Champion's Health Belief Model Research Articles

PERCEIVED BARRIERS OF CERVICAL CANCER SCREENING AMONG MARRIED WOMEN IN MINGGIR, GODEAN, GAMPING SUB-DISTRICTS, SLEMAN DISTRICT YOGYAKARTA

Abstract Coverage of cervical cancer screening in Indonesia has only reached 5% and cervical cancer in Indonesia is still relatively high. The aimed of this cross-sectional study were to explore perceived barriers of cervical cancer screening and regular screening history among 384 married women in Sleman, Yogyakarta. Data were collected using modified questionnaire items from Champion Health Beliefs Model Scale. Results showed that only 13.8% of respondent have regular screening. Most of respondent in both group Regular and Non-regular/Never had screening perceived that they preferred a female doctor to conduct a screening. Significant association was found between perceived barriers for screening and women’s regular screening history (p-value =0.000). Important barriers reported from this study were male physicians, time-consuming for screening procedure, and embarrassment. Effort to increase screening need to focus on women who have high perceived barriers so that cervical cancer screening’s promotion can be achieved.

Evaluating female nursing students' knowledge and attitudes regarding breast self-examination

ABSTRACTThe purpose of this study was to evaluate female nursing students' knowledge and attitudes regarding breast self-examination (BSE). The sample consisted of 175 nursing students from a university in Cyprus. We collected data via a questionnaire that included the Greek version of the Champion Health Belief Model scale and questions regarding the participants' demographic characteristics. More than half of the participants (58.3%) said that they were knowledgeable about BSE and 29.1% of them had been taught about it during their studies. Nevertheless, 59.9% reported never having performed BSE, while 40.1% had performed it at least once. Only 10.9% of the students performed BSE every month for more than a year. Self-confidence had a positive and significant correlation (0.86) with BSE frequency. Also, we found quite a low level of BSE knowledge and practice levels, and this highlights the need for establishing breast cancer prevention programs.

Determination of the Health Belief and Attitude of Women Regarding Breast Cancer and Breast Self-Exam.

This study has been carried out with the purpose of determining the belief and attitude of women regarding breast cancer and breast self-exam and the factors which affect the performance frequency of breast self-exam and it is a descriptive kind of study. Data has been collected through questionnaire forms created by the researchers based on literature information and Champion Health Belief Model Scale. Data collection was collected via face-to-face interviews with the patients. Questionnaire forms were applied to 350 women who accepted to participate in the study. Data was analyzed frequency, percentage, t-test and x2 test with SPSS for Windows 12.0. Average age of women who were included in the study was found to be 33.25±10.27. Average point for the sensitivity sub-dimension of the women within the scope of study was 7.79±2.38, average score for the seriousness sub-dimension 23.30±5.82, average score for the benefit sub-dimension 15.48±4.03, average score for the obstacle sub-dimension was 26.34±7.64, average score of health motivation sub-dimension was 32.77±9.11 and average score for the self-confidence sub-dimension was 25.20±5.02. The beliefs of women regarding the subject should be developed by providing in-service training regarding breast cancer and breast self-exam. It can be suggested that studies be carried out analyzing the effect of the attempts for increasing the performance frequency of breast self-exam of women on the beliefs and attitudes.

The Effect of Education on the Early Diagnosis of Breast and Cervix Cancer on the Women's Attitudes and Behaviors Regarding Participating in Screening Programs.

The objective of this paper was to define the effect of education on the early diagnosis of breast and cervix cancer on the women's attitudes and behaviors regarding participating in Cancer Early Diagnosis, Screening and Training Centers-CEDSTC screening programs. This semi-experimental study was completed with 342 women. The data were collected with forms "Champion's Health Belief Model Scale Breast Cancer-HBMSBC" and "Health Belief Model Scale for Cervical Cancer and the Pap Smear Test-HBMSCCPST." When the women's health beliefs before and after 6months of the education about the early diagnosis of breast and cervical cancers are considered, it is seen that the HBMSBC subscales health motivation, breast self-examination (BSE), and evasion to mammography (MMG) decreased and BSE self-efficacy and MMG benefit attitudes increased and HBMSCCPST subscales pap smear benefit attitudes increased and evasion to pap smear attitude decreased (p<0.05). Six months after the education, 28.4% of the women had undergone MMG, 69.9% had performed BSE, and 33.6% had undergone a pap smear test. Education regarding early diagnosis of breast and cervix cancer was found to have positive effects on the health behaviors of the women related to BSE, MMG, and pap smear tests. The women require professional education program for increasing their attitudes and behaviors for CEDSTC screening programs. We suggest regularly providing education to increase participation in early screening programs.

Maltese Translation and Adaptation of Champion's Health Belief Model Scale and the Revised Illness Perception Questionnaire for Breast Screening Among Maltese Women.

Translating, adapting, and piloting Champion's Health Belief Model Scale for Mammography Screening (CHBMS-MS) and Revised Illness Perception Questionnaire (IPQ-R) among Maltese women. The Maltese questionnaire (Maltese Breast Screening Questionnaire [MBSQ]) was developed through 9 steps. Bilingual women (n = 15) completed MBSQ at 2 time points. During forward-backward translations (Steps 1-4), 4 English controversial terms were raised. Twelve experts agreed on terminologies during adaptation process (Step 5). Following face validity (n = 6; Step 6), 3 items were deleted. Following reconciliation (Step 7) and proofreading (Step 8), MBSQ consisted of 121 items. Pilot testing (Step 9) showed positive correlation (CHBMS-MS = .87, IPQ-R = .85; p < .001); high Cronbach's alpha (CHBMS-MS = .93, IPQ-R = .92); overall acceptable internal consistency (CHBMS-MS = .69-.83, IPQ-R = .75-.93); and acceptable test-retest reliability correlations: CHBMS-MS (Maltese = .62-.76; English = .61-.84), IPQ-R (Maltese=.63-.82; English = .61-.91; p < .001). Maltese and English scale items demonstrated high reliability and validity preliminary values.

Health Awareness and Practice of Early Breast Cancer Detection: An Intervention Study in a Group of Working Egyptian Women

Abstract: Background: Early breast cancer detection can effectively improve treatment chance, survival and quality of life. Health awareness and screening are the main pillars of early detection. Objectives: To compare the pre- and post-intervention knowledge, attitude and practice regarding breast cancer and its early detection. Methods: This is a pre-post-interventional study carried out on 120 women employees voluntarily participated in the breast cancer screening campaign implemented in Mansoura University. Champion's Health Belief Model (HBM) Scale, knowledge questionnaire and breast self-examination (BSE) observation checklist were applied before and after the intervention. Intervention included a lecture, video and brochure containing information about breast cancer definition, magnitude of the problem, risk factors, early detection, signs and symptoms, screening and BSE. Results: The pre-intervention median scores of general knowledge, BSE knowledge and practice were five, three and zero; respectively. Only the general knowledge score is significantly higher in highly educated employees. These scores increased significantly in the post-intervention. The HBM score was 32.85±7.23 in the pre-intervention and significantly increased to 43.73±5.49 post-intervention. Conclusion: Women had poor knowledge in all domains studied. The intervention is effective in raising awareness of women employees about breast cancer and early detection. It may be used as a template for wide scale application in different settings

PERCEIVED BARRIERS OF CERVICAL CANCER SCREENING AMONG MARRIED WOMEN IN MINGGIR, GODEAN, GAMPING SUB-DISTRICTS, SLEMAN DISTRICT YOGYAKARTA

Abstract Coverage of cervical cancer screening in Indonesia has only reached 5% and cervical cancer in Indonesia is still relatively high. The aimed of this cross-sectional study were to explore perceived barriers of cervical cancer screening and regular screening history among 384 married women in Sleman, Yogyakarta. Data were collected using modified questionnaire items from Champion Health Beliefs Model Scale. Results showed that only 13.8% of respondent have regular screening. Most of respondent in both group Regular and Non-regular/Never had screening perceived that they preferred a female doctor to conduct a screening. Significant association was found between perceived barriers for screening and women’s regular screening history (p-value =0.000). Important barriers reported from this study were male physicians, time-consuming for screening procedure, and embarrassment. Effort to increase screening need to focus on women who have high perceived barriers so that cervical cancer screening’s promotion can be achieved.

Predictors of breast self-examination performance among Jordanian university female students.

Breast cancer is considered one of the main types of cancer among female worldwide and in Jordan also. Early detection of it will improve the prognosis and decrease the mortality rate also. Thus, this study was conducted to assess the predictors of breast self-examination performance among Jordanian university female students. Across-sectional design was utilised in this study. A sample of 100 participants was completed the study survey (The Champion's Health Belief Model Scale). The main results or regression analysis showed that confidence (β=.71, p<.0001) and perceived barriers (β=-.061, p=.0004) were significant predictors of breast self-examination performance. In summary, other variables of Health belief model were found not be significant indicators of BSE performance in this study. However, the HBM is considered a valid framework to assess the predictors of breast self-examination knowledge, attitude, beliefs and barriers among Jordanian college female students.

The Effect of Breast Cancer Fatalism on Breast Cancer Awareness Among Turkish Women.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of breast cancer fatalism and other factors on breast cancer awareness among Turkish women. This cross-sectional and comparative descriptive study was conducted with 894 women. Data were collected by Personal Information Form, Powe Fatalism Inventory and Champion's Health Belief Model Scale. Seriousness, health motivation, BSE benefits and BSE self-efficacy perceptions of the women were moderate, and susceptibility and BSE barriers perceptions were low. It was determined that awareness of breast cancer of the women was affected by breast cancer fatalism, age, education level, employment status, marital status, family type, economic status, social assurance, menopause status, family history of cancer, family history of breast cancer, knowledge on BSE, source of information on BSE, performing of BSE, frequency of BSE performing, having a problem with breast, having a breast examination in hospital, feeling during breast examination by healthcare professional, sex of healthcare professional for breast examination and their health beliefs (p<.05). The results suggested that awareness of breast cancer of the women was affected by breast cancer fatalism. In providing breast cancer early diagnosis behaviors, it is recommended to evaluate fatalism perceptions and health beliefs of the women and to arrange educational programs for this purpose.

The Effect of Testicular Self-Examination Education on Knowledge, Performance, and Health Beliefs of Turkish Men.

Testicular cancer is the most common cancer among young adult men and easily detected at an early stage by periodic testicular self-examination (TSE); however, health care providers seldom teach TSE, thus opportunities for early detection are missed. We aimed to evaluate the efficacy of TSE education on the knowledge, performance, and health beliefs of Turkish young men. This quasi-experimental follow-up research was conducted on 174 male Health Science university students in Turkey. The data was collected by a modified socio-demographic form and questionnaire, and the Turkish version of Champion Health Belief Model Scale which was performed at two stages: before and 3months after education. Before education, 66.2% of the students did not know anything about TSE, and the main reason for not to perform TSE was the lack of knowledge prior to education. The results showed a significant increase in the perceived benefits in terms of TSE after education (p<0.05). Furthermore, a positive improvement in the behavior of the students toward TSE was observed after education. These results indicate that TSE training is effective in young men, but TSE training should be repeated periodically for better efficacy. These results support that health professionals should have a more active role in the training of adult young men in colleges in terms of TSE.

A psychometric examination of an instrument to measure the dimensions of Champion's Health Belief Model Scales for cervical cancer screening in women living with HIV

PurposeThe purpose of this paper was to examine the psychometric properties of Champion's Health Belief Model Scales for cervical cancer and screening among women living with HIV. MethodsA secondary data analysis was conducted using data from an exploratory cross-sectional study with a convenience sample of 300 women living with HIV receiving care at two HIV ambulatory care clinics in Florida. A 39-item adaptation of the Champion's Health Belief Model Scales was administered via paper and pencil. ResultsThe authors used internal consistency measures, confirmatory factor analysis, and ordinal item response theory (IRT) techniques to examine the psychometric properties of the instrument. The 39-item instrument had adequate internal consistency and factor structure. However, the IRT analyses suggested that the instrument could be reduced to 24-items (61.5%), without loss of relevant information. ConclusionA shortened 24-item instrument demonstrated good internal consistency among women living with HIV. Future work should include validating the properties of the reduced instrument in diverse samples of patients and conditions.

Predictors of prostate cancer screening intention among older men in Jordan

ABSTRACTIntention to prostate cancer screening (PCS) is one of the major factors affecting the long‐term success of population‐based PCS programmes. The aim of this study is to explore strong factors linked to intention to PCS among older Jordanian adults using the Health Belief Model (HBM). Data were obtained from Jordanian older adults, aged 40 years and over, who visited a comprehensive health care centre within a ministry of health. A pilot test was conducted to investigate the internal consistency of the Champion Health Belief Model Scale for PCS and the clarity of survey questions. Sample characteristics and rates of participation in PCS were examined using means and frequencies. Important factors associated with intention to PCS were examined using bivariate correlation and standard multiple linear regression analysis. About 13% of the respondents were adherent to PCS over the prior decade. Four out of the seven HBM‐driven factors (perceived susceptibility, benefits and barriers to prostate‐specific antigen (PSA) test, and health motivation) were statistically significant. Those with greater levels of susceptibility, benefits of PSA test and health motivation and lower levels of barriers to PSA testing were having more intention to participate in PCS. Family history, presence of urinary symptoms, age and knowledge about prostate cancer significantly predicted the intention to PCS. Intervention programmes, which lower perceived barriers to PSA testing and increase susceptibility, benefits of PSA testing and health motivation, should be developed and implemented.

Is Health Locus of Control a Modifying Factor in the Health Belief Model for Prediction of Breast Self-Examination?

Breast cancer is one of the most common cancers among women in the world. Early detection is necessary to improve outcomes and decrease related costs. The aim of this study was to assess the predictive power of health locus of control as a modifying factor in the Health Belief Model (HBM) for prediction of breast self-examination. In this cross- sectional study, 400 women selected through the convenience sampling from health centers. Data were collected using part of the Champion's HBM scale (CHBMS), the Health Locus of Control Scale and a self administered questionnaire. For data analysis by SPSS the independent T test, Chi square test, logistic and linear regression modes were appliedl. The results showed that 10.9% of the participants reported performing BSE regularly. Health locus of control did not act as a predictor of BSE as a modifying factor. In this study, perceived self-efficacy was the strongest predictor of BSE performance (Exp (B) =1.863) with direct effect, while awareness had direct and indirect influence. For increasing BSE, improvement of self-efficacy especially in young women and increasing knowledge about cancer is necessary.

Health Beliefs of Midwifery Students at Istanbul University about Breast Cancer and Breast Self-Examination Acknowledgements.

Knowing the attitudes and beliefs of midwifery students toward breast cancer and breast self-examination (BSE) practice may reduce breast cancer-related deaths by increasing breast cancer awareness. This study was conducted to examine the attitudes and beliefs of midwifery students toward breast cancer and the BSE practice. The study was conducted with 160 midwifery students at Istanbul University as a descriptive, cross-sectional study. Data were collected by a part of Champion's Health Belief Model Scale and a self-administered questionnaire. The descriptive characteristics were given as frequencies and percentages. The evaluation was done with Kruskal-Wallis test, a non-parametric test. It has been observed 70.0% among midwifery students have knowledge of breast cancer. 90.0% of midwifery students know about BSE, however only 14.4% among them practice BSE regularly every month. The benefit, barrier and confidence sub-dimension scores were positively associated with BSE practice regularity (p ≤ 0.05). It has been determined that more than half of midwifery students have knowledge about breast cancer and BSE, and that only a fraction of those with knowledge about BSE practice BSE regularly every month. The perceived seriousness of breast cancer and knowledge about breast cancer affect the ability of individuals to perform BSE, initiating BSE and continuing to practice BSE for early diagnosis of breast cancer. The results from the study provide the midwifery students awareness of breast cancer and BSE both for themselves and for the women for whom they take responsibility.

Abstract PD4-02: Health beliefs predict adherence to aromatase inhibitors

Abstract Background: Post-menopausal breast cancer survivors are often prescribed aromatase inhibitors (AIs) to decrease the chance of cancer recurrence. Despite their efficacy, many survivors do not fully adhere to their AI regimen. To improve adherence rates, it is important to understand which patient factors are associated with adherence. Current research has mostly focused on demographic, cancer, and symptom variables, most of which cannot be modified. One relevant factor that may be modifiable is health beliefs, which include perceived susceptibility of cancer recurrence, perceived benefits of treatment, and perceived barriers to treatment. Among breast cancer patients, each of these has been found to be associated with adherence behaviors, such as mammography and tamoxifen adherence. In this study, we explored whether health beliefs also play a role in adherence to AIs. Objective: The purpose of this longitudinal study was to determine whether patients with lower perceived susceptibility to cancer recurrence, higher perceived barriers to taking AIs, and lower perceived benefits of AIs were more likely to non-adhere to their AI regimen. Method: Four hundred and thirty-seven breast cancer survivors who were currently on an AI completed a survey that included the Health Beliefs and Medication Adherence in Breast Cancer (HBMABC) scales (a measure adapted from the Champion Health Belief Model Scales (CHBMS) for Mammography Screening), as well as questions about their demographics and symptoms. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis of the HBMABC yielded a 3-factor solution: perceived susceptibility, perceived benefits, and perceived barriers. Adherence data, including drug holidays (taking breaks from AI treatment) and premature discontinuation (stopping AI treatment early), were collected from physicians' notes in patients' medical charts dating from the day they completed the survey through the end-date of their prescribed AI treatment. Bivariate analyses were conducted to determine variables that were predictive of non-adherence. Variables found to be associated with non-adherence were entered into multiple logistic regression analyses. Results: Eighty-five patients (20.6%) exhibited some form of non-adherence (premature discontinuation, drug holiday, or both). Joint pain severity and the number of years a patient was on an AI at the time of the survey were both associated with non-adherence. After adjusting for these covariates, perceived barriers to AI treatment was significantly associated with non-adherence (OR 1.76, 95% CI: 1.03 – 3.00, p = 0.04). No relationship was found between perceived susceptibility or perceived benefits, and AI adherence. Conclusions: Breast cancer patients on AIs who perceive greater barriers to AI treatment are more likely to non-adhere to their AI regimen. This finding suggests that clinicians can intervene to help modify patients' negative beliefs and ultimately help improve patients' adherence levels. Citation Format: Brier MJ, Stricker CT, Chambless DL, Chen J, Ahluwalia K, Mao JJ. Health beliefs predict adherence to aromatase inhibitors. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Thirty-Eighth Annual CTRC-AACR San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium: 2015 Dec 8-12; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2016;76(4 Suppl):Abstract nr PD4-02.

Assessment of Breast Cancer Risk and Belief in Breast Cancer Screening Among the Primary Healthcare Nurses.

Breast cancer is the most frequently diagnosed cancer in women. Early detection of breast cancer is known to increase survival rates significantly after diagnosis. This research was carried out to determine the level of breast cancer risk among primary healthcare nurses and their belief in breast cancer screening. In this descriptive research, the data were collected in face-to-face interviews with the participants. The researchers contacted all primary healthcare nurses currently working in the province. The data collection tools included a questionnaire form on sociodemographic characteristics, breast cancer risk assessment form, and Champion's Health Belief Model Scale (CHBMS) for breast cancer screening. In data analysis, descriptive statistics, t test, and analysis of variance (ANOVA) were used. The mean age of nurses was 35 ± 3.6. The mean score for the breast cancer risk assessment form was calculated as 82.9 ± 18.7. The subscale scores for the CHBMS for breast cancer screening were as follows: susceptibility 7.3 ± 1.8, seriousness 19.5 ± 4.1, benefits of breast self-exam 15.5 ± 2.6, barriers to breast self-exam 15.1 ± 2.8, self-efficacy 40.3 ± 7.0, and motivation 19.5 ± 4.1. The risk of breast cancer was found to be low in the study group. The analysis of the subscale scores for the CHBMS for breast cancer screening revealed that nurses had a below-average susceptibility perception, a somewhat lower perception of seriousness, an above-average mean score for perceived benefits, a moderate barrier perception, a relatively high perceived self-efficacy, and motivation above average.

Health Beliefs and Breast Cancer Screening Behavior among a Group of Female Health Professionals in Turkey.

The purpose of this study was to identify the health beliefs and breast cancer (BC) screening behavior of a group of female health professionals (FHPs) [physicians, nurses and midwives] in Turkey. This descriptive study was conducted at primary and secondary level healthcare institutions in Central Anatolia, Turkey. The study group included 720 FHPs. Data was collected by a questionnaire and the Turkish version of Champion's Health Belief Model Scales (CHBMS). The mean age of the FHPs was 30.2 years (±6.12 range; 20-50), 8.9 % of them were ≥40 years. The majority (93.9%) of FHPs did not have annual mammography (MMG) or clinical breast examination (CBE) (95.1%); and 42.9% reported to perform breast self-examinations (BSE). None of the physicians reported having a CBE or MMG. The physicians' perception of susceptibility, severity and barriers to screening was lower than the nurses and midwives; however, their perception of benefits, self-efficacy and health motivation was higher. The perception of benefit among nurses, and self-efficacy and perception of health motivation among midwives were lower than those of the physicians. The perception of barriers to screening was highest among nurses. The compliance rate with early detection practices for BC screening was low among FHPs. Health beliefs influenced their behavior on BC screening.

The transtheoretical model, health belief model, and breast cancer screening among Iranian women with a family history of breast cancer.

Background:Participation of Iranian women with a family history of breast cancer in breast cancer screening programs is low. This study evaluates the compliance of women having a family history of breast cancer with clinical breast exam (CBE) according to the stage of transtheoretical model (TTM) and health belief model (HBM).Materials and Methods:In this cross-sectional study, we used Persian version of champion's HBM scale to collect factors associated with TTM stages applied to screening from women over 20 years and older. The obtained data were analyzed by SPSS, using descriptive statistics, Chi-square test, independent t-test, and analysis of covariance.Results:Final sample size was 162 women. Thirty-three percent were in action/maintenance stage. Older women, family history of breast cancer in first-degree relatives, personal history of breast disease, insurance coverage, and a history of breast self-examination were associated with action/maintenance stage. Furthermore, women in action/maintenance stages had significantly fewer perceived barriers in terms of CBE in comparison to women in other stages (P < 0.05). There was no significant difference in other HBM subscales scores between various stages of CBE screening behavior (P > 0.05).Conclusion:The finding indicates that the rate of women in action/maintenance stage of CBE is low. Moreover, results show a strong association between perceived barriers and having a regular CBE. These clarify the necessity of promoting national target programs for breast cancer screening, which should be considered as the first preference for reducing CBE barriers.

Using the health belief model to predict breast self examination among Saudi women.

BackgroundIn the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, breast cancer (BC) usually presents at advanced stages and more frequently in young pre-menopausal women in comparison to western countries. There is controversy surrounding the efficacy of breast self examination (BSE) for early detection of BC in countries where other methods are available. This study aims to explore the perception towards breast cancer and towards BSE among Saudi women, using the Health Belief Model (HBM).MethodsA convenient sample of adult Saudi female employees, working at King Abdulaziz Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (n = 225), and their non-working adult female family members (n = 208), were subjected to the Arabic version of revised Champion’s Health Belief Model Scale (CHBMS) and the Arabic version of Breast Cancer Awareness Measure (CAM), to assess their knowledge and attitude on BC respectively. Percentage mean score (PMS) for each HBM domain was calculated. Significant predictors of BSE practice were identified using logistic regression analysis and significance was considered at p < 0.05.ResultsThe majority of women heard about BSE (91.2 %), only 41.6 % reported ever practicing BSE and 21 % performed it regularly. Reported reasons for not doing BSE were: not knowing how to examine their breast (54.9 %), or untrusting themselves able to do it (24.5 %). Women were less knowledgeable about BC in general, its risk factors, warning signs, nature and screening measures (PMS:54.2 %, 44.5 %, 61.4 %, 53.2 %, 57.6 % respectively). They reported low scores of; perceived susceptibility, seriousness, confidence and barriers (PMS: 44.8 %, 55.6 %, 56.5 % & 41.7 % respectively), and high scores of perceived benefits and motivation (PMS: 73 % & 73.2 % respectively) to perform BSE. Significant predictors of BSE performance were: levels of perceived barriers (p = 0.046) and perceived confidence (p = 0.001) to BSE, overall knowledge on BC (p < 0.001), work status (p = 0.032) and family history of BC (p = 0.011).ConclusionsSaudi women had poor knowledge on BC, reported negative attitude towards BSE and their practice was poor. Working women and those with family history of BC, higher perceived confidence and lower perceived barriers on HBM, and those with high level of knowledge on BC were more likely to perform BSE. Breast awareness as an alternative to BSE needs further investigations. HBM was shown as a valid tool to predict BSE practice among Saudi women.

Predictors of Participation in Prostate Cancer Screening among Older Men in Jordan.

Participation is one of the major factors affecting the long-term success of population-based prostate cancer screening programs. The aim of this study was to explore strong factors linked to participation in prostate cancer screening among older Jordanian adults using the Health Belief Model (HBM). Data were obtained from Jordanian older adults, aged 40 years and over, who visited a comprehensive health care center within the Ministry of Health. A pilot test was conducted to investigate the internal consistency of the the Champion Health Belief Model Scale for prostate cancer screening and the clarity of survey questions. Sample characteristics and rates of participation in prostate cancer screening were examined using means and frequencies. Important factors associated with participation in prostate cancer screening were examined using bivariate correlation and multivariate logistic regression analysis. About 13% of the respondents had adhered to prostate cancer screening guidelines over the previous decade. Four out of the seven HBM-driven factors (perceived susceptibility, benefits and barriers to PSA test, and health motivation) were statistically significant. Those with greater levels of susceptibility, benefits of PSA test and health motivation and lower levels of barriers to PSA testing were more likely to participate in prostate cancer screening. Family history, presence of urinary symptoms, age, and knowledge about prostate cancer significantly predicted the participation in prostate cancer screening. Health professionals should focus more on the four modifiable HBM-related factors to encourage older adults to participate in prostate cancer screening. Intervention programs, which lower perceived barriers to PSA testing and increase susceptibility, benefits of PSA testing and health motivation, should be developed and implemented.