Medium Change Research Articles

The Role of Text-Type and Genre in the Analysis of Subtitles: Towards Measuring How Green the Media Are

The United Nations agency UNESCO issued in 2009 the Paris Declaration on Broadcast Media and Climate Change: A Public Service Remit where the role of communication was underlined as vital in informing and educating the public about the realities of climate change and the costs of inaction. Citizens are informed of the environmental crisis through media channels. By integrating the topic of sustainability into all television programming, from children’s programmes to reality TV shows, we can elevate this once-peripheral issue to a prominent position in the public consciousness. Understanding, measuring, and effectively reporting the degree to which the topic of sustainability is featured in broadcast media is challenging (McDonagh and Orero forthcoming). While some analyses and methodologies exist, these can be difficult to implement and time-consuming. Currently, there are no automatic tools to measure large language-based broadcast corpus data. Some companies have developed their own private methodology. Seeking to remedy this critical oversight, the goal of this paper is to propose the use of subtitles as a tool and explain the singularity of subtitles as a text type. At present subtitles are already used to mine information, which is the second part of the article. As a text type, subtitles features need to be taken into consideration. The final part defines the objective of our research: to use subtitles as a metric to measure the frequency, topic coverage, and accessibility of sustainability-related content in television. By drawing on subtitling data, we can measure the degree to which sustainability is discussed and presented in the wider broadcast mediascape. These data are expected to be instrumental in drafting reports, guidelines, and recommendations on sustainability for broadcasting in the region with the possibility of influencing national and international policy. By using subtitles as measurable raw data to develop metrics to gauge the quantity of sustainability-related content in broadcast television, we can better understand how climate change is currently covered. Armed with this knowledge, we can develop strategies and benchmarks to promote sustainability as a concept and contribute towards Net Zero targets.

Innovative Strategies in Movie Marketing: A Case Study of the Barbie Movie

With the rise of the digital media age, there has been a significant shift in viewer behavior, prompting television content producers and networks to actively seek out opportunities to better connect with and enable more active engagement with their digital focus groups. High-profile marketing examples from the movie industry include Scream and Glee 3D, which highlight the movie industry's innovative approach to engaging audiences in the digital age. Using the movie Barbie as a case study, this paper examines traditional and new movie marketing strategies and their application in a changing media landscape. The study finds that digital marketing strategies offer the advantages of broad reach, higher audience engagement, real-time feedback, cost-effectiveness, targeting, and long-term impact, but there are also some limitations. This study provides new ideas about digital marketing for the movie industry and discusses its long-term sustainability, diversification strategies and limitations. Finally, the paper emphasizes that movie marketing in the digital era will provide an important reference for future movie marketing strategies.

Criticism of the Representation of Islam in Western Media and the Role of Da'wah in Transformation

The study reveals an in-depth analysis of the representation of Islam in the Western media, highlighting the issues of bias and stereotypes that still often color Western views of Islam and the Muslim community. This study uses a literature study with integrative literature analysis to obtain comprehensive results. The results of the study stated that the representation of Islam in the Western media has a significant role in shaping the views and understanding of Western society about Islam. These representations are not always objective and are often influenced by biases and stereotypes that develop, which later become the object of sharp criticism. Criticism of the representation of Islam in Western media raises issues of injustice, imbalance, and potential for Intercultural conflict. However, in this context, the role of da'wah, which focuses on delivering accurate messages, peace values, and rejection of extremism, has positively contributed to changing media representation. Whether conducted through traditional media or online platforms, da'wah can shape a more balanced narrative, overcome biases, and educate the Western public about Islam. Therefore, efforts to continue promoting an educative and peace-oriented da'wah are important in shaping a better and objective representation of Islam in Western media.

The Recreational Radio and the Impact of the Internet on Traditional Media

According to the opinions of experts and analysts, it is clear that in the implementation of the recreational function, not only their direct purpose of entertainment and psycho–emotional influence, but also the formation of ideological consciousness and culture should be taken into account. At the present time, recreational functions play an important role in all mass media. In particular, the recreational functions in radio systems have become very popular. This scientific work provides information about the appearance of recreational functions in radio systems, their actual peculiarities, importance, commercial processes, the influence of private radio stations on the content of public radio stations, and changes in traditional media due to the Internet.

Young Scholar Action Special Issue

Health has always been, and always will be, one of the most highly ranked priorities of people. Understanding how health and health behaviours are created, promoted, and maintained in the future under the influence of constant and changing media environments requires a younger generation of scholars in the field of health communication who are willing and able to bring their own ideas and methods to this ever-changing field. The special issue “Young Scholar Action” reflects an effort to embrace these young scholars from the European Journal of Health Communication and ECREA Health Communication.

Crisis construction in the comtemporary communication environment: a dynamic, complex, and mis/disinformation-rich process

Digital technologies have revolutionized the current media and communication ecosystem, changing the dynamics of information exchange during disruptive events. These changes, combined with the range of global crises and challenges that the world has been recently facing, warrant allocating the process of crisis communication greater scholarly attention. Against this background, a review of the crisis communication literature is herein conducted to identify the key features and emerging trends characteristic of the contemporary communication landscape and thereby contribute to informing future decision-making. The literature review unveiled the dynamic, complex, and mis/disinformation-dominated nature of modern crisis communication channels. Equally important, drawing on these observations, this research outlined two key recommendations for practitioners to upgrade their crisis communication practices and keep abreast of the changing media and information paradigms. On a theoretical plane, the article recommends a more practice-oriented approach to be adopted by future crisis communication studies, thus following a more prescriptive research agenda.

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Audio Fiction Making Noise: A Changing Genre in Children’s Literature
 This article is a study of contemporary audio fiction for children in Sweden, what is sometimes also called audio originals or born-audio books. Audio fiction is defined in the article as literature written to be recorded for audio and consumed through listening. It is a genre related to, and overlapping with, audiobooks, radio, and podcasts but obviously also with literature in printed books. While audio fiction has risen in production and popularity it is not a new phenomenon as such, but rather a kind of literature that has developed over time. The article gives historical examples of children’s audio fiction and situates the contemporary production in a larger context of a changing media world and the book market for children’s literature. The main examples used to understand the phenomenon are IJustWantToBeCool’s Sommarjobbarna (The Summer Workers, 2020­–2022) and Camilla Brinck’s series on the mice Musse & Helium (2017–). These are the most popular audiobooks for children in the last years and both series as well as authors are linked to other media such as Youtube, podcast, print, and music. The theoretical conjectures derive from book history and sociology of literature, arguing that changing media for literature has direct implications for literary form, function, and dissemination. Methodologically the article is a genre study using Alastair Fowler’s concept of genre as aggregated features. Thus, a comparison is made between the two examples and other formats such as children’s print books, audiobooks, and radio drama as well as literary genres such as adventure fiction, melodrama, and slapstick. Furthermore, narrative aspects of the two audio literature examples are analyzed in terms of metafiction, voice, and sound effects.

Trust Signals: An Intersectional Approach to Understanding Women of Color’s News Trust

Journalism scholars have increasingly become concerned with how our changing media environment has shifted traditional understandings of how news outlets create trust with audiences. While many scholars have focused on broad avenues of building trust with audiences through transparency, community engagement, and funding, arguably less attention has been paid to how audience members’ social positionality—determined by factors such as race, class, and socioeconomic status—can shape their varying understanding of what makes a news source trustworthy. Thus, in this study, I conducted focus groups with US women of color, a community marginalized minimally along race and gender, to understand how their positionality shapes how they conceptualize news trust. Through eight focus groups with <em>N</em> = 45 women of color, I found while participants used known antecedents of news trust, these were often more specifically rooted in their own experiences with racism, heterosexism, and classism. Further, participants had varying conceptualizations around antecedents of trust, such as accuracy and bias. Through these findings, I suggest how news organizations can better establish trust across marginalized communities.

Browsing throughout pregnancy: The longitudinal course of social media use during pregnancy

BackgroundThe number of people using social media has substantially increased over the past years. Previous studies have shown associations between social media overuse and mental health problems during pregnancy. The current study evaluates changes in social media use during pregnancy. MethodsPregnant women were recruited at their first antenatal appointment between January 2020 and July 2022 (N = 1135). The time spent on social media, frequency of social media use and problematic social media use, using the Bergen Social Media Addiction Scale (BSMAS), were assessed at 12, 20 and 28 weeks of pregnancy. Pearson r correlations and repeated measures ANOVAs were performed to assess possible changes in social media use over the course of pregnancy. Lastly, we stratified social media use throughout pregnancy for parity. ResultsThere was a significant change in social media use over time, for the time spent on social media, frequency of social media use and problematic social media use. Mean social media scores were the lowest at 12 weeks of pregnancy and increased significantly at 20 weeks of pregnancy, after which they remained stable at 28 weeks. Compared to multiparous women, primiparous women spent more time on social media at 20 weeks of pregnancy, but not at 12 or 28 weeks. ConclusionBecause overuse of social media has been associated with poor mental health, healthcare professionals should be aware of the intensity of social media use throughout pregnancy.

Religion, Media, and Materiality

This introduction to the Special Issue “Religion, Media, Materiality” succinctly outlines the central themes of media and authority, serving as tertia comparationis within the volume, and evokes their significance in addressing media changes from a transdisciplinary perspective. It surveys three theoretical frameworks and general perspectives on the interplay between religion, media, and authority, as put forth by Stewart Hoover, Birgit Meyer, and David Morgan. The discussion emphasises how the case studies examined by Sarit Shalev-Eyni, Ines Weinrich, Hanna Staehle, Giulia Evolvi, and Tim Karis actively engage with these frameworks. In doing so, they contribute to a more nuanced understanding of the intricate connections between media, authority, and religion, offering a detailed exploration of these overarching concepts.

Social Media Changes the Market Based on Marketing

The primary goal of this essay is to examine the effects of social media's ongoing development on the market against the backdrop of the explosive growth of MLM-based information. It focuses on comparing the success of the early traditional e-commerce online shopping media "Amazon" and "Taobao" and the success of the modern e-commerce online shopping media "TikTok." By analyzing the operation mode of "Taobao" and "TikTok" and comparing the changes of user data and transaction amount. It can be concluded that users will constantly put forward new needs with the continuous update of technology, and social media will constantly solve the needs of customers to update. This update will continue to maintain and enhance the convenience offered by social media online shopping, and continue to attract new users. From the perspective of marketing, social media constantly solves the needs of consumers and provides interactivity, which makes people more willing to purchase and evaluate products and feedback merchants through social media. For merchants, studying such topics can quickly find and use social media more in line with consumer needs to "interact" and increase their sales channels and quantity.

Dismantling the Golden Age: Broadcast scheduling strategies on 1950s US network radio

From the late 1940s to early 1960s, the US radio industry underwent a dramatic transformation. Instead of scripted programming and live musical performances, which characterized the era known as the Golden Age of Radio, stations began to focus on local advertising markets and relied upon recorded music for content. This study explores the programming and scheduling strategies of the major commercial networks in the United States as they dealt with this transformation. Using the theoretical framework of remediation, the analysis provides some context for a contemporary change in electronic media, the transition from linear programming to streaming and on-demand forms of delivery.

Seismic Velocity Response to the Ocean Waves Based on Borehole Array

The ambient noise correlation in recent years has been widely used to study the seismic velocity temporal variation related to volcanoes, geothermal fields, earthquake source regions. However, in some regions and times, seasonal seismic velocity changes which could be attributed to environmental factors, including temperature, atmospheric pressure and groundwater, can also be observed. Eliminating the influence of these environmental factors in the temporal variation monitoring results of subsurface media will be helpful to obtain the clear changes of shallow media due to tectonic activities. We used the ambient noise correlation technique of multi-component and multi-frequent-band to obtain the seismic velocity variation of crustal media in Hailing Island, Guangdong Province, China. The results show that the seismic velocity variation of crustal medium in the study area has a strong correlation with the ocean wave height

Effects of suspension media on high pressure processing of starches with different crystalline structures.

High pressure processing (HPP) is a starch modification method generally conducted in water, and little is known about the pressure-induced changes in different media. This study investigated the effects of water versus sodium sulfate on corn, potato, and pea starches subjected to HPP at 690MPa. HPP in both media reduced gelatinization enthalpy and crystallinity for all starches. HPP in sodium sulfate promoted the transition of common corn and potato starches to C-type crystallites. HPP starches in sodium sulfate generally displayed lower pasting temperatures, higher peak viscosities, and greater breakdowns than in water. Alpha-amylase susceptibility increased for all HPP starches and was generally lower in sodium sulfate than in water. HPP common corn and potato starchs in sodium sulfate displayed a porous structure after α-amylase digestion. The competition of sodium sulfate for water molecules between starch helices induced variations in the properties of HPP starches with different crystalline structures.

Perception of and adaptability to the effects of climate change in a rural community of the State of Mexico

Objective: To analyze the population’s perception of recent changes in climate patterns and the actions they have taken to adapt to these changes in the El Saltillo community, Municipality of Jilotepec.Design/methodology/approach: A survey was carried out between September and October 2022, answered online. Social networking and WhatsApp groups were used to disseminate the invitation to participate in the Survey; 96 responses were received, of which 30 were answered on site together with the respondent. Aspects such as socioeconomic data, conceptualization and perception of climate change and adaptability actions were measured.Results: All the survey respondents mentioned that they perceive strong changes in droughts and frosts inthe last 10-15 years. Of them, 96% stated that they had heard the term climate change in different media; however, it is not a concept that is used to explain the changes that take place in the community. As a result of these changes, the population has chosen to build or enlarge rainwater container mounds for agricultural and livestock use, improve the physical condition of the stables, and begin to use precocious corn seed or more adapted varieties of improved corn.Limitations on study/implications: The application of surveys online is a feasible and economical option that implies the need to implement data validation, control and verification mechanisms, as well as sampling of the results.Findings/conclusions: Adaptation strategies to climate change were identified, showing that they are not spontaneous actions and that they have emerged empirically through daily contact with the phenomenon.

Comparison of new and old BacT/ALERT aerobic bottles for detection of Candida species.

A new version of aerobic blood culture media has been developed for the BacT/ALERT (bioMérieux) blood culture system. We evaluated the time to detection and yeast cell counts in positive blood cultures for each Candida spp. according to changes in media. Isolates from defibrinated horse blood were inoculated into three types of bottles: the old version of aerobic bottle, new version of aerobic bottle, and anaerobic bottle. All bottles were incubated in the BacT/ALERT Virtuo blood culture system. The time to detection was monitored for each bottle, and yeast cell counts were performed immediately after testing positive, determined via the plate count method. Clinical retrospective data of the candidemia samples before and after aerobic bottle change also were analyzed. The median time to detection was 52.47 hours in the old aerobic bottles versus 19.92 hours in the new aerobic bottles (P < 0.001) for Candida glabrata, and standard and clinical strains showed similar results. C. albicans (27.6 to 24.95 hours) and C. guilliermondii (28.92 to 26.9 hours) had shorter time to detection. However, C. auris (25.43 to 28.25 hours) had a longer time to detection in the new aerobic bottle. The retrospective clinical analysis showed a significant decrease in time to detection (45.0 to 19.4 hours) for C. glabrata, which is consistent with our simulated study result for C. glabrata. As a result of analysis including all blood specimens, C. tropicalis showed a significant delay in time to detection in new aerobic bottles. In an analysis limited to peripheral blood specimens, the time to detection of C. parapsilosis was longer in new aerobic bottles than in old aerobic bottles. Most Candida species did not show remarkable TTD differences, but TTD of C. glabrata was markedly reduced in the New FA Plus bottle. The reduction of time to detection enables faster detection and therapeutic approach for C. glabrata infections.

Presence of Recurrent Somatic Mutations in Mesenchymal Stromal Cell Fractions Isolated from Acute Myeloid Leukemia As an Evidence of Clonality

Introduction: Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) involves somatic mutations in hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs). Recent evidence suggests the bone marrow microenvironment, particularly mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs), also influences AML development. Abnormalities in MSCs from AML patients have been observed (von der Heide et al., 2016), potentially impacting leukemia progression. This study aims to identify MSC somatic mutations and their consequences, further exploring their role in AML. Understanding MSCs' impact on the leukemic microenvironment may shed light on AML pathophysiology and guide targeted therapies, particularly benefiting patients with adverse risk disease. Methods: A total of 28 bone marrow cases were collected from AML patients with adverse risk, including those with complex karyotype, monosomy karyotype, chromosome 5/7/17 abnormalities, TP53 mutation, or relapsed/refractory AML. From these cases, 14 paired MSC and leukemic cell (LC) fractions were analyzed and are presented here. Magnetic bead sorting was used to isolate CD33+ LCs, while the plastic adherence method was employed for MSC culture. Following magnetic isolation, CD33- cells were plated in DMEM-LG with FBS and pen/strep, and MSC colonies formed within 48 hours. Contaminating cells were removed through media changes, and passaging was performed at 70-80% confluency. Flow cytometry at passage 3 characterized MSCs based on cell surface expression of CD105, CD73, and CD90, in accordance with the ISCT guideline. DNA and RNA were extracted from MSCs at passage 3 and subjected to whole exome sequencing (WES) using the Illumina platform, along with the LC fractions. WES aimed for 200X depth for the paired DNA samples. A standard bioinformatics pipeline was used for sequence alignment and variant calling, with variants requiring sufficient read depth (≥30x) and variant allele frequency in the case (&amp;gt;5%) and in the control (&amp;lt;5%). Synonymous variants were filtered out, and gene ontology and pathway enrichment analyses explored the biological significance and potential involvement in leukemogenesis of the identified mutations. Whole transcriptomics for gene expression analyses was also conducted for both MSC and LC fractions. Results: In 14 analyzed cases, a total of 548 somatic variants were identified in the MSC fraction, affecting 480 genes, including 518 nonsynonymous single nucleotide variants (SNVs), 7 stop-gain SNVs, 1 stoploss, 1 non-frameshift insertion, 2 frameshift deletions, 1 frameshift insertion, and 2 non-frameshift deletions, with 16 unknown variants. The average read depth was 75 (range: 15 - 887), and the average variant allele frequency was 50% (range: 11% - 90%). On average, 38 genes were mutated per MSC case, with 8 genes detected in at least 3 cases, 25 in exactly 2 cases, and 447 genes found in only one case. In the leukemic fraction, 686 somatic variants in 595 genes were identified, with an average read depth of approximately 75 (range: 10 - 2596) and an average variant allele frequency of 47% (range: 8% - 85%). On average, 48 mutations were detected per leukemic case, with 12 mutations found in at least 3 cases, 40 in 2 cases, and 543 in only one case. Among the 14 cases, 10 cases (71%) had mutations in known driver genes for AML ( FLT3, NPM1, IDH1, IDH2, DNMT3A, RUNX1, TP53) exclusively in the leukemic fraction. As seen in Figure 1., of the 480 genes mutated in the MSC fraction, 69 overlapped with the 595 genes mutated in the leukemic fraction, while 411 genes were uniquely mutated in the MSC fraction. Further analysis is ongoing, and pathway analysis will be conducted once the remaining 14 cases are processed. Conclusions: This study identifies distinct somatic mutations in AML patients' MSC and leukemic cell fractions, revealing genomic complexity and crosstalk impacting leukemia progression. Understanding the functional implications of these mutations is crucial for unraveling their roles in leukemogenesis and developing personalized therapeutic interventions targeting MSC somatic mutations.

Tolerance Level of Butterfly Pea (Clitoria ternatea L.) to Stress Acidity Through Tissue Culture Technique

Butterfly pea (Clitoria ternatea L.) a high-quality legume that is rich in protein and grows on various soil types with a pH range of 5.5-8.9. This experiment was conducted to get the level of tolerance of butterfly pea plants to stress acidity at different levels through tissue culture technique. The study was designed using a complete randomized design with 6 treatments with the different levels of AlCl3 addition using Murashige Skoog (MS) media with 20 replications (P0 (0 ppm AlCl3), P1 (100 ppm AlCl3), P2 (200 ppm AlCl3), P3 (300 ppm AlCl3), P4 (400 ppm AlCl3), and P5 (500 ppm AlCl3)). Data were analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA), and if there was a significant difference, data were further analyzed using Duncan’s multiple range test. The variables observed were acidity media changes, plant height gain, number of leaves, number of branches, number of tillers, percentage of leaves withering, and leaf color. The results showed that the butterfly pea plant has mechanism of adaptation to acid stress on the parameters of plant height gain and number of leaves at the end of the observation. However, the level of plant tolerance on the parameters of the number of branches and the number of tillers was ≤ 300 ppm (pH 3.73).

Iron Chelation Efficiency in Human Hepatocytes Is Enhanced By Exogenous Hepcidin

Iron chelation is clinically inefficient, with only a small percentage of the applied chelator being excreted in the iron-bound form. Chelation is also slow because only a small proportion of storage iron is in the chelatable labile iron pool (LIP) at any given moment. In principle, by increasing the magnitude of the LIP within hepatocyte, the major site of body storage iron in conditions of iron overload, the magnitude and hence the efficiency of chelation may be increased. Recent work has shown that SLN124, a RNAi-therapeutic inhibitor of Tmprss6 gene expression, increases iron chelation by deferiprone in a murine model of thalassemia (b-thalassemic Hbb th3/+ animals) (Vadolas et al Brit J Haematol 2021) and murine hereditary haemochromatosis (Altamura et al. HemaSphere 2019). We wished to determine whether the mechanism of increased chelation was consistent with the blocking of iron exit from hepatocyte through ferroportin channels by increased levels of hepcidin. Here we have examined whether application of exogenous hepcidin to a human hepatocyte cell line HepG2 can increase the chelation efficiency of deferiprone and whether this effect is also seen with other iron chelators such as deferasirox and deferoxamine. A model was developed from previous work (Vlachodimitropoulou et al. Blood 2017) where the net effect of iron uptake (from fetal bovine serum medium) versus intracellular iron removal by chelation, could be interrogated. The dose and time-dependent effect of exogenous hepcidin and its interaction with iron chelators on intracellular iron content was examined. Briefly, to load cells with iron, confluent HepG2 cells were incubated for 2h with 10% FBS followed by media change containing 10-30 uM iron binding equivalents (IBE) of therapeutic chelators, hepcidin, or control media. This loading method doubled the cellular iron; and subsequently increased cellular ferritin by at least 4-fold. Both effects could be completely inhibited with iron chelation. Following a pulse with hepcidin (100nM-10µM), intracellular iron content of HepG2 cells increased in a dose dependent manner, by 30-100% over the next 4h, followed by a decrease in cellular iron at 8 hours (Fig. 1A). This transient effect on iron retention could be prolonged with serial addition of hepcidin to the media (at 2 and 4h, data not shown). Co-treatment with the exclusively extracellular chelator CP40 demonstrated that while a substantial fraction of the hepcidin effect on iron retention was dependent on iron uptake from media (Fig 1B), the remaining increase in iron retention was independent of this effect and consistent with inhibition of iron egress from . Compared with control cells (without chelator but with or without hepcidin), a 50-200% enhancement of hepatocyte iron removal by 10uM IBE deferiprone was observed at 2 and 4 hours (Fig. 1C) with the addition of 300nM exogenous hepcidin. Correspondingly, cellular iron removal with deferoxamine (10-30 µM IBE) was enhanced by 250% at 4 h by exogenous hepcidin (Fig. 1D) whereas iron removal by deferasirox (30µM IBE) was enhanced by at least 50% at 2 and 4 h when hepcidin (300nM) was present (Fig. 1E), as compared to controls. Enhanced chelation with DFO was not observed until after 2h incubation, consistent with the known slower access of DFO to intracellular pools compared with deferiprone or deferasirox. Beyond 4h, the effect of hepcidin on enhanced chelation was not seen, suggesting that hepcidin is consumed or degraded in this culture system. We conclude that enhanced removal of intracellular iron by chelation is demonstrable with all three clinically available chelators following the application of exogenous hepcidin. This iron would be destined for increased excretion of chelate complexes in vivo and hence enhanced decrements in body iron. Two mechanisms for enhanced chelation are possible in this model; the first is by increased iron loading of hepatocytes incubated with hepcidin and secondly through the blocking by hepcidin of labile intracellular iron egress through ferroportin channels, thereby increasing the magnitude of chelatable intracellular iron pools. Future work in primary human hepatocytes will examine whether manipulation of intracellular hepcidin levels by SLN124 has similar chelation-enhancing effects.

Generation Z and the Evolution of Social Media: A Two-Decade Analysis of Impact and Usage Trends

Over the past two decades, the landscape of social media has undergone remarkable transformations, both technologically and communicatively. This evolution has not only enhanced the quality of content across various formats, including text, images, audio, and video, but has also significantly expanded the user base, particularly in recent years. Among the most frequent and dedicated users are members of Generation Z, who have shown a keen adaptability to the nuances and innovations of the latest social media platforms. This study aims to investigate the dynamic changes in social media over the last twenty years, with a special focus on their impact on Gen Z users. By analyzing the usage patterns of key social media platforms amongst this demographic, the study seeks to provide a comprehensive overview of both the positive and negative effects these digital spaces have had on Generation Z. The goal is to offer an insightful understanding of the relationship between this generation and the evolving digital social landscape.&#x0D; &#x0D; Received: 6 October 2023 / Accepted: 14 November 2023 / Published: 23 November 2023