Security Challenges Research Articles

Potential and Challenges of Using Sensing Technology to Support the Eradication of Armed Criminal Groups in Papua

Papua, a resource-rich region in Indonesia, faces significant security challenges due to the presence of armed criminal groups (KKB). The eradication of KKB in this area requires advanced tools, among which sensing technology shows considerable promise. Sensing technologies, including satellites and drones, can offer precise and real-time data crucial for monitoring and responding to KKB activities. However, the effective deployment of these technologies is impeded by Papua's complex geographical terrain, extreme weather conditions, and inadequate infrastructure. This study aims to explore the potential of sensing technology in combating KKB by addressing these specific challenges and proposing strategies to optimize its use. Through a systematic literature review, the research identifies effective sensing methods and highlights the obstacles encountered in similar contexts. Findings suggest that adaptive technology development, increased resilience to weather conditions, and improvements in infrastructure are essential for maximizing the benefits of sensing technology. This research contributes to the development of effective strategies for eradicating KKB and enhancing security in Papua, emphasizing the need for coordinated efforts between government, research institutions, and the private sector to address the region's unique challenges.

The role of APIs in modern software development

Application Programming Interfaces (APIs) play a critical role in modern software development, enabling seamless communication between disparate systems and enhancing the scalability, modularity, and security of applications. This research investigates the impact of APIs on software architecture, focusing on their use in facilitating interoperability across distributed environments. Using a mixed-methods approach, the study combines a literature review, a survey of 50 software developers, and case studies from industry leaders such as Amazon Web Services (AWS), Google, and Facebook. The findings reveal that REST APIs are the most widely used (75%), while GraphQL is gaining popularity for its ability to optimize data retrieval in complex systems. Security challenges, particularly vulnerabilities in REST APIs, were highlighted by 35% of developers, underscoring the need for stronger authentication and encryption methods like OAuth. This study also explores how APIs foster innovation by enabling third-party integrations, driving ecosystem growth in cloud computing and other sectors. The research concludes that while APIs are vital for the future of software development, addressing security risks and improving API management practices will be essential for maximizing their benefits in emerging technologies such as IoT and AI.

Digital watermarking algorithm for QR code based on hybrid PSOGWO optimization

Abstract With the rapid development of digital media, QR codes have become widely used as an important medium for information transmission. However, this also presents serious security challenges, such as frequent image infringement and inevitable compression and scaling issues during data transfer. These challenges directly threaten the effectiveness and integrity of image information, and effective protection measures must be taken. Under this background, digital watermarking technology comes into being as an innovative method to enhance security. This paper presents an innovative Hybrid Particle Swarm Optimization and Gray Wolf optimization (HPG) algorithm, which combines the advantages of PSO and overcomes the limitations of traditional GWO algorithm. The algorithm is further improved by using Bernoulli chaotic mapping and nonlinear convergence factor. The experiments focus on the global and local search balance of the algorithm and its ability to resist repeated scaling attacks. The results show that the nonlinear convergence factor of HPG algorithm slows down the iteration speed at the initial stage, strengthens the global search, and avoids falling into the local optimal. In the later stage, the iteration is accelerated to improve the local search speed and convergence efficiency, thus optimizing the performance of the algorithm and ensuring the safety and quality of image information. In addition, the algorithm has better performance in balancing imperceptibility and robustness of digital watermarking, and its peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR) is higher. Even with many scaling iterations, the normalized correlation (NC) value is still close to 1. Compared with the existing typical algorithms, HPG algorithm is more robust to repeated scaling attacks.

Comprehensive survey on security challenges and solutions in cognitive radio networks

Comprehensive survey on security challenges and solutions in cognitive radio networks

Is Green Energy the Pathway to Sustainability? – An Explanation From the Perspective of Degrowth Theory

The discourse surrounding energy transition is intensifying due to insufficient global energy resources. Nonetheless, given that the capitalist economy prioritizes expansion and growth, it remains uncertain whether green energy solutions can genuinely pave the way towards sustainability and address the challenges of climate change, energy shortages, and food security concerns. Degrowth calls for a radical reorganization of politics and economics to reduce resource, energy consumption. This paper discusses the crisis of capitalism from multiple dimensions. It uses the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) as an approach to explain degrowth and green energy. It also explores green energy in terms of three aspects of sustainable development: the profit-making industry, the high-efficiency paradox, and the re-challenge to the environment. Finally, it discusses the possible pathways for society to solve the global environmental crisis in the context of degrowth. These movements encourage critical thinking about the transition to green energy and offer a feasible pathway to sustainability without relying on growth ideology. This highlights the viability of the degrowth framework as a means to address a range of problems.

Analysis of the determinants of success of maritime security and resilience strategies moderated by risk management and resources multiplier in the Indonesia’s Archipelagic Sea Lane II

Indonesia has ratified United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea 1982 (UNCLOS 1982) through Law No. 17 of 1985 concerning the ratification of the 1982 Law of the Sea Convention, thus binding Indonesia to the rights and obligations to implement the provisions of the 1982 convention, including the establishment of the three Northern-Southern Indonesia’s Archipelagic Sea Lane (ALKI). The existence of the three ALKI routes, including ALKI II, has led to various potential threats. These violations not only cause material losses but, if left unchecked and unresolved, can also affect maritime security stability, both nationally and regionally. The maritime security and resilience challenges in ALKI II have increased with the relocation of the capital, which has become the center of gravity, to East Kalimantan. The research in this article aims to identify and analyze the factors influencing the success of maritime security and resilience strategies in ALKI II. The factors used in this research include conceptual components, physical components, moral components, command and control center capabilities, operational effectiveness, command and control effectiveness, and the moderating variables of resource multiplier management and risk management to achieve maritime security and resilience. This study employed a mixed-method research approach. The factors are modeled using Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) with WarpPLS 8.0 software. Qualitative data analysis used the Soft System Methodology (SSM). The results of the study indicate that the aforementioned factors significantly influence the success of achieving maritime security and resilience in ALKI II.

Cloud Computing Security

Cloud computing has transformed the IT landscape by providing scalable resources and services over the internet. However, this paradigm shift raises important security issues that need to be addressed to ensure data integrity, privacy and availability. This summary provides an overview of the primary security challenges in cloud computing, including data breaches, unauthorized access rights, and shared infrastructure vulnerabilities. It examines the various strategies and technologies used to mitigate these risks, such as encryption, multi-factor authentication and robust monitoring systems. In addition, he examines the role of compliance and standards in improving cloud security. By reviewing the theoretical and practical aspects of cloud security, this summary aims to highlight current efforts and future directions in fortifying cloud computing environments against emerging threats. Keywords — Cloud Computing, scalable, security issues, shared infrastructure, data breaches.

Malware Detection Using Artificial Intelligence: Techniques, Research Issues and Future Directions

Artificial intelligence (AI) is an effective technology used for upgrading the security posture against a variety of security challenges and cyber-attacks that cyber security teams may use. Malware is a software which aims to access a device without the explicit permission of its owner. Forensics investigations report that many organizations have encountered unusual records, collected by their antiviral security monitoring systems. Most of their arrangements skeptically pass a large amount of diplomatic data through various unethical strategies that make malware identification tougher. However, these procedures have varied limitations that call for an unused inquiry about the track. This study explores the complex relationship between malware detection and AI [1]. This paper provides insights into performance evaluation metrics and discusses several research issues that impede the effectiveness of existing techniques. The study also provides recommendations for future research directions and is a valuable resource for researchers and practitioners working in the field of malware detection.

Applications of remote sensing technology in agriculture: A review of contributions to food security challenges and strategies in developing countries

In the agricultural sphere, particularly in developing countries where food security is still a major concern, remote sensing technology has also surfaced as an important tool. In this review, the usages of remote sensing in agricultural areas and its contributions to food security are surveyed; The overall framework is illustrated dynamically by indicating available image platforms that were instrumental for agriculture application paradigms. This research identifies certain areas where some selected case studies and existing literature are reviewed to serve as proof that remote sensing technology has been tremendously impactful. Areas like crop monitoring, yield prediction, or natural resource management have been very well reported by the literature review process adopted. This field analysis of related studies used highly sophisticated RS sensor data. The challenges like data availability, technological limitations, and socio-economic factors have been discussed besides the strategies, for instance, capacity building, policy interventions, and prospects for technological advancements. These results underscore the vitality and adoption of remote sensing technologies in agricultural practices and policies which is the key driver of improved food security in developing countries.

Cybersecurity and defense in intelligent transportation systems

Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) have become increasingly crucial for enhancing transportation networks' efficiency, safety, and security. ITS includes advanced technologies such as electronic sensors, data transmission, and intelligent control technologies, providing better driver and rider services. However, these technologies pose significant security and privacy risks, in which attackers can easily disrupt transportation systems. This paper presents a survey of the challenges with ITS, the engineering requirements, attack challenges, and related work of securing ITS. This survey also discussed the elements of ITS, including advanced traffic management systems, connected and automated vehicles, intelligent infrastructure, and integrated data analytics, as well as the role of government policies, public-private partnerships, and stakeholder engagement. The aim is to look at present security challenges associated with ITS and provide better ways to the system. which is critical for creating smart cities and increasing the importance of individual and public transportation systems.

Exploring the Security Challenges of an E-Voting System (EVS): A Case Study in the Bolgatanga Senior High School

The integration of electronic voting systems (EVS) into electoral processes promises increased efficiency, speed, and transparency. However, this technology also introduces a variety of security challenges that must be addressed to ensure the integrity of the voting process. This study explores the security vulnerabilities of an EVS, focusing on its implementation at Bolgatanga Senior High School (BIGBOSS). Through a case study approach, this research examines the potential threats to the administration of EVS, including issues related to data privacy, system integrity, authentication protocols, and susceptibility to cyber-attacks. A mixed-methods strategy was employed, utilizing surveys, interviews, and system tests to assess both technical vulnerabilities and user experiences. Key findings revealed Potential Voter Manipulation where unauthorized access could allow individuals to cast votes fraudulently; Insider Threats where trusted users exploiting their access could manipulate election outcomes; Weak Authentication; Lack of Robust Verification; Potential Physical Attack where individuals could vandalize machines and Vulnerabilities in Encryption which may expose votes, compromising ballot secrecy. The study recommends the implementation a blockchain-based technology , such as cryptographic techniques, consensus mechanisms, use of biometric verification to ensure the identity of voters as well as the use of digital signatures to verify the authenticity of electronic ballots and ensure that they haven't been altered during transmission, implementation of real-time monitoring of the e-voting system to detect and respond to security threats promptly” and also provide ongoing cybersecurity education and training to election officials, staff, and voters to raise awareness and reduce the risk of human error. These findings contribute to the ongoing discourse on EVS security, providing insights into practical measures for improving the reliability and safety of electronic voting systems in educational institutions and beyond.

Innovative Application of Big Data Technology in New Media Personalized Service

With the rapid development of big data technology, its application in the field of new media is becoming more and more extensive, especially in personalized service shows great potential. This paper discusses in depth the application, challenges and future development of big data technology in new media personalized service. The following conclusions are drawn: (1) Big data technology plays a key role in new media personalized service Big data technology can construct a refined user profile, realize personalized content recommendation, and improve user satisfaction and loyalty by collecting, analyzing and utilizing user behavioral data on new media platforms. (2) Big data technology faces multiple challenges in new media personalized services. Although big data technology shows great potential in new media personalized service, it still faces challenges in data privacy and security, data quality and accuracy, technology update and algorithm optimization, as well as regulatory compliance and ethics. (3) Innovative applications promote the development of big data technology in new media personalized services. With the continuous innovation and application of big data technology, new media personalized services are also developing and improving.

Food security and dietary patterns in the Tajik Pamirs

For mountain regions in the so-called ‘developing world’, an increase in the number of people considered vulnerable to food insecurity has been noted since the turn of the millennium. Challenging environmental settings, as well as difficult societal conditions have been identified as sources of aggravation to mountain food systems. This paper applies a case study approach, conducted in a remote settlement in the Western Pamirs of Tajikistan, to underpin these general insights with detailed accounts of the complexity of the subject under study, and examines the question of how food security plays out in a specific local setting. The goal is to illustrate how socio-ecological conditions influence the food situation in a specific location, how different parameters generate unequal access to food and effect the nutrition patterns of local households, and what dynamics these patterns exhibit over time. Empirical material was analyzed using Cannon’s food systems approach. The findings exemplify how ensuring food security is made more difficult by the concurrence of challenging conditions, that there is a relationship between the socio-economic status and the dietary patterns of individual households, and how consumption patterns are subject to fluctuations over time. Based upon this, I argue that customized strategies are vital in order to tackle food security challenges in specific settings effectively, and that differentiated, empirically grounded analyses are essential to developing such approaches.

The Survival and Medical Dilemma of Rare Disease Patients in the Greater Bay Area

The population of rare disease patients in China faces many difficulties in disease diagnosis and treatment, medical security, economic burden, quality of life, social assistance, employment opportunities, mental health, and other aspects. It is of great significance to identify the common problems faced by this group and try to propose possible solutions, calling on all sectors of society to pay attention to the rare disease minority group, help them solve their survival and security difficulties, and enable more patients to return to society. This paper investigates and addresses the survival and security challenges faced by rare disease minority patients in the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area (GBA) of China. Through a survey of 223 rare disease patients in the Greater Bay Area, the study reveals that these patients face many challenges in diagnosis, treatment, drug access, and economic support. The conclusion emphasizes the necessity of improving diagnostic efficiency, accelerating drug development, and improving the medical insurance system. Thus, it further puts forward practical suggestions.

Unlocking Innovation in Crop Resilience and Productivity: Breakthroughs in Biotechnology and Sustainable Farming

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology and sustainable practices are revolutionizing crop production and resilience, addressing global food security challenges. This review highlights cutting-edge innovations in plant sciences, including genetic engineering, genome editing technologies, and biotechnological interventions that enhance crop resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses. It discusses the integration of precision agriculture and digital farming tools that optimize resource use and boost productivity, providing data-driven insights for better crop management. Additionally, sustainable agricultural practices such as agroecology, organic farming, and integrated pest management are examined for their potential to reduce environmental impact while maintaining high yield. The review investigates the key practices like conservation tillage, crop rotation, and biological pest control, emphasizing their roles in enhancing soil health, biodiversity, and agricultural resilience. Significant contributions of biotechnological interventions, including genetic engineering and genome editing, are explored for developing stress-resistant and high-yield crop varieties. Moreover, the integration of precision agriculture and digital farming technologies is discussed for their potential to optimize resource utilization and improve crop management through advanced data analytics.

Review of Blockchain Technology on Data Security and Privacy: Recommendations for Advancing Tanzania's ICT Sector

The rapid growth of the ICT sector has led to increased global data exchange and innovation opportunities. The increased use of technology has brought about concerns regarding data security and privacy which triggered a rising interest in blockchain technology as a potential solution to security challenges. This research endeavours to comprehensively examine the influence of blockchain on data security and privacy inside and outside Tanzanian, filling the gap that exists. The blended approach was used to analyse blockchain's effects while focusing on ethical considerations. The review emphasizes the benefits of blockchain in enhancing data security, trust, and transparency, along with its various applications. The research highlights blockchain technology's potential to offer robust data protection and improve transparency while identifying the challenges that must be addressed for successful implementation. The study investigates the role of blockchain in securing information systems in global and Tanzanian settings, focusing on sectors such as healthcare, banking, education, and land registration. The study emphasises the significant potential of blockchain technology to impact various industries in Tanzania profoundly. It offers valuable insights for professionals, policymakers, and researchers, highlighting the need to investigate how blockchain can be applied explicitly within different sectors. Additionally, it suggests practical strategies for seamlessly integrating this technology, considering the unique challenges the Tanzanian ICT sector encounters.

Storm surge, seawater flooding, and sea-level rise paradoxically drive fresh surface water expansion

Abstract Coastal storms and sea-level rise are expected to increase seawater flooding in low-elevation coastal zones. High sea levels and seawater flooding can drive groundwater table rise via ocean-aquifer connections. These dynamics are often overlooked but can cause groundwater flooding and salinization hazards, increasing freshwater security challenges for coastal communities and driving ecosystem transgressions. Field data and numerical modeling were used to evaluate how heavy rainfall, storm surge, and seawater flooding and infiltration during Hurricane Fiona (September 2022) and projected sea-level rise impact groundwater levels, inland surface waters, and saltwater intrusion on Sable Island National Park Reserve, Canada. During the passage of Hurricane Fiona, precipitation increased groundwater and pond levels before seawater flooded the beach. Seawater flooding and infiltration caused a sharp rise in beach groundwater levels, which in turn caused inland pond levels to rise without coincident direct inputs from precipitation or seawater. Model simulations reveal that seawater infiltration on beaches flooded the subsurface and drove the observed inland groundwater rise and freshwater pond expansion. Simulations of projected sea-level rise show that seawater flooding will only inundate a small area of land along the coast; however, inland groundwater rise and flooding, which is less well-studied, may inundate up to 30 times more land area. Further, groundwater flooding driven by rising sea levels decreases hydraulic gradients and increases saltwater intrusion via freshwater lens contraction. Findings demonstrate that seawater flooding from coastal storms and sea-level rise paradoxically cause concurrent fresh surface water expansion but freshwater lens contraction. This study provides new insights into the spatiotemporal dynamics of island freshwater resources and highlights that unseen and often overlooked groundwater-surface water exchanges are critical to consider when evaluating coastal flooding and groundwater salinization hazards and management strategies for low-elevation coastlines.

MACRO-ECONOMETRIC ANALYSIS OF INWARD CAPITAL FLOWS: A CASE OF NIGERIA IN TIMES OF SECURITY CHALLENGES

This study used quarterly data for the period of 2014Q1–2021Q2 to investigate the macro-econometric implications of capital flows to Nigeria in the face of security challenges. The ARDL bounds test technique identified the long-run relationships between macroeconomic dynamics, insecurity, and total capital inflows to Nigeria, while the error correction mechanism (ECM) identified the short-run relationships. The Toda-Yamamoto test was used to determine whether the model variables were causally related or not. The findings pointed to a short-term negative relationship between insecurity, exchange rates, lending rates, and inflows of capital, while a positive relationship was found between industrial production capacity, the consumer price index, and the total inflows of capital to Nigeria, with insecurity, exchange rates, the consumer price index, and lending rates being the most significant variables. In the long run, insecurity, lending rate, and consumer price index had no significant impact on inward capital inflows, while exchange rate and industrial production capacity exerted significant impacts on capital inflows. The lending rate had a negative impact on overall inflows of capital, whereas the exchange rate, industrial production capacity, and consumer price index had positive impacts. The exchange rate and industrial production capacity were the most important variables that affected capital inflows. Based on the ECM, it was realized that aggregate inward capital flows were stabilized by a factor of roughly 47.2% per quarter in order to reach long-run equilibrium. The Toda-Yamamoto causality tests indicated that the interactions between macroeconomic variables and insecurity strongly influenced capital flows to Nigeria. The overall findings suggested that promoting macroeconomic stability and combating insecurity could improve the investment climate, encouraging foreign capital flows into Nigeria.

Linguistic Secret Sharing via Ambiguous Token Selection for IoT Security

The proliferation of Internet of Things (IoT) devices has introduced significant security challenges, including weak authentication, insufficient data protection, and firmware vulnerabilities. To address these issues, we propose a linguistic secret sharing scheme tailored for IoT applications. This scheme leverages neural networks to embed private data within texts transmitted by IoT devices, using an ambiguous token selection algorithm that maintains the textual integrity of the cover messages. Our approach eliminates the need to share additional information for accurate data extraction while also enhancing security through a secret sharing mechanism. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed scheme achieves approximately 50% accuracy in detecting steganographic text across two steganalysis networks. Additionally, the generated steganographic text preserves the semantic information of the cover text, evidenced by a BERT score of 0.948. This indicates that the proposed scheme performs well in terms of security.

Maritime security and the inter-agency challenge: The case of Ghana

ABSTRACT Maritime security is a major international concern with the Gulf of Guinea recognised as one of the global hotspots of blue crime, such as piracy, kidnap for ransom, trafficking of narcotics, human and arms, and illegal fishing. The complex and complicated challenge of maritime security, a wicked problem, calls for inter-agency coordination, synergy of efforts and scaling up of responses. Given the complexity of maritime security threats, no single organisation has the institutional muscle to single-handedly deal with it. Drawing on evidence from Ghana, where the arrival of maritime security as a concept triggered a shift from single to a multi-agency approach to dealing with maritime issues, the article examines the potential of and challenges associated with inter-agency coordination. In line with recent international developments, African nations like Ghana aim to apply the concept of inter-agency coordination to tackle maritime insecurity in its waters. The paper assesses how inter-agency coordination could be used in an African maritime security governance context, while examining power imbalance, strife for agency autonomy and other obstacles that have to be addressed to ensure that the promises associated with the concept are fulfilled.