Certain Types Of Economic Activity Research Articles

Health damage caused as a result of adverse environmental impacts: civil compensation mechanisms

The subject of research in this article is the regulations and theoretical ideas about compensation for harm caused to a citizen’s health as a result of adverse environmental impacts. The purpose of the study is to create doctrinal conditions and develop proposals for the development of civil legislation aimed at ensuring compensation for harm caused by damage to health in the environmental sphere. As a result of the study, it was proved that in order to ensure real compensability of harm to health in the environmental sphere, the presumption of environmental danger of certain types of economic activity should be accompanied by the legal establishment of an irrefutable presumption of the origin of physical harm from adverse environmental impacts, based on available knowledge about the causes and symptoms of environmentally caused diseases (medical criterion), whether the victim belongs to a risk group based on living or working in the contaminated area (legal criterion). However, the author does not limit himself to justifying the need to introduce this presumption, but proposes a set of measures for the accompanying development of legislation. It is noted that the irrefutable presumption of the origin of physical harm from adverse environmental impacts must be accompanied by the establishment of an obligation of business entities to create conditions for the implementation of non-tort forms of compensation, alternative to insurance compensation within the framework of liability insurance. In this capacity, agreements on the distribution of risks can act, the terms of which provide for the creation of a quasi-insurance public benefit fund, payments from which will repay obligations to victims in an amount that allows taking into account the loss of ability to do paid work, the need for outside care, etc.

УЧЁТ ОТРАСЛЕВЫХ ОСОБЕННОСТЕЙ ПРИ РЕАЛИЗАЦИИ СТРАТЕГИИ РАЗВИТИЯ ПЕНСИОННОЙ СИСТЕМЫ РОССИЙСКОЙ ФЕДЕРАЦИИ (НА ПРИМЕРЕ СЕЛЬСКОГО ХОЗЯЙСТВА)

The development of the pension system of the Russian Federation is ensured through the implementation of the Strategy adopted for the period until 2030. At the same time, industry characteristics and specifics of individual types of economic activity are not reflected. As part of the implementation of programs for import substitution and ensuring food security, it is extremely important to ensure a decent level of social protection for citizens employed in agriculture. It was revealed that agricultural workers can apply for insurance pensions in the amount of 12,483.98 rubles to 37,216.17 rubles (depending on the insurance period, the category affecting the salary, and the right to a 25% increase in the fixed payment). Currently, the minimum target value limit (2.5) is crossed only by managers of agricultural organizations with at least 30 years of experience. Moreover, in the study period, a reduction in this ratio was revealed from 2.60 to 2.54 (with 30 years of experience) and from 2.94 to 2.86 (with 35 years of experience). In order to solve the identified problems, the author proposes to supplement the Strategy for the Development of the Pension System until 2030 with provisions on the need to bring the average pension to 2.5-3 subsistence minimums, not only for the economy as a whole, but also for certain types of economic activity. It seems possible to reduce the existing gap by establishing a double fixed payment for all agricultural workers, regardless of place of residence. In order to fairly determine the amount of insurance pensions for citizens with a short period of insurance experience, it seems possible to pay an additional fixed payment in proportion to the ratio of the actual insurance experience and 30 years (currently enshrined in law for receiving a 25% premium to the fixed payment).

ESSENTIAL UNDERSTANDING OF THE CONCEPT "BANKING SYSTEM" IN THE CONTEXT OF SYSTEM ANALYSIS AND SECTORAL DIVISION OF THE ECONOMY

The article is devoted to justifying the need to increase the effectiveness of regulations to ensure the financial stability of the banking system by conducting a theoretical analysis of the concepts "banking system" and "banking sector". This presupposes, first of all, a balanced con­sideration of the applied terminology, since the proper theoretical background allows not only to define, but also to describe in detail the scope and directions of the conducted research, to specify its main goal and main tasks. The importance of this research is related to the fact that it is banking activity that significantly affects other components of the economic system, because it determines the coordination of a sig­nificant share of the movement of financial flows between business entities. The reason: in one way or another, researchers have to note the ramifications and volumes of such activities taking into account a single bank or some combination of them, where in particular such concepts as "banking system" and "banking sector" are used. It was found that at the level of such features as the list of institutional elements of the studied groups and taking into account the systemic approach to the combination of individual elements, there are no significant differences between the studied definitions. This allows us to talk about the identity of their content. At the same time, disagreements in the theoretical understanding of the essential content of these concepts according to the criterion of the structural organization of the banking sector and the banking system, their subordination to higher systems regarding the establishment of economic interaction between various economic entities and, accordingly, to the varieties and types of man­agement influences formed - confirm the problem issues related to consideration of banking activity from the point of view of a number of banks or sectoral consideration of certain types of economic activity in general. In particular, the subordination of elements is not clearly defined; the banking system is characterized by an institutional and systemic structure with multiple structural units and connections between them.

Податкові інструменти стимулювання інвестицій в Україні та світі

Introduction. The widespread use of investment tax incentives to attract private investment around the world, and especially in developing countries in the absence of sufficiently convincing evidence of their impact on the volume of investment is an important policy issue for national governments and the international community. Problem Statement. Despite the lack of convincing evidence of the effectiveness of investment tax incentives, Ukraine, like most other countries, does not abandon the practice of using them, which necessitates exploring ways (primarily improving the design features of the incentives and the reasons for the negative consequences of the use of similar incentives in the past) to reduce the risks of their introduction. The purpose of the article is to analyze investment stimulation tools in Ukraine, to determine the possible risks of their application, based on the results of theoretical research and the practice of using similar incentives in EU countries. The methods of comparative analysis, abstract logic, analogies and theoretical generalization are used. Results. Constructive elements of tax and non-tax investment incentives for industrial parks, large investment projects and certain types of economic activity introduced in Ukraine are characterized. A comparative analysis of them with similar incentives in the EU countries was carried out. The author draws conclusions about the risks of their use in Ukraine, which are caused by: rejection of expenditure-based investment tax incentives, such as investment tax allowance or investment tax credit, which are considered to be better than income-based incentives; lack of practice in Ukraine of assessing the effectiveness of the use of investment tax incentives for SEZs and TPRs that were applied in the past, one of the types of which is industrial parks; the use of tax holidays in most preferential regimes introduced in Ukraine – a temporary exemption from corporate income tax, which is considered a particularly poorly thought-out form of investment incentives; reservations about tax incentives for large investment projects, which can lead to abuses and distortions; uncertainty about the possibility of state financial support for investment projects in the period of post-war economic recovery.

Compensation for the Loss of Ability to Labor and other Gainful Activities as an Alternative to Loss of Earnings (Income) Compensation for the Victim in Tort Obligations

The paper is devoted to the problem of determining compensation for the loss of the ability to labor and other gainful activities as an alternative to loss of earnings (income) compensation. The author draws attention to the legal and doctrinal conditions that ensure the recognition of the ability to gainful work as an independent property of the victim’s personality subject to economic assessment regardless of the actual decrease in the victim’s financial well-being. The paper highlights that the speculative nature of the claim of this kind is greatly exaggerated, since only the indicator of depreciation of the ability to gainful work in various forms has the property of uncertainty, and it is necessary to refer to the category of expected earnings (income) only when it is evaluated as a monetary equivalent. Based on the interpretation of the principles of reasonableness and feasibility, the the author concludes that it is critically important to use traditional calculation parameters (the degree of disability and estimated income) that allow providing an economic assessment of the totality of the lost professionally significant qualities of the victim that he could use in the field of gainful employment in different periods of life in the absence of an event of a wrongful act. The paper justifies that, with respect to certain categories of victims (minors, individual entrepreneurs, etc.), the necessary degree of reliability of such parameters can be achieved by referring to official statistical information or summary indicators prepared on its basis (average age of commencement of employment, indicators of profitability of certain types of economic activity, etc.).

Gender wage inequalities in the Eurasian Union countries

Purpose of the research. To analyze the influence of factors determining the wage gap between employees, gender pay ratios in the context of individual types within the country and between countries.Methodology. In the course of the study, index analysis was used using the assortment displacement index, structural shift indices, constant and variable composition indices. Correlation and regression analysis in order to study the relationship within countries and the relationships between countries.Originality / value of the research. The value of the study lies in a new approach (using GDP ratios, at parity and in national currency, to calculate comparable real levels of wages of employees between countries by type of economic activity and by gender), which allows calculating real wage levels.Identification of the relationship that determines the differences in wages between men and women, the ratio of wages between men in different countries. Differences in wage differentiation between certain types of economic activity in the context of individual countries are analyzed.Findings. The results of the study made it possible to obtain real ideas about the level of wages, differentiation between certain types of economic activity and in the gender aspect between countries. Real dependencies and ratios of the formation of women's wages within individual countries, correlations in the levels of differentiation in the gender aspect are revealed.

Regimes of dispositivity in the legal regulation of contractual relations

It has been concluded that there is a need for further differentiation of the dispositivity regimes in the regulation of contractual relations. The contractual relationship "entrepreneur - entrepreneur" requires the highest possible degree of discretionary provisions of the legislation governing these relations, but the freedom of contract in such relations may be limited based on the need to maintain public order, public morality, restrain monopoly, protect third parties from negative externalities arising from certain types of economic activity.
 In the legal regulation of contractual relations between entrepreneurs and consumers, discretion should be applied to a relatively minimal extent. In this regard, the legislator imperatively determines the terms of contracts on which the parties must reach an agreement; regulates sample (exemplary, typical) contracts; imposes pre-contractual obligations on entrepreneurs to fully inform consumers about the properties of products offered for sale; establishes general prohibitions on unfair contractual terms; provides consumers with certain guarantees regarding the conclusion, amendment and termination of contracts, etc.
 The regime of regulation of contractual relations involving individuals who are non-entrepreneurs occupies a middle position between the two above legal regimes and provides for: establishment of a relatively smaller number of legal forms of contracts that may be concluded by citizens; determination of conditions mandatory for the conclusion of contracts in the legislation; consolidation of a general prohibition on unfair contractual terms; establishment of a wider list of contracts subject to notarisation; introduction of judicial control over compliance by the parties with the requirements of the law regarding the validity of contracts, etc. Such a differentiated approach allows establishing the most equitable regime for regulating contractual relations.
 The boundaries of these legal regimes are difficult to fix in legislation in a certain stable state, and must be constantly adjusted by law enforcement practice.

THE CURRENT STATE OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT OF ENTERPRISES IN THE AGRICULTURAL SECTOR (ON THE EXAMPLE OF “KERNEL-TRADE” LLC)

The article is devoted to the analysis of the current state of environmental management of agricultural enterprises (on the example of “Kernel-Trade” LLC). The article analyzes the indicators of development of certain types of economic activity in order to determine the place of agriculture in the economy of Ukraine. Using statistical data, the author assesses the impact of agricultural enterprises on the environment (the use of mineral and organic fertilizers, liming of soils, soil gypsumization, soil treatment with pesticides, etc.) The author assesses the volume of investments and current expenditures in the field of environmental protection of agricultural enterprises in Ukraine. “Kernel-Trade” LLC is considered as one of the strongest players in the agro-industrial market, and its main financial indicators (profit, EBIDTA, social payments, gross income, net debt), its contribution to the achievement of the UN Sustainable Development Goals (namely, contribution to Sustainable Development Goal 6 – clean water and satisfactory sanitation 7 – affordable and clean energy, 12 – responsible production and consumption, 15 – protection and restoration of terrestrial ecosystems, and 17 – partnership for sustainable development) and the environmental management cycle in the field of environmental protection. Based on the analysis of statistical information from the company’s annual report, the volume of CO2 emissions by different types of activities was compared. Using the SWOT analysis, the features of the current state of environmental management of the enterprise are summarized. The scientific novelty and theoretical significance of the article’s results lies in the development of theoretical and methodical provisions for improving the management of enterprise competitiveness through the implementation of environmental management initiatives. Today, the topic of ecology is extremely relevant, since obtaining EU membership requires not only economic and political changes, but also, above all, changes in the sustainable development of the country as a whole. It is through the prism of agriculture that the authors of the article emphasized the need for changes in the approach to enterprise management on the basis of environmental sustainability in Ukraine.

Judicial protection of freedom of entrepreneurship in Ukraine

The article analyzes the competence of the court in the area of protection of freedom of entrepreneurial activity, which is formed from the system of procedural rules of administrative jurisdiction. It is determined that the rules of administrative proceedings have procedural advantages over other judicial jurisdictions, which strengthen the guarantees of the State's implementation of its constitutional obligations in the area of guarantees and protection of freedom of entrepreneurship in Ukraine. Thus, the principle of officialdom obliges the administrative court to be procedurally active, which is necessary to investigate all the factual circumstances of the court case on its own initiative. An administrative court may not refuse to accept a claim and resolve a court case regarding guarantees of freedom of entrepreneurial activity on the grounds of unclear, contradictory or absent legislation, the subject of legal regulation of which is the issue of economic (entrepreneurial) activity. It is stated that national courts, when resolving disputes in the area of ensuring freedom of entrepreneurial activity, have formed a number of legal positions, namely: a business entity is not obliged to provide a license to a regulatory authority if the economic activity it carries out is not subject to licensing; about the existence of discretionary powers of a public authority in the area of granting licenses for certain types of economic activity; ways to resolve the «hierarchical conflict of regulatory legal acts» regarding the conduct of economic activity. In the sphere of ensuring freedom of entrepreneurial activity, a number of problems have also been identified, which are specified in this publication, which requires systematic steps from the state to eliminate them. Key words: freedom and guarantees of entrepreneurial activity, legal positions of the court, public law dispute, constitutional obligations of the state.

Economic and social consequences of the ban on the employment of foreign workers (example of the Central Federal District)

The article for the first time examines the experience of regulating international migration by imposing bans on attracting foreign citizens who work on the basis of patents in certain types of economic activity. The study was conducted on the basis of a comparison of the socio-economic indicators of the regions of the Central Federal District that use this tool (Tver and Voronezh regions), never used it (Moscow) and recently joined the practice (Kaluga region). The statistic for 2014-2022, reflecting the dynamics of external migration flows, the state of internal labor resources and individual sectors of the economy, as well as the level of crime among migrants, is analyzed. Conclusions about the prohibitive practice as a practice, which has little effect on the studied indices of protectionist regions and weakly distinguishes them from the background of other regions, are drawn. The number of issued patents in the Tver region is declining with a slight decrease in international labor migration in general, which indicates a change in the proportion of the foreign labor force in favor of a category, that does not require a patent. The dynamics of the gross regional product indicators for the groups of economic activities forbidden for the employment of foreign citizens coincides with the general upward trend due to an increase in labor productivity in all the subjects under consideration. Crime among foreign citizens in the Tver region before the pandemic was declining with an increase in the number of crimes committed against foreigners, which corresponded to the dynamics in Moscow and in the district as a whole. It seems promising to confirm or refute the obtained conclusions based on the results of studying the indices of all protectionist regions of the Russian Federation, which will improve the methods of forecasting and managing migration processes. It is also noted the need to expand the range of available data by forming a single digital database that makes it possible to trace the process of attracting foreign citizens at control points: medical (passing a medical examination), educational (passing an exam in the Russian language, Russian history and the basics of Russian legislation), financial (payment indicators monthly imputed patent tax).

Prospects for the preservation of hydrophilic zoocenosis under the conditions of the urbanized landscape of Vinnytsia

The formation of a network of protected objects under the conditions of the urbanized landscape is one of the effective measures for implementing the concept of sustainable urban development. The transformation of natural ecosystems within settlements causes significant changes in the structure of zoocenoses: some species disappear from the territory; others are forced to adapt to new conditions. Reducing the level of anthropogenic pressure in the created protected objects due to the limitation of certain types of economic activity will allow preserving the species wealth of fauna even under the conditions of the urban landscape. Work was carried out on the study of the taxonomic wealth of the vertebrate fauna of one of the tracts of the city of Vinnytsia for the further preparation of the scientific justification for the creation of a protected object within its boundaries. To study the seasonal structure of zoocenoses of chordate animals, the tract 'Brigantyna' was chosen, which is located on the left bank of the Sabariv reservoir (Southern Bug river), the mouth of the Tyazhilivka river and the surrounding area. The total area of the studied territory is about 5.1 hectares. Generally accepted methods were used to study the species composition of the chordate animals of the tract. During all seasonal periods of 2020-2022, the seasonal structure and nature of topical connections of representatives of 5 classes of Chordata were studied within the facility: class Actinopterygii, Amphibia, Reptilia, Aves, Mammalia. For the first time, the taxonomic and ecological structure of the zoocenoses of the tract were analyzed, in its species structure representatives were identified, which are subject to protection at the local or global level. Within the studied territory, as a result of the records, the presence of representatives of 99 species of animals of the Chordata type was found: class Actinopterygii (16 species), Amphibia (4 species), Reptilia (4 species), Aves (66 species), Mammalia (9 species). Taxonomically, they are united in 79 genera, 42 families and 21 orders. The vast majority of discovered chordates are typical representatives of the fauna of Eastern Podillia. The creation of a protected object within the surveyed tract will contribute to the preservation of the biological diversity of the urban zoocenosis.

The Assessment of the Clustering potential of the Altai Regional Consumer Union by Certain Types of Economic Activity

The Assessment of the Clustering potential of the Altai Regional Consumer Union by Certain Types of Economic Activity

Using the Sectoral Structure of the Economy to Select Competing Regions (on the Example of the Amur Region)

One of the stages of the statistical study of the competitiveness of a region is the selection of competing regions.Purpose of the study. The purpose of the article is to form a statistical set of regions-competitors based on the sectoral structure of the economy.Materials and methods. As research methods in this article, the method of the main array, factorial, cluster methods, statistical methods are chosen. The statistical data of Rosstat were used for the study. To perform the calculations, the GVA was considered in the structure of Russian National Classifier of Types of Economic Activity2 for 2019. Results. With the help of factor analysis, 19 types of economic activity of the regions were grouped according to similarities and differences. As a result, six factors were formed, each of which collected dependent types of economic activity. The use of cluster analysis made it possible to form groups of regions with a similar sectoral structure of the economy. The study involved 85 regions of the Russian Federation. Cluster analysis made it possible to solve the methodological problem of determining the boundaries of GVA intervals for certain types of economic activity in the selection of competing regions.The paper shows that for the Amur Region, nine regions of the Russian Federation should be considered as competing regions. The regions of this cluster are united by a high share of gross value added by the types of activity “Transportation and storage”, “Public administration”, “Trade”. At the same time, competitors are regions from different federal districts: 70% of the regions of the Far Eastern Federal District, 20% of the Southern Federal District, 10% of the Siberian Federal District. The main results of the study are the following: 1) a high variation of the regions of the Russian Federation in 2019 was revealed by the type of economic activity “Mining” and “Manufacturing”; 2) a grouping of 19 types of economic activity of the regions was carried out using the factor analysis method; 3) a cluster analysis of the regions of the Russian Federation was carried out according to the sectoral structure of gross value added for 2019; five clusters were received. Conclusion. This paper shows that the selection of competing regions must be carried out using the sectoral structure of the region’s economy. Consideration of the region’ specialization is an important requirement of the selection methodology. The advantage of the author’s methodology is its universality, objectivity and reflection of the specialization of the region. As a direction for further research, one should consider determining the specialization of regions using localization coefficients and, on its basis, the formation of a statistical set of competing regions. The presented sample of regions is necessary for assessing their competitiveness.

Opportunities for Improving Financial Provision of Social Insurance Institutions in the Russian Federation

The subject of the research is the analysis of priority directions of improvement of financial provisioning of activity of extra-budgetary funds of the Russian Federation that make up the system of social insurance institutions. The purpose of the study is to develop active and passive opportunities to improve the activities of the institution of social insurance, allowing to increase the level, stability and volume of insurance contributions to extra budgetary funds by improving the quality of the internal financial environment in certain types of economic activity, in particular “Manufacturing”. The relevance of the topic is confirmed by the fact that in recent years, the share of insurance contributions in revenues of social insurance institutions does not exceed 65%, i. e. in terms of the insurance mechanism, the budgets of social insurance institutions are deficit. Therefore, financial and economic solutions are required to improve the financial situation of social insurance institutions and stabilize their activities, including through intensive methods to encourage the activity of contribution payers to increase the rate base and reduce non-payments. The scientific novelty of the study lies in the development of author’s algorithm of forming the financial security program of social insurance institutions, combining active and passive opportunities, including financial instruments of solvency of economic entities. The main methods of the study include the method of content-analysis, tabular and graphical methods, analysis and synthesis as universal methods of scientific knowledge, as well as methods of effectiveness assessment. As a result of the study the basic elements of the program of improvement of financial maintenance of institutes of social insurance, including, in particular, offers on formation of passive possibilities at the expense of realization of measures of financial support from Government of the Russian Federation and active support at the expense of inclusion of actions in branch development strategies. And also recommendations are given on the inclusion of proposed measures in the activities of authorities and adopted sectoral strategies, including on the basis of the distribution of powers between the executive authorities and other interested parties on the basis of normative legal acts.

PROBLEMS OF THE SOCIAL DIALOGUE DEVELOPMENT IN UKRAINE

The economic shock caused by the COVID-19 pandemic and the war situation in certain types of economic activity due to the destruction of the usual communication channels and the stoppage of employment in traditional workplaces contributed to the identification of SD as an essential tool for regulating social and labour relations. This paper examines three groups of factors that hinder the effective development of social dialogue in Ukraine. It was revealed that they are caused by the peculiarities of the business environment, the imperfection of state regulation and the underdevelopment of institutional support. It has been proven that today the question of the formation of representative bodies of subjects of social and labour relations capable of fully representing the collective interests of individual social groups and capable of carrying out a productive civilized social dialogue to resolve the most pressing issues and resolve conflicts remains open. There are given some reasons that negatively affect the process of institutionalization of the parties to the social dialogue (employers and employees) and limit their opportunities, in particular: public disappointment in the efficiency and effectiveness of trade unions, a decrease in the level of trust in them; weak organizational activity regarding attracting new members to the trade union, including due to the lack of an effective trade union information system; centralization and significant politicization of the processes of creation and activity of employers’ associations; inconsistency of legislation, modern challenges, in particular, failure to take into account the real structure of enterprises in terms of size; unformed representation of employers at the level of individual industries and others. The article also argues the need to develop and implement a systematic and effective communication strategy based on digital technologies to expand cooperation and facilitate communications between employers, trade unions, and relevant state bodies to ensure tripartite dialogue.

Assessment of the dynamics of the development of the Russian labor market under the influence of the use of information and communication technologies

The article presents an assessment of the dynamics of the development of the Russian labor market in general and its technological component in particular. The article provides an assessment of the effectiveness of measures taken by the Government to stabilize the situation on the labor market. The authors identified regional differences in the labor market, presented the grouping of the subjects of the Russian Federation by the level of employment. The analysis confirms the hypothesis that significant changes have taken place in the Russian Federation in the scale of the use of information and communication technologies by enterprises and organizations, which, according to the authors, are caused by the complication of the economic situation of enterprises and organizations in certain types of economic activity.

FISCAL ASYMMETRIES OF THE UKRAINIAN ECONOMY IN THE CONTEXT OF ANTI-CRISIS TAX REGULATION

Purpose. The aim of the article is the formulation of proposals for improving taxation of certain branches of the Ukrainian economy in the conditions of martial law and in the process of post-war recovery based on the identification of asymmetries in the tax burden by types of economic activity. Methodology of research. The following general scientific and special methods were used in the research process: analysis, synthesis, induction and deduction - when studying the structure of GDP and tax burden by types of economic activity in Ukraine; description, abstract and logical - when characterizing the directions of reforming the tax system, given in the post-war reconstruction plans of Ukraine; abstraction, description, comparison - to substantiate directions for improvement of taxation of individual branches of the economy of Ukraine. Findings. It was established that the specific weight of certain types of economic activity in the structure of GDP does not always correlate with the share of these types in the structure of tax revenues. This is due to the differentiation of the level of taxation of certain types of economic activity in Ukraine. It is substantiated that, despite large asymmetries in the taxation of certain sectors of the economy in Ukraine, it is impractical to equalize the level of taxation for certain types of activities or sectors of the economy. In the conditions of prolonged martial law and for the period of post-war recovery, it is suggested that in the process of reforming the tax system, the sectoral specifics of Ukraine's economy, the state of functioning of individual industries and the priority of their products should be taken into account. Originality. The directions for improving the taxation of certain industries and types of activity in Ukraine, given in the post-war recovery plans, are supplemented by proposals regarding the taxation of economic entities in the agricultural and construction sectors of the economy and the sphere of wholesale and retail trade. Practical value. The results of the presented research can be used in the process of improving the tax policy of Ukraine in the conditions of martial law and post-war recovery. Key words: taxation of types of economic activity, level of taxation, taxation of agriculture, taxation of construction.

Инновационные точки роста обрабатывающей промышленности региона

The withdrawal of foreign companies from the Russian market has led to the emergence of market niches that can be occupied by domestic manufacturers. Russia’s involvement in global value chains has led to a serious dependence on products from abroad and, as a result, to the degradation of a number of technological industries. With the strengthening of Western sanctions, the prompt replacement of goods that have ceased to be supplied to the country is a priority task for the executive authorities. The policy of import substitution, the implementation of which began in 2014, has been more successful in ensuring the national food security of the country, while high-tech industries are still critically dependent on imported equipment and technologies. Therefore, the identification of points of innovative growth in the regions allows us to identify manufacturing industries whose support will lead to leveling the negative consequences of the shortage of certain products in the domestic market. Until 2022, imports of technologically complex goods from the EU, the USA, and other countries included in the list of “unfriendly” occupied a significant share in the foreign trade of most regions. The regions of the Northwestern Federal District are industrially developed, and the problem of obsolescence of fixed assets was solved mainly through cooperation with foreign companies. Thus, the identification of promising industries capable of producing analogues of these goods is an urgent task for research. The aim of the study is to identify innovative points of growth of the manufacturing industry in the economy of the regions of the Northwestern Federal District of Russia. The article analyzes the structure of the economy of the regions in the District, their industry specialization, including the production of innovative products. The main methods of solving problems in the work are the use of the specialization coefficient for the average number of employees, the coefficient of specialization in the production of innovative products, and the coefficient of use of advanced production technologies. After comparing the indicators of specialization by the number of employees and the production of innovative products, the industries, whose activation can become a driver of the region’s economic growth in the near future, are identified. The region’s specialization in the production of innovative products determines the long-term prospects for its development for stable socio-economic development. In this regard, recommendations are developed for executive authorities to support certain types of economic activity, to activate the transition to the production of products with higher added value and to simplify the procedures for commercialization of the developed technologies. The results of the study are useful for the executive authorities of the region and scientists researching regional development problems.

Методологічні підходи до оцінки впливу процесу цифровізації економіки на попит і пропозицію робочих місць

The publication valuates the changes that are expected regarding the supply and demand of jobs in the national labor market under the conditions of digitalization of the economy. The contradictory forecast data and the reasons that cause them are determined. The necessity and possibility of carrying out forecast estimates of labor force supply and demand according to the scenarios of development of the national economy are substantiated. According to forecast estimates, changes in employment by certain types of economic activity in 2025-2030 according to the inertial and targeted scenarios are computed, the consequences of their implementation and the impact on the supply and demand of labor force are defined. The ratios of the demand and supply of labor force and the employed population in the labor market for 2025 and the excess number of employed population in different scenarios of economic development are determined. It is concluded that if the inertial scenario is implemented without accelerated digitalization, the supply of labor force will be 7% more than demand. With the implementation of modern digital and information-communication technologies, almost 29.1% of the potential supply of labor force may remain outside employment. Subject to significant economic growth, taking into account the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), without accelerated digitalization, the demand and supply of labor force will practically be balanced according to the results of computations. Taking into account the implementation of digital and information-communication technologies, the surplus of labor force among the employed can reach 20.9% of the total supply. It is noted that imbalance in the labor market, which arises under the conditions of the implementation of intensive digitalization processes, along with other social risks in the field of employment, will be accompanied by an increase in the volume of labor migration. Attention is focused on the assumption that without the introduction of modern information and digital technologies, Ukraine can remain on the sidelines of world economic and scientific-technological progress, while under such conditions the implementation of the target scenario will be practically impossible

ОСОБЛИВОСТІ ПРОЕКТНОГО ФІНАНСУВАННЯ ТА ЙОГО ВПЛИВ НА ОРГАНІЗАЦІЙНУ СТРУКТУРУ ПРОЕКТІВ

The article examines the impact of project financing on the development of projects throughout their life cycle in general, and its specific impact on the organizational structure of projects, in particular. Based on the statement that financial planning in projects is an important component of the design phase, while project financing is an integral element of all subsequent phases of the project life cycle, the need to consider the impact of the type of project financing on the model of the organizational structure of projects is substantiated. It is separately substantiated that the type of project financing will determine the general model of the organizational structure of the projects. It is in connection with the identification of such an influence that the essence of project financing is specified in the article and the main types (mechanisms) of project financing are investigated and their strengths and weaknesses are substantiated. On the basis of empirical data, it has been proven that the financing of economic activity in the form of project financing is extremely common in the world economy, and in certain types of economic activity it can be considered a priority form of financing. It has also been proven that the volume of project financing in the world economy is constantly growing, in particular, in the European Union during the last 6 years, such growth amounted to about 100%. Interrelationships between the type of project financing and models of the organizational structure of projects were analyzed, and certain features of the formation of the organizational structure of projects were identified depending on the selected type of project financing. It has been proven that it is the partnership type of project financing under which the SPV (SPE) is created that has the greatest opportunities for representing the interests of project stakeholders precisely during the formation of the organizational structure of project management, and also has the widest range of opportunities for attracting project financing from various sources.