Change Of Government Research Articles

Electoral Violence in Africa: An Analysis of Factors, Dimensions, Effects and Mitigating Factors

Elections are key elements of democratic processes. This article aims at providing reasons for election-related violence in Africa, their dimensions, effects, and mitigating factors. Elections are supposed to provide for a transparent and peaceful change of government, the distribution of power, and the promotion of democracy, but most elections in Africa are characterized by violence at various stages of the process. In war-torn countries and even in some stable African countries, incumbents are often manipulating or believed to be tampering with the electoral processes. The opposition parties also have incentives to further their strength through the use of violence. Such violence is potentially damaging democratic processes and undermining progress towards democratization. Electoral violence has varied causes, as highlighted in this article. Beyond direct effects such as hindering people from casting their vote and preventing candidates from participating in the electoral process, electoral violence can have long-term effects. Thus, managing election-related violence would build a strong, democratic, and peaceful society based on the rule of law, accountability, and transparency. Various strategies are used by different actors to achieve this. This article uses a qualitative research design. Information on the research is gathered purely from the review of scholarly articles and reports on the topic. The information presented is based on a synthesis of findings from these sources. From the synthesis of information from other reviews, we have in this article gathered and presented the main causes, effects, dimensions, and some mitigating factors of electoral violence in Africa.

Preparing for Government

AbstractThis article reviews a recent report by the Institute for Government on how opposition parties in the United Kingdom should prepare for power. The article comments on the distinctive constitutional context in the UK regarding government transitions, the provisions in The Cabinet Manual on access by opposition parties to the civil service prior to a general election, how opposition parties can make effective use of these access talks, and the specific challenges facing the Labour Party as it prepares for the prospect of a change of government later in 2024. It is argued that the current guidelines in The Cabinet Manual on access talks need clarification on several crucial matters, not least the timing of their commencement during a parliamentary term, which opposition parties should be eligible to participate, and under what conditions.

Cultural Identity of Malaysian Chinese language education Formed under the Influence of Two-Way Institutional Changes in Contrasting Perspectives, 1950s - 1980s

Malaysia is the Southeast Asian country with the most complete retention of Chinese language education after independence. In the face of the nationalist policies after the Second World War, why is Malaysian Chinese language education unique from other Southeast Asian countries? With such a question, this paper intercepts the development of Chinese language education in Malaysia and the Philippines during the early period of independence of Southeast Asian countries in the 1950s - 1980s, by comparing and combining the theory of two-way institutional change. It is found that there existed a Chinese education organization in Malaysia during this period that was able to compete with the government's nationalistic policy, thus under the two-way game movement of top-down institutional change by the government and bottom-up institutional change by the Chinese education organization, the survival of Chinese schools and national cultural identity became possible. This will serve as a reference for the construction and development of language schools in foreign countries and the maintenance of national cultural identity.

평화선을 둘러싼 시마네현의 독도 주변 수역에 대한 인식

The purpose of this study is to shed light on how the perception of the waters around Dokdo in Shimane Prefecture surrounding the Peace Line was expressed. Based on the theoretical background of the politicization of fishing rights, the discussion will focus on the moments that led Shimane Prefecture to transform the issue of captured fishing boats in waters around Dokdo into a sovereignty issue from the declaration of the peace line in January 1952 to the conclusion of the normalization of diplomatic relations between Korea and Japan in June 1965. Shimane Prefecture regarded the declaration of the peace line as a political measure aimed at cracking down on Japanese fishermen in the waters around Dokdo and the fishing grounds on the southern coast of the Korean Peninsula. Above all, Shimane Prefecture recognized the Peace Line as an unreasonable fishing border and argued that the Korean government's seizure of Japanese fishing boats was an illegal act. Moreover, while the Japanese media was raising the illegality of the peace ship, fabricated reports about the capture of Japanese fishing boats that landed on Dokdo provided an excuse to escalate the Dokdo issue. What is noteworthy is that Shimane Prefecture's self-centered perception of the Peace Ship originated from a distortion of the wrong facts resulting from changes in the Japanese government's fishing policy, rather than from a sense of victimization among fishing boats and fishermen captured by Korea. In other words, Shimane Prefecture's perception of the waters around Dokdo surrounding the Peace Line was expressed through the politicization of fishing rights, where the distorted facts of fishermen entrenched by Japan's fisheries policy infiltrated their real lives and escalated beyond securing the right to survive to a question of sovereignty.

The Role of the Law and Socialist Legal Awareness in Practice of Law of Soviet Authorities and Administration in 1917–1928

On the basis of published and unpublished documents, the authors explain changes in the social significance and the role of the Soviet law and socialist legal awareness in the Soviet state in the context of transition from revolutionary to socialist legality during the first decade of Soviet power. The negative impact of a low level of legal technique of the first Soviet laws on law enforcement resulted in the need to adopt additional departmental acts to implement them and the widespread use of socialist legal awareness in legal practice. The most multifaceted law enforcement role of the socialist legal consciousness was manifested in the activities of the people’s courts. The law enforcement role analysis made it possible to establish the mutual influence of Soviet laws and socialist legal consciousness. The Soviet law was an authoritative guide to the socialist legal consciousness, which, in turn, became the key to understanding the laws and their application by analogy in conditions of frequent changes in government policy.Using the example of the Soviet legal practice of 1917–1928, the authors conclude that the legal and technical inconsistency of laws leads to the emergence of new regulators and the erasure of the legal limits of discretionary powers of authorities. The authors substantiate that the Soviet government used the socialist legal consciousness to strengthen the mechanism of the Soviet state, to create in its structure a flexible tool for correcting rapidly outdating unsettled legislation.

Resurgence and transformation: the impact of COVID-19 on Myanmar’s tourism industry and future trends

PurposeThis paper analyses the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on Myanmar’s tourism industry, identifying challenges and innovations, and predicting future trends to foster a resilient and sustainable sector.Design/methodology/approachThe study uses a comprehensive analysis of tourism trends, government and private sector responses and changes in tourist behaviour, employing data, case studies and policy reviews.FindingsThe pandemic significantly disrupted Myanmar’s tourism, causing economic losses and shifts towards sustainable, outdoor and cultural experiences. Effective strategies by the government and private sector are aiding recovery and suggesting a more diverse and resilient future.Research limitations/implicationsThe research is limited by the availability of data during the pandemic, highlighting the need for ongoing strategy adaptation.Practical implicationsThe study recommends digitalization, health protocols, domestic tourism focus and sustainable practices for a robust post-pandemic industry.Social implicationsThe study emphasizes the pandemic’s social impact on tourism-dependent communities and the need for inclusive, sustainable tourism practices.Originality/valueItprovides unique insights into COVID-19’s multifaceted impact on Myanmar’s tourism, offering valuable information for future sector strategies.

Identifying the Legitimacy of the Taliban Government and the Resurrection of Peace in Afghanistan

A government’s legality and its recognition need to be tested through the lenses of international law where the government changes through unconstitutional measures. The Taliban’s coming to power in Afghanistan is through unconstitutional and undemocratic means. Its control over Afghanistan raises questions about the fundamental nature of international law, politics, the State’s internal governance, and issues crucial for international peace. These matters although of primary concern, however, compromised to a secondary position as their accomplishment is contingent on peace being restored and guaranteed by the class of people in the ruling hierarchy. Since the Taliban government is not recognised by many States, it puts to test, the international law criteria for recognizing the government of the State. The reluctance shown by the comity of nations in recognizing the government, further raises the related issue of international law, that how the comity of nations can create an inroad for human rights and peace in Afghanistan. The objective to establish peace in Afghanistan, by identifying the legitimacy of the Taliban regime, touches the core aspect of de jure government as recognized by international law and is also a key concern for setting the trust of Afghan people in international law and international institutions. This article sets the premise to know the position of international law, for recognising a government in a State where the change of government is not established by legal measures and therefore not recognised by other nations. Besides, the author attempts to explore the possibilities of setting the foundation and establishing human rights and related objectives for sustainable peace in Afghanistan. The author sets the dialectical discourse, for setting a roadmap to achieve peace in Afghanistan by applying international law provisions through international institutions.

Primary healthcare system and provider responses to the Taliban takeover in Afghanistan

IntroductionExisting health system challenges in Afghanistan were amplified by the Taliban’s August 2021 government takeover during which the country faced an evolving security situation, border closures, banking interruptions, donor funding...

THE RESURGENCE OF MILITARY COUP D’ETATS IN AFRICA: A STEP FORWARD OR BACKWARD IN DEMOCRATIC GOVERNANCE?

This article discusses the resurgence of military coup d’états, in Africa, whether it is backward or forward movement in democratic governance on the continent. Recently there has been an upsurge in UCG in Mali, Burkina Faso, Sudan, Guinea and the latest now is Gabon. This trend is against Article 4(m) (p) of the Constitutive Act of African Union that condemns UCG; and the African Charter on Democracy, Election and Good Governance (ACDEGG), 2007. It is not also a surprise that some citizens of these countries where the unconstitutional change of government has taken place were found jubilating due to maladministration of the constitutionally elected leaders. This article aims at bringing the attention of global leaders to the regressive trend in the democratic progress of certain African nations. Doctrinal methodology is used and the data method is content analyses. The findings of the study show that some citizens of these countries are not enjoying dividends of democracy and that the military itself has not imbibed the dictates of civilian administration or rule on the continent. This paper concludes that the mere suspension of a particular country whose civilian administration has been overthrown is not enough deterrent to other countries in Africa, and stricter penalties is needed to be implemented against such country. It is one of the recommendations of this article that paper condemnation of illegal take over government and the suspension of such a country from AU is not enough deterrent to putsch in the continent.

행정구역 획정원리로서의 공유수면 매립지 경계획정 원리에 관한 일고찰

Interest in the reorganization of administrative districts is increasing due to the plan to promote the incorporation of Gimpo-si, Gyeonggi-do into Seoul Special City, triggered by the leader of the ruling party at the time in October 2023. Changes in the metropolitan local governments to which a basic local government belongs may lead to conflicts of interest between metropolitan local governments so it is highly likely that this situation will not be easily resolved depending on the political situation and will ultimately depend on judicial judgment. Under these circumstances, the confirmation of the constitutional discipline related to the delimitation of administrative districts is worth sufficient consideration from a practical aspect beyond simple theoretical interest.
 As part of the basic process for this work, it is meaningful to examine the position of the Constitutional Court on the demarcation of administrative districts for newly reclaimed lands, where multiple decisions were made in the form of competence dispute adjudication, along with the review on the legal system related to administrative district demarcation. In particular, this study reviews the Constitutional Court’s decision[Constitutional Court 2019.4.11. 2015 Heonra 2] which changed the precedent of considering the maritime boundary of public waters as the boundary of the newly reclaimed lands and demands comprehensive consideration of all circumstances based on the principle of equity. Through this study the legitimacy of the Constitutional Court's position of actively considering the purpose of reclamation and the status of the reclamation entity was confirmed, and the issue of jurisdiction over public waters remaining after reclamation and whether acquisition of prescription for the reclaimed land was also reviewed.
 In conclusion, this study can fully accept the Constitutional Court's position of pursuing equity by reviewing all circumstances related to the demarcation of administrative districts for newly reclaimed lands, but it raises some questions about conceptualizing this as a “principle of equity” and confirms that further discussion is necessary.

TRANSFORMASI DIGITAL : MENINGKATKAN KUALITAS PELAYANAN PUBLIK MELALUI PENERAPAN E – GOVERNMENT DI KANTOR KECAMATAN JABUNG KABUPATEN MALANG

A sub-district is an administrative regional unit in Indonesia which is under the auspices of a district or city. An sub-district head heads the sub-district and divides it into several sub-districts or villages. The implementation of regional autonomyn policies has encouraged changes in the general structure of regional government, including structural, functional and cultural changes. One of the most influential changes relates to the position, authority, duties and responsibilities of a sub-district head. Along with technological advances and referring to Presidential Instruction no. 3 of 2003, E-Government was implemented to ensure the integration of electronic document and information management and processing systems. The focus is on developing a transparent public service system. Jabung District consists of 15 villages and has a population of 78,031 people with a male population of 39,873 while a female population of 38,158 people. This research aims to find out how E-Government is implemented and public service innovations in the Jabung District Office. This research uses descriptive qualitative methods. Data collection was carried out using observation, interviews and documentation techniques. The results of this research indicate that the implementation of E-Government and public service innovation in the Jabung District Office has been running well and in accordance with applicable Standard Operating Procedures (SOP). In implementing E-Government at the Jabung District Office, there are also several things that often make people confused in managing administrative needs, such as the absence of information regarding changes to forms or policies related to direct electronic based government administration or clear information via print or electronic media. so it can be said that it is still not optimal.

An Evolutionary Game Study on Green Technology Innovation of Coal Power Firms under the Dual-Regulatory System

The transformation of Chinese coal power firms is crucial for achieving carbon emission reduction (CER) goals, and promoting green technology innovation (GTI) is the key for the achievement. To examine the interactive mechanism of central and local government regulatory behavior and coal power firms’ GTI behavior under China’s dual-regulatory system, this paper introduces environmental impact coefficients and develops a tripartite evolutionary game model (EGM) from the perspective of CER. The influencing factors and interactive relationships among them are analyzed. Additionally, through numerical simulation, the impacts of changes in central and local government S&P (subsidies and penalties) on the evolution of the system are also obtained. The findings indicate the following: (1) Enhancing the initial willingness can accelerate the system’s attainment of an optimal state. The local government exhibits a slower pace of evolution. Coal power firms are more sensitive to changes in the initial willingness of the central government. (2) The local government is more sensitive to changes in the central government’s S&P intensity rather than changes in the central government’s initial willingness. Low levels of central government S&P and high penalties are ineffective, while high subsidies can lead to a sudden decrease in the local government’s willingness. (3) Local government penalties have a positive correlation with their effectiveness in promoting GTI, whereas high subsidies are ineffective. (4) The separate implementation of subsidies or penalties by either the central or the local government is detrimental to achieving the optimal state. Such an approach renders the fluctuant or negative behavior of the local government and coal power firms.

Research on the Effects of "Belt and Road" Port Investments and Political Risks of Political Parties A Case Study of the Port of Piraeus

Under the promotion of the "Belt and Road" initiative, Chinese enterprises have actively engaged in overseas port investments. During the investment process, Chinese enterprises have encountered party resistance and changes in government. Therefore, the effective response to political risks of political parties directly influences the success or failure of port investments. This paper takes the Port of Piraeus as a case study, first outlining the project's timeline and content and analyzing the investment effects. Subsequently, it expounds on political risks of political parties associated with the project. Finally, it proposes measures to address political risks of political parties, providing insights for China's overseas port investments.

ECOWAS and the challenge of preventing a resurgence of coups d’état in West Africa: An assessment of the ‘Zero Tolerance’ policy

ABSTRACT Since the adoption of the Abuja Declaration of Political Principles (1991) and the Supplementary Protocol on Democracy and Good Governance (2001) by the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS), the regional organisation has declared ‘zero tolerance’ for unconstitutional changes of government, particularly military coups d’état. Despite these declarations, West Africa has continued to experience coups, with a resurgence in the number of these since 2020. This article examines ECOWAS' structures and strategies designed to work against such a resurgence of coups in the region. The article demonstrates that ECOWAS has advanced both diplomatic and non-diplomatic measures to respond to the phenomenon. However, while the regional body has appeared proactive in responding to the coups, it has appeared to have little success thus far; a mix of domestic, regional and international geopolitical factors – which the regional body has failed to address – continues to undermine political stability in the region.

Analysis of the 2024 Taiwan Presidential Election

In the 2024 Taiwan presidential election, Lai Ching-te, the ruling Democratic Progressive Party (DPP) candidate calling for the continuation of the Tsai Ing-wen administration’s line, won the election, while the DPP lost its majority in the legislative elections held at the same time. The opposition Kuomintang (KMT) became the leading party in the Legislative Yuan, and the third largest party, the Taiwan People’s Party (TPP), although a small party, held the casting vote. The election campaign revolved around the pros and cons of “change in government,” and the DPP, already in power for eight years, had an uphill battle. In the end, however, neither of the opposition parties was able to raise expectations higher than those of the DPP. For the next four years, Taiwan’s political landscape is now under a “divided government,” with the Executive Yuan led by the ruling party but the Legislative Yuan dominated by the opposition parties. This situation shows a fine balancing act, but it could also lead to a paralysis of Taiwanese politics. The election results carry a degree of uncertainty.

Ronald Gostick, the Canadian Intelligence Service, and the “Paranoid Style” in Postwar Canada

ABSTRACT This article examines the activities of Ronald Gostick who, in the 1950s and 1960s, was Canada’s leading far-right conspiracy theorist. While active for more than half a century, Gostick rose to prominence in the postwar period, years of great changes in Canadian politics, government, society, and culture. At the far right of political opinion, Gostick had much to say and write about these developments, which he traced to a vast Jewish-led conspiracy to destroy Canadians’ individual freedom and, ultimately, Canada’s supposed Christian heritage. Gostick’s views epitomized what American historian Richard Hofstadter labeled a “paranoid style,” an outlook rooted in conspiracism. What is evident from this study of Gostick’s ideas and activism is that in several areas his extremism differed little from more respectable viewpoints, signifying that the separation between fringe and mainstream opinion is often only a few degrees of difference.

The anatomy of crises in Sub- Saharan Africa economic underdevelopment: A literature review

Political upheaval, economic crisis, corruption and food insecurity are the bane for economic underdevelopment in sub–Saharan Africa; these have caused many lives to face some difficulties and to witness unpalatable experiences. This paper looked into this issue and brought out some factors that likely aggravate the difficulties, crises and insecurity in sub–Saharan Africa especially. A few internal factors that contribute to food insecurity include poor leadership, conflict and subconscious of political administration. It is believed that outside factors contributed in a subtle, occasionally overt manner to the solution of the issue. This paper explained how political crisis, economic crisis, insecurity and food insecurity as a bane of economic underdevelopment of the sub-Saharan African country. The political crisis ranges from an underdeveloped political system, frequent changes in government, political instability, frequent change in government policies, abandonment of economic programs, and banditry and pirate activities at sea. Economic crises such as inflation, debt servicing, bogus foreign exchange regime, infrastructural decay, wrong economic policies are part of the bane of underdevelopment in sub-Saharan Africa. While on Food insecurity, drought, pest and diseases, pandemic outbreak (COVID19), Ukraine crisis/war, storage inadequacy, and seasonality of produce was part of the predicament that hinders development in sub-Saharan Africa. Also, suggestions were made to improve both the political and economic issues regarding food security and the development of sub-Saharan Africa.

The Construction of the Revolutionary Year of 1917: The First Russian Sulphate Pulp Plant

During the First World War in Russia, along with mobilization and evacuation, the construction of industrial enterprises was carried out. The study of this problem will allow us to understand how decisions were made on the construction of new production facilities in the deteriorating socio-economic situation, how the construction was carried out and how it depended on the course of the revolutionary process in the country. Using the example of the joint-stock company of the Nikolay-Pavdinsky mountain district, it is shown how the project of constructing the country’s first sulphate pulp plant was implemented in the Northern Urals. The development of the forest industry in the mountainous district began at the beginning of the 20th century, on the eve of the First World War, a paper mill was built near the Lyalya station, its expansion was planned for several years. The stimulating factor was also the growth of the needs of the population and industry for paper due to the loss of a number of western regions of the empire. The receipt by the joint-stock company of solid revenue in the 1915/1916 operating year allowed it to begin the practical implementation of the project, hoping to put the enterprise into operation in 1918. In the spring of 1917, the firm “A. V. Bolotnikov & Co” began its construction. It was revealed that sometimes conflict situations arose between the contractor and the management of the mountain district. A positive role in their solution was played by the experience of A. V. Bolotnikov and the actions of the district leaders. In autumn, most of the construction work was completed, but the change of government, the sharp deterioration of the transport and financial situation did not allow the company to be equipped.

The Impact of Political Instability on Economic Growth: A Comparative Study Between Gujarat and Bihar From 2010-2020

This research paper investigates the impact of political stability on economic growth by comparing the two Indian states of Gujarat and Bihar from 2010 to 2020. The state of Gujarat is renowned for its advanced infrastructure and business-friendly policies, which have led it to become a major economic hub for India. Conversely Bihar has faced frequent government changes and widespread corruption, hampering its economic development. This study examines the governance models and consequent economic outcomes of both states. The research findings indicate how consistent governance in Gujarat has fostered investment and sustained economic development, while political instability in Bihar has deteriorated economic development. Additionally, international examples such as Singapore's stable political environment and Venezuela's monetary instability were also investigated to provide a broader context for understanding the relationship between political stability and economic growth.

Exploring the Guerrilla Warfare of the National Government Navy Behind Enemy Lines in the Yangtze River Basin during the War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggression

Abstract The guerrilla warfare behind enemy lines of the national government is still a weak link in the study of the history of the war of resistance, and the naval guerrilla warfare on the Yangtze River is even less specifically discussed. This paper first analyzes the change in the national government’s naval operational thinking after the July 7 Incident and up to the Battle of Wuhan and divides the naval operations in the Yangtze River Basin during the period of total war of resistance into four stages. Then, combined with the ontology theory and taking various archives, museums, libraries, and memorial halls as sources, after fusing heterogeneous data, it adopts the relevant writings, notes, diaries, speeches, photographs, objects of the Navy’s Yangtze River Resistance as well as the results of the archive compilation formed later to construct the Navy’s Yangtze River Resistance Archives Knowledge Graph Model. After the reasoning and searching of the knowledge map, it is concluded that in 1938 and 1940, the Yangtze River Bray Guerrilla Group killed 950 and 3020 enemies, respectively, destroyed 20,400 tons and 118,400 tons of warships, strongly supported the Battle of Wuhan and two Battles of Xiangbei, and prevented the Japanese army from invading to the west along the river, and in 1940, it destroyed the Japanese large-scale transports and merchant ships of a total of 58,700 tons, which dealt a heavy blow to the Japanese army on the Yangtze River and the Yangtze River. Heavy blows to the Japanese water transport capacity of the Yangtze River delayed its front and rear troops, weapons, supplies, and transportation plans so that its ability to expand received a major limitation, unable to continue the attack on the Yangtze River west of Wuhan, to defend the safety of Chongqing and Sichuan. This paper makes up for the research gaps in the history of the National Government’s naval resistance and the history of guerrilla battles in the Bray of the Yangtze River Basin and provides a useful exploration of the combination of resistance history research and information technology.