Changes In Meaning Research Articles

STUDI ETNOBOTANI PADA MAKANAN KHAS SUKU BATAK TOBA DI DESA PANGKALAN LIBUT KECAMATAN PINGGIR KABUPATEN BENGKALIS PROVINSI RIAU

Plants in typical food ethnobotany such as Arsik, Lappet, Itak, and Saksang are an assimilation process by the Toba Batak tribe in utilizing plants. This study reveals what types of plants, plant parts and how the processing of typical foods and their meanings are by the Toba Batak people in Pangkalan Libut Village. The sampling of the research was carried out using a Porposive Sampling technique, which involved 4 people in Pangkalan Libut Village, especially the Toba Batak Tribe. Data were collected using interview techniques and data were processed using formulas and made in the form of diagrams. The results showed that there were 23 plant species used by the Toba Batak people in Pangkalan Libut Village in making special foods, and the plant parts used were roots, stems, fruit, flowers, seeds, leaves, rhizomes, and tubers with Zingiberaceae family as the largest family. 18% used and the least used family, namely the Apiaceae family, 4%, and the plant parts used were roots, stems, fruit, flowers, seeds, leaves, rhizomes, and tubers with the meaning of expressing gratitude for each special food, namely as a thanksgiving made during the Literacy - literacy event, Wages - wages, horse - horse panaekkhon, Malua and Ulaon pasu - pasu. From the results of the study it can be found that the typical food of the Toba Batak Tribe has gone through a process of assimilation so that changes in ingredients and meanings occur, but the Toba Batak people still preserve Arsik, Lappet, Itak, and Saksang by using plants as typical food ingredients and are able to survive. to date.

THE COGNITIVE ESSENCE OF THE METAPHOR

THE COGNITIVE ESSENCE OF THE METAPHOR

Gothic leiþu, “strong drink; fruit wine?” and its Cognates in the Germanic Languages

Gothic <i>leiþu</i>, “strong drink; fruit wine?” and its Cognates in the Germanic Languages

Change in the Affixation Meaning in Animation Film Entitled ‘Bilal: A New Breed of Hero’ (Semantic Analysis)

Bilal: a New Breed of Hero is a film produced by Barajoun Entertainment and released in 2015 in Arabic and English. This study aims at identifying the meaning change of Arabic affixation occurring in the film. The theory used is Chaer's theory of meaning change in semantic studies. The study used a descriptive qualitative method on depictions that can provide an objective picture and the tenique Meanwhile, the researchers used listening and taking notes to collect the data. The collected data were then analyzed using a semantic approach, especially affixation consisting of meaning change and the factors that influence it. The results showed that the Bilal film: A New Breed of Hero conveys five meaning changes. Those changes are broadening, narrowing, total change, euphemism, and dysphemism. As for two factors, linguists and non-linguists, influence the change in meaning. The results found in this study which consists were 52 research data consisting of 16 the amount of broadening data (30,8%), 18 of narrowing data (34,6%), 10 of total change data (19,2%), 5 of euphemism data (9,6%), and 3 of dysphemism data (5,8%).

FitzGerald’s Translation of the Mantiq-Ut-Tayr: A Colonial Approach towards Metrics, Textual Rhythm, and Rhyme Translation

The Mantiq-Ut-Tayr[1] is a collection of mystical poems composed by Farid ud-Din Attar in 1177 in Iran. He was a doctor, druggist, perfumer, and at the same time a Sufi in his ideas. In 1857, the British poet and translator, Edward FitzGerald, introduced this collection of couplets to England for the first time. As a Victorian translator, he attempted to colonize the Persian text and recreate Attar’s rhythmic pattern in his translation. In other terms, he tried to introduce the Persian Metrics of the twelfth century into English literature of the nineteenth century.&#x0D; By introducing Persian fixed metric patterns into English literature, one may wonder how FitzGerald’s invention affected the norms of the Victorian poetry. Has the British translator become successful in recreating the close correlation, which exists between rhythm and the underlying significance of the Mantiq-Ut-Tayr in his translation?&#x0D; By applying the theories of scholars in linguistics and translation studies, such as Derek Attridge, André Lefevere, Antoine Berman, Susan Bassnett, and Harish Trivedi; this research seeks to investigate the way FitzGerald rendered the Persian Masnavi—rhyming couplets—and the genre in established English norms. Thus, the present study might provide an interesting research field for developing a postcolonial methodology with regard to the rendition of the Mantiq-Ut-Tayr’s rhythm and rhyme in English. In fact, this research attempts to evaluate the change of meaning, comprehension, and above all the reception between the Persian text and the English translation of Attar’s masterpiece.&#x0D; Keywords: exception, metrics, rhythm, colonial approach, translation, Mantiq-Ut-Tayr.&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; [1] The conference of the birds.

Modernity as a Challenge: A Reset of Values

The article discusses topical problems of social development, in which context modernity evolves as a challenge, and the emergence of new forms is accompanied by a reset of values. The post-Soviet society turns to national foundations, traditions, historical experience, ideals, and values tested in national culture. The Western-type consumer society, which is now dominant in the world, was previously perceived as promising, and its ideals and values were presented as a role model, but nowadays, in public opinion, that society is not considered as a non-alternative model. The problems that arise during the implementation of the value orientations of the consumer society are becoming increasingly obvious. The universality of such a model of development for modernity is called into question, and evidence of its historical limitations appears. In addition, that type of organization of socio-economic and cultural life is not organic and does not imply continuity in the reset of values. Under the current conditions of global instability, connections and interactions emerge that form some new integrity. From a methodological point of view, it is important to analyze the mechanism and motives for choosing the future and the role of culture in that process. Obviously, in every time there is a need to define what modernity is and what is the role of values reset for that. Modernity does not arise as a completed project, but as a process of updating social reality, as a system of individual views on society and relations to the world; in emerging modernity, there is a growing diversity of values. The catalysts for transformations on the way to a new modernity are values that bring changes in life meanings under the influence of social life. Constantly emerging new risks and challenges demand the reset of values, which are tested on various levels of national culture and only after that become ideals for imitation and mass reproduction.

Las Variaciones lingüísticas en el dialecto iraquí y sus equivalentes en el idioma español

El motivo de presentar este trabajo se puede resumir en los siguientes puntos:&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; llamar la atención a las variaciones lingüísticas que hace que la lengua árabe sea lengua ricamente expresiva.&#x0D; Exponer una cantidad suficiente de las diferencias en el valor lingüístico y las diferencias en expresar un enuncio en el dialecto árabe iraquí de una obra literaria, escrita en el mismo dialecto, bajo el nombre Frankenstein en Bagdad (FB), traducida a la lengua española.&#x0D; Enfocar la luz sobre los errores de traducción. Este tipo de error explicaríamos sus motivos y como ser analizado en las siguientes páginas. Es un error común que los traductores cometen, en particular, cuando se relacione de un refrán árabe o un dicho de procedencia étnica o religiosa. Lo contrario para las partes del idioma árabe clásico. Ya que se encuentra el significado exacto y natural al transferir un valor del árabe estándar al español castellano. Se sabe cómo equivaler el término (a la buena de Dios بمشيئة الله او توكلنا على الله) al español por ser un factor compartido, mejor dicho un aspecto lingüístico común.&#x0D; Saber por qué se producen los errores en transferir la información en lugares donde el español es una lengua pura y el árabe es una lengua de múltiples diversidades, debido a cambios históricos en el significado. Por eso se produce que no se cuide en traducir la parte cultural y no se busque el origen de una locución.&#x0D; Este tipo de análisis nos resultaría muy beneficioso y nos posibilita evitar cualquier error futurístico por medio de seguir los pasos del análisis contrastivo de los aspectos culturales.&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; Personalmente creemos que la diferencia de la forma en cual la lengua árabe está formada de lo del español y la trasladación del significado entre usar la jerga del dialecto iraquí sería más semejante si la hayamos encontrado un equivalente en la jerga española.

Structural and semantic aspects of phraseme in the works of fra Martin Mikulić

Phrases whose problems are in this paper are excerpted from the works of Martin Mikulić, a Herzegovinian Franciscan writer. Mikulić left behind a great literary wealth worth scientific observation - especially in the field of phraseology. Namely, the paper deals with the semantic aspect of phrases created through different tropes. The phrases created through metaphor, ie. metaphorical formulas where, for example, the loss of a head is equal to the loss of life. Other examples have been created according to the same principle, where body parts appear as components of phrases and other various components can be found. In addition to phrases created through metaphor, metonymy, synagogue, the material also confirms phrases created through periphrasis, hyperbole, euphemism, irony, antithesis and comparison. In addition, attention in this paper was focused on the definition, form and structure of phrases. Thus, the material confirms phrases with one full word, phrases with two or more independent words with or without auxiliary words, as well as phrases of a sentence. In the scientific literature, many authors share the opinion that the structure of phrases is usually solid, which is not shown by the examples from the corpus where a certain type of change in the structure of phrases was made. Apart from variant forms in which there is no change in meaning but in expression, so it is one or more alternative forms of phrases - other modifications are reflected in the fact that the order of components in the phrase is not solid and stable, that it is possible to replace one component the second as well as in changes of syntactic nature (prepositional-case connection), then the addition of certain components as well as the reduction of components, etc. The corpus confirms phrases whose phraseological components have lost their denotative meaning as well as examples where some of the phraseological components retain their denotative meaning.

Resonant Actualization of Cultural Codes as a Determinant of Mental and Social Transformations (Part 1)

The unification of cultural codes forms the basic set of code symbols (image+sense), which are the basis for recognition, orientation, social cooperation, and response to external appeals. The result of unification is a stable system of deterministic goal-setting and behavioral equivalents. Cultural codes, as a derivative of upbringing, education, and cultural landscape, are the result of spatiotemporal transformation (from fields of reception to displacement from consciousness and compression) of organized information constructs - "dominants" encoded in the form of electro/magnetic patterns. "Dominant" in this message is a generalized definition of organized, hierarchical constructs (packages) of information carriers, forced out of the conscious levels of the psyche and continuing to circulate in closed, reverberant neural circuits. The "dominants" forced out of consciousness circulate through recurrent neural circuits, the activity of which is reduced to several stable states, performing the functions of information retention. The electrical and magnetic parameters of the repressed "dominants" are the basic potential of frequency resonance upon presentation of a perceptual/cognitive construct that is close in frequency parameters - a "code key" at the entrance to the psyche system. The basic principle of information exchange is the formation of the initial resonance potential: the arsenal of "dominants," the concentration of information in frequency electro-magnetic patterns. The interaction of the "information universe" with the arsenal of "dominants" is a resonant process of frequency coincidence of the patterns of the "code key" and the "dominant" displaced from consciousness, which results in actualization, the appearance of an object of resonance in the field of voluntary attention, in consciousness. The updated "dominant," as a "resonant operator," determines the dynamics of the system as a whole for the period of relevance. The phase transition in the socio/cultural environment is the result of changes in the hidden meanings of social frames. The dynamics of the perception of the transformation of frames under changing (appearing new) hidden meanings ["habituation"&gt;"acceptability"&gt;"acceptability”] determines the growth of the frustration potential associated with acquired needs. The transformation of basic cultural codes rebuilds the mechanism of reproduction of the ethnocultural matrix and congruent social structures.

When electors raised their voices: political representation in nineteenth-century Spain from a conceptual perspective

ABSTRACT Political representation is often understood as a static entity; thus, its mutable dimensions have been neglected. In addition, when considering liberal post-revolutionary politics in the nineteenth century, scholars have given most of their attention to the accounts of this period forwarded by liberal elites, thereby taking the voices of those represented for granted. As such, these analysing deputies are disconnected from their electors outside the election processes. This article analyses political representation as a process and considers the voices of representatives and those represented. From a conceptual perspective, it examines notions and terms used by Spanish deputies and electors in the mid-nineteenth century to refer to one another. The enactment of these concepts is placed at the core of their meaning. That is, their meaning changes according to the speaker, the receiver and the context. In conclusion, the author finds that, when electors were mobilized on behalf of their requests, and thus insisted on apt representation, deputies – regardless of their political ideology – acknowledged their right to seek accountability. Therefore, accountability was recognized. When those explicit claims were not raised, accountability was undermined by the deputies, who tended to be disconnected from the voters and prioritized being accountable to their peers.

ФУНКЦІОНУВАННЯ АБСТРАКТНОЇ ЛЕКСИКИ В АНГЛОМОВНИХ ХУДОЖНІХ ТЕКСТАХ

The article is devoted to the analysis of abstract vocabulary on the basis of fragments from literary texts. The text is defined as "a conscious sequence of verbal signs that have the properties of coherence and integrity, as well as the property of uncertainty of common meaning from the simple sum of the meanings of the components." Abstract vocabulary is predominant in speech in general. Depending on the context, the meaning of an abstract noun can vary and denote a removed meaning or a more specific meaning. An important point is the identification of features that affect the understanding of the abstract lexical unit. Analysis of fragments makes it possible to identify features that affect the change in the semantic meaning of the abstract noun. The research is focused on highlighting the main meanings of abstract tokens, considered on the material of literary texts.

Lehçe ön ekli fiillerin işlevi

Lehçe fiillerin baş kısmında yer alan eklerin kuşkusuz önemli işlevleri vardır. Bu ön ekler fiilin ön eksiz biçimiyle sahip olduğu anlama zıt veya yakın anlam katmakla birlikte, çoğu zaman yeni anlam katar. Ancak bir ön ekin fiile kattığı yalnızca tek bir anlam olmadığından fiilin ön ekli ve ön eksiz biçimleri arasındaki anlam farklılıklarını kategorize etmek Lehçe dil bilgisinin her zaman en büyük sorunsallarından bir tanesi olmuştur. Her ön ek ayrıca farklı farklı kendi alt anlam kategorilerine ayrılır ve dahası bir ön ekin fiile kattığı anlamı bir diğer ön ek de yükleyebilmektedir. Genel anlamda konunun belki de en zor yanını yansıtan bu saptamalardan her ön ekin gelişigüzel her fiille birlikte kullanılabileceği, istenilen her fiile eklenebileceği sonucu çıkarılmamalıdır. Ön ekler aynı zamanda sözcük türetme yöntemleri arasında son derece işlevsel özellik göstermesi bağlamında genel olarak sözcük yapımı konusunun çok önemli bir kısmını oluşturur. Dört harften oluşan iki adet ön ekin yanı sıra üç harften oluşan üç adet ön ek, iki harften oluşan yedi adet ve hatta tek harften oluşan üç adet ön ekin olduğu ve bu ön eklerin fiil kökünde her ne kadar biçim bilimsel açıdan herhangi bir değişikliğe yol açmasa da anlamda büsbütün değişikliğe neden olduğu düşünüldüğünde, fiil ön eklerinin işlevini inceleyen bir çalışmanın yapılmasını ihtiyaç haline getirir.

Retrieving the Affective Aspect of Human Being: a Hermeneutical Phenomenological Analysis of 存 Cun/Son’s Historical Origin, its Controversial Role in the East Asian Translation of Being/Existence, and Potential Ontological Implications

It is conventionally accepted that while Western philosophy has “being” as a central topic, Eastern thoughts focused only on “nothing”. I will challenge this perception by retrieving the original meaning of the Chinese existential word 存 cun, which can provide a hitherto neglected affective aspect of being, which in the West is also mentioned by only a handful of philosophers, including Heidegger’s famous discussion of Sorge. I will utilize Heidegger’s hermeneutical phenomenology on cun by looking into the present state of cun’s usage, comparing to its original meaning, and proposing a new way forward. Cun and its compound form cunzai is used to translate “being” in modern East Asian languages. However, recently Chinese philosophers began to question the appropriateness of using cunzai for this role. I will go back to the original meaning of cun as care with both lexicographical and orthographical evidence, comparing its antonym pairing to that of the other East Asian existential words such as 是 shi and 有 you, and trace its changes in meaning. In the last section I will propose possible changes to our dealing with our own existence when we retrieve the original affective aspect of cun, with its coherence of care and existence, through the philosophical use of cun in Mencius.

Asylum Ways of Seeing: Psychiatric Patients, American Thought and Culture. By Heather Murray

In many ways, “Asylum Ways of Seeing” by Heather Murray, is an extended riff on the term “asylum”—what it meant for psychiatry and for patients, and how this meaning changed over time. To explore this change in meaning, Murray employs a “history of emotions” framework and takes an overtly cultural and intellectual history approach to center the experiences of patients themselves. In this way, she argues not only that we need to try and understand the history of psychiatric institutions from the point of view of the people who were in them, but that there is a relationship between the way psychiatric patients made sense of their experience, and changes in institutional policy. This is an ambitious approach and requires Murray to draw on a broad array of archival and historiographical sources. This creates a tension for the book, because it is a difficult enterprise, and reveals some of the ethical and logistical issues in any attempt to take a “history from below” approach to psychiatry. How do we get at the patient experience, given the nature of archives and laws that (rightly) protect patient privacy? And how do we make sense of those records even if we do have access to them, given they are always so heavily mediated by the clinical encounter? To try and get around this problem, Murray draws largely on patient letters contained in state archives or in personal collections, and on the extensive body of work in the domain of patient narrative. While much can be gleaned from these sources, there is an important limitation born of the fact that the people with the resources to write and publish such a memoir are almost entirely white, and usually middle or upper class. This tends to skew the whole book towards that type of patient experience, and this causes a ripple effect throughout the book that Murray herself is aware of—the idealized perception of the asylum experience.

If they must, they will: Children overcommit to likeliness inferences from deontic modals

Modal verbs like must express two distinct non-actual meanings: deontic (e.g. obligation) and epistemic (e.g. likelihood inference). How do young children understand these modals? What factors affect their interpretation as deontic or epistemic? We report a picture preference task testing preschool children‟s interpretations of Bosnian/Croatian/Serbian (BCS) morati 'must' as deontic or epistemic. Prior work on English must shows that despite an early deontic comprehension bias at age 3, by age 5 children have flipped to a strong epistemic bias, including constructions for which adults prefer deontic interpretations (must + eventive verbs). However, properties of English leave open multiple explanations for this non-adult behaviour, as must is primarily epistemic in the input, and must + eventive verb constructions can also receive epistemic interpretations. BCS morati provides a natural comparison: morati is overwhelmingly deontic in the input, and BCS syntax provides categorical cues to deontic versus epistemic interpretation. Our results show that BCS children are more adult-like at age 3 than English children, a difference we attribute to clearer syntactic cues to flavour in BCS. But, by age 5, BCS children behave like English counterparts, selecting epistemic scenes even for constructions that are deontic-only in BCS. We argue this cross-linguistic result is best explained pragmatically: deontic uses of both morati and must invite a likelihood inference that obligations will be normatively carried out. This inference was first proposed to explain diachronic meaning changes from root &amp;gt; epistemic. We show older preschool children commit to this likelihood inference more than adults.

Семантическое развитие английского слова “town”

The study aims to identify the regularities of the semantic field “town” in different periods of the English language development. The paper carries out a thorough analysis of the word “town”, which has significantly changed its meaning over the centuries and has acquired a wide range of meanings. This illustrates well the idea that words accumulate senses and associations in the process of historical development and that older lexemes, as a rule, possess more semantic connections than those that have appeared in the language only recently. Scientific novelty of the study lies in the fact that it pays considerable attention to the reasoned explanation of semantic changes of the word “town”, as well as conducts a profound linguistic analysis of those changes of meaning and perception of the word “town” that have taken place over the centuries. As a result, the author concludes that it is the part of the language vocabulary which has existed for centuries and has grown roots in the minds of its speakers that gradually acquires new meanings and commonly has polysemy. The examples given in the paper illustrate the meanings and senses of words that can be found in Middle English.

Meaning Innovation with Digital Technology in the Case of Electric Vehicles: A Design Perspective

Digital technology is an important enabler of product design and innovation. Many IS researchers have studied the role of digital technology in innovating product’s functions and aesthetics. Relatively few, however, have studied the role of digital technology when product innovation includes changes in product meaning. Product meaning refers to emotional, psychological, and sociocultural reasons for buying a product. Despite the importance of innovation in meaning, the role of digital technology in meaning innovation is undertheorized. Thus, taking a design perspective, we draw on design and management theories to understand how designers use digital technology to influence product meaning. We use comparative case studies in two electric vehicle (EV) companies to theorize mechanisms of meaning innovation with digital technology: (1) Looking beyond vs leveraging digital technology to propose innovative meaning; (2) rejecting vs taking user feedback in the process of re-proposing meaning. By applying these mechanisms in product development, companies can better seize valuable opportunities such as developing longer product life cycles from meaning innovation with digital technology.

ASSESSING THE TRANSLATION OF COLLOCATIONS IN LITERARY TEXTS BASED ON JULIANE HOUSE’S MODEL (1997) OF TRANSLATION QUALITY ASSESSMENT

The purpose of this study was to assess the translation of collocations from Arabic into English in literary texts, which are considered as a rich source of culture and fixed expressions. The methodology of this study is a descriptive- interpretive analysis of the source text (ST), which is the Arabic novel “Awlad Hartna” and the target texts (TTs), which are the English translations “Children of Gebelawi” and “Children of the Alley”. The author applied House’s (1997) model of translation quality assessment. The analysis was divided into two sections, (1) analyzing the ST and TTs according to their register and genre to find the overt errors, and (2) examining the translation of collocations to find the covert errors. The result of the study revealed that that the two translations have many mismatches at the level of field, tenor and mode, such as the lexical, cultural, linguistic and syntactic mismatches. The findings also reveal that translators have committed 106 collocational errors which were divided into four categories: not translated, slight change in meaning, significant change in meaning and distortion of meaning. The findings of the study have pedagogical implications for translators in general, translators of literature, translations students and teachers.

عمل الجملة الاسمية بأنّ المصدرية في رواية أبواب المدينة لإلياس خوري: تحليل نحوي

This study aimed to reveal the functions of the jumlah ismiyyah which consist anna al-maṣdariyyah in the novel Abwābu al-Madīnati by Ilyās Khūrī by utilizing syntactic theory related to functions. The data in this study were in the form of jumlah ismiyyah consisting of anna al-maṣdariyyah. Technique of collecting data in this study used the referral method with tapping technique as a basic technique and note-taking technique as an advanced technique. This study used the agih method as the analysis stage with the Direct Element Technique (BUL) as a basic technique with i‘rāb model and substitution technique as an advanced technique. Furthermore, the presentation of the results of data analysis was done by using informal methods.&#x0D; Based on the research that has been done, it can be concluded that in the Abwābu al-Madīnati novel by Ilyās Khūrī, there were 101 jumlah ismiyyah consisting of anna al-maṣdariyyah. Those 101 jumlah ismiyyah were classified based on their functions, such as khabar mubtada`, fā‘il, maf‘ūl bih, mustaṡnā, ma‘ṭūf, and ism majrūr. Jumlah ismiyyah consisting of anna al-maṣdariyyah with the form maṣdar mu`awwal can be replaced with ism in the form of maṣdar ṣarīḥ. The substitution of maṣdar mu`awwal with the form maṣdar ṣarīḥ did not cause a change in meaning and grammatical function because both of them get the same position in a sentence. Then the use of maṣdar mu`awwal in that novel gives a specific time marker for an action in a sentence and makes the meaning of the sentence become more cultured.

Practice, Tensions, and Identity: Boundary Crossing and Identity Development in Urban Teacher Leaders

This study investigates the identity development of teacher leaders in an, urban school district who participated in a Noyce Master Teaching Fellow, program. We identify tensions that arose from involvement in this, external community of practice (CoP) and changes in teacher leader, meanings and practices in their school CoPs. Qualitative key findings, indicate that as boundary crossers, (1) teacher leader activities surfaced, tensions between CoPs, promoting boundary competence, and (2), participation in an external CoP reshaped their identities, especially mentors. Implications include recognizing that external CoPs can support, learning mechanisms for addressing educational issues, for example, teacher retention.