.

Design of a Differential Spoof Surface Plasmon Sensor for Dielectric Sensing and Defect Detection

A new design of a highly confined Spoof Surface Plasmon (SSP) line splitter-based differential phase sensor is presented for the THz frequency region. The position, orientation and shape of the stem cells are properly optimized to realize highly confined, compact SSP design. The designed differential splitter facilitates the relative phase difference between the transmission coefficient phase corresponding to the reference arm and the test arm. The dispersion characteristic i.e, asymptotic frequency response of stem shaped unit cell founds to be quite improved over its conventional counterpart. The incorporated splitter shaped topology provides a symmetric differential sensing environment in both THz and MW region. The proposed sensor facilitates quite high sensitivity due to its improved electric field confinement than that of the microstrip counterpart. The obtained phase difference changes with a relative change in the effective dielectric constant of the test sample at a specified frequency. The design is then scaled accordingly, and the prototype is fabricated to validate its defect detection performance in the microwave (MW) frequency region. In the present scenario, FR-4 samples (with thickness 0.8 mm, 1.6 mm) having two different defect profiles are considered for experimental validation. It is found that the developed sensor can produce substantial phase difference even for the small presence of the defect. In the present case, the measured average phase differences corresponding to the FR-4 sample having 1 mm void distributed uniformly with an interspacing of 1.25 mm, are 74.02° and 92.35° and 2.5 mm spacing between the same void gives phase difference of 31.18° and 40.26° for 0.8 mm and 1.6 mm sample thickness, respectively over the frequency range of 8–12 GHz.

Electrical and dielectric properties of Ni0.5Co0.5GaxFe1.8–xO4 (x ≤ 1.0) spinel ferrite microspheres

Microspheres of Ni0.5Co0.5GaxFe2−xO4(x≤1.0) microsphere spinel ferrites (NiCoGaFe-MSFs) and carbon spheres were prepared via a hydrothermal technique. The microstructure of microspheres was investigated through scanning and transmission electron microscopy (SEM and TEM), respectively, and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The electrical and dielectric properties of NiCoGaFe-MSF at temperatures ranging from 20 to 120 °C (between 293.1 × 103 and 393.1 × 103) for f ≤ 3.0 MHz were systematically studied as a result of 3D graphical drawing of the data obtained from an impedance analyzer. Relevant parameters such as ac/dc conductivity, dielectric loss, dielectric constant, activation energy, dissipation factor and Cole–Cole impedance spectra were extensively evaluated for various Ga ion mole ratios in the substitution where x≤1.0. We notice that the ac conductivity mostly obeys exponential power law rules, which vary significantly with the substitution ratios of Ga ions. Impedance analyses confirm that differences in conduction mechanisms in NiCoGaFe-MSFs are mainly due to grain-to-grain boundaries related to Ga ion substitution ratios. The change in dielectric constant of NiCoGaFe-MSFs is strongly dependent on the substitution rates and results in a normal dielectric distribution with frequency. The tangential loss for all microspheres is observed to vary with measured temperatures and their frequency dependencies can be attributed to the conduction mechanism similar to Koop's phenomenological model. It is clearly seen that the formation of semicircles is dominated by all the NiCoGaFe-MSFs and the diameter of the semicircles mostly decreases with increasing temperature, as evidence of a temperature-dependent relaxation mechanism.

Enhanced Pyroelectric Coefficient in Ferroelectric Lead Zirconium Titanate Thick Films for Thermal Energy Harvesting Applications

Due to increase in growth population and energy demand, energy harvesting technology has become a sensational topic of research community. Amongst all the available energy harvesting technologies (mechanical, magnetic, wind, hydrothermal), harvesting waste heat has gained a lot of interest because of its cost effectiveness and availability of significant thermal fluctuations in industrial processes as well as in nearby surroundings. Therefore, efforts have been made on harvesting thermal energy through pyroelectric devices. Such devices have huge range of applications in fire alarms, heat sensors, infrared detectors, thermal imaging, gas analysis and so on. In the present study, the pyroelectric Lead Zirconium Titanate (PZT) thick films grown using modified sol-gel approach have been used for pyroelectric energy conversion. The effect of annealing temperature (450 °C, 450 °C and 650 °C) on the growth of PZT films has been monitored by investigating their dielectric, ferroelectric and pyroelectric properties. An appreciable enhancement in saturation and remnant polarizations from 17μC cm−2 to 24μC cm−2 and 13μC cm−2 to 22 μC cm−2 has been obtained when annealed temperature is increased from 550 °C to 650 °C respectively. A visible change in dielectric constant is also observed from 207 to 325 from dielectric constant–frequency curves with very small change in dielectric losses from 0.06 to 0.10 with increase in the annealing temperature from 550 °C to 650 °C at 1 MHz. The pyro electric coefficient and figure of merit are found to increase from 25 × 10−3 Cm−2K−1 to 230 × 10−3 Cm−2K−1 (p) and from 2.2 m2C−1 to 20 m2C−1 for the optimized PZT thick film based pyroelectric device with increase in the external DC bias field from 0.5 V to 2.5 V. The enhanced results of pyroelectric coefficient and figure of merit achieved in the present work are good indication of electrical energy harvesting through pyroelectricity.

Исследование функционирования чувствительного элемента микромеханического акселерометра сэндвич-конструкции емкостного типа в условиях паразитных воз-действий по нерабочим осям и случайной вибрации

Various types of parasitic influences must be considered at the stage of designing sensitive element of a micromechanical capacitive accelerometer (MMA) and the whole MMA con-struction, and throughout its lifecycle stages, to ensure consistent performance and parameter stability of MMA. Due regard to actual operating conditions is a primary consideration for de-signers. In this work, the influence of random vibration on the functioning of a 2-electrode sensi-tive element of an MMA with a sandwich construction using the principle of operation based on a change in the relative dielectric constant of a capacitor dielectric under acceleration was inves-tigated. In the structure of the investigated sensitive element with one axis of sensitivity, the inertial mass is suspended on folded springs and is located between two fixed electrodes. Using the Ansys program, the deformations of the inertial mass of the sensitive element and the change in the capacity in the sensitive element were calculated, which occur when it is exposed to acceleration up to 5 g along the working axis and up to 50 g along the non-working axes and random vibration along the working axis X and along the non-working axes Y and Z. The random vibration affecting the sensitive element had a profile, the frequency of which was 20 Hz at 0.01 g2 / Hz, the frequency from 80 to 350 Hz at 0.04 g2 / Hz, 2000 Hz at 0.01 g2 / Hz. The changes in the capacity in the sensitive element of MMA under the influence of random vibration on it were calculated. Results have been obtained that confirm the performance of the sensitive element of MMA under conditions of significant impacts along non-working axes. The investigated sensitive element model requires further refinement to be used under conditions of exposure to random vibration.