Central Forest-Steppe Research Articles

Globalization of climatic changes in agrocenoses of the central right-bank Forest-Steppe

The results of research of climatic changes in agrocenoses of the central right-bank Forest-Steppe of Ukraine in 1998-2017 are presented. It is shown that the pace and direction of these changes towards the increase in the deficit of moisture supply significantly grew over the last 10 years compared with the previous decade. They were mainly characterized by the decrease in the annual and vegetative amount of precipitation, growth of average annual temperature and a sharp decrease in the value of the hydrothermal coefficient, which significantly extends the zone of insufficient moisture supply.

Nitrogen-carbon circulation in agrocenoses with different fertilization systems

Aim. To compare nitrogen-carbon circulation in organic and intense fertilization system in agrocenosis of a short crop rotation with grain and intertilled crops on podzolic highly-regraded low-humus chernozem in the Central Forest-Steppe of Ukraine. Methods. Summarization of the study results in the permanent fi eld experiment, statistical method, dispersion method, correlation analysis of performance parameters, structures of phytomass, quality and quantity items of carbon and nitrogen balance. Results. In the organic system of fertilization, the removal of N increased to 0.25 units per capacity unit of nitrogen balance, which is 1.47 times higher, and the total loss of N increased 1.1 times (0.31 units per capacity unit of nitrogen balance) regarding the intense system of fertilization, but with lower values of balance items for nitrogen in the agrocenosis. Direct and strong correlation relationships were revealed between the yield of fodder units and the content of organic carbon in the structural components of the total phytomass: with organic carbon in the main products and root mass – R = 0.86–0.88 ± 0.02; R^2 = 0.74–0.77, and with the content of organic carbon in by-products and non- commodity total phytomass the relation to the yield of fodder units was on the level of direct mean correlation: R = 0.58–0.65 ± 0.02; R^2 = 0.34–0.43. The increase in the yield of fodder units is accompanied with the 1.32- fold decrease in the nitrogen balance capacity regarding the intense system of fertilization. Conclusions. It was established that in case of organic system of fertilization the ratio of organic carbon and N in the agrocenosis of a short crop rotation is the most optimal and approximates 30:1, which is the most profi table for humifi cation of by-products and decrease in the intensity of humus mineralization. Balance capacity is a restrictive factor in the circulation of organic carbon and N at the organic fertilization system, as it may considerably concede the balance capacity of organic carbon and N at the intense fertilization system, which had a negative impact on the performance of crop rotation.

Стабілізація кислотно-лужного балансу слабокислих ґрунтів за біологізації вирощування буряків цукрових в умовах Лісостепу України

The purpose. To determine optimum dozes and ways of use of defecate which provide stabilization of acid-alkaline balance of grey forest sub-acidic soil and leached sub-acidic chernozem at biologization of cultivation of sugar beet in conditions of Right-bank and Central Forest-Steppe of Ukraine. Methods. Physical-and-chemical, agrochemical analysis of soil and plants. Results. The most efficient for soil-absorbing complex of grey forest sub-acidic soil were 1,5 dose of CaCO3 on hydrolytic acidity (CaCO3 (9,0 t/hectare in physical weight) with the background of level-by-level entering of organic-mineral fertilizers. Thus it was achieved the maximal neutralization of acidity of soil: parameter pHsalt of soil solution has increased up to 7,2, hydrolytic acidity of soil lowered to 0,42 mg-eq/kg of soil with simultaneous increase of the sum of absorbed bases up to 25,7 mg-eq/kg of soil and degree of saturation with bases to 95,3%. At entering ameliorant under plowing on leached typical sub-acidic chernozem in 1,5 dose of CaCO3 (7,5 t / hectare in physical weight) they fixed increase of pHsalt up to 6,9, that corresponded to neutral degree of acidity of soil. At that dose of ameliorant hydrolytic acidity of soil dropped to 1,50 mg-eq/kg of soil with simultaneous increase of the sum of absorbed bases up to 28,5 mg-eq/kg of soil. Content of mobile links of calcium (CaO) increased up to 175 mg-eq/kg of soil with simultaneous increase of mobile magnesium (MgO) up to 24 mg-eq/kg of soil. Conclusions. Use of defecate on sub-acidic grey forest soil and leached sub-acidic typical chernozem at biologization of cultivation of sugar beet promotes stabilization of acid-alkaline balance of soils.

Multi-environment trials of spring barley genotypes (Hordeum vulgare L.) in the final stage of breeding process

Spring barley genotypes (cultivars and advanced breeding lines) have been tested in three environmental zones of Ukraine (Central Forest-Steppe, Northern Steppe and Polissia). The ANOVA has revealed reliable contributions from all three source of variation: genotype, environment and genotype-environment interaction, but with their different ratio depending on test conditions and studied genotypes. For spring barley cultivars contribution of genotype-environment interaction was 22.55%, but for advanced breeding lines it was only 10.56%. To establish patterns of genotype-environment interaction and genotypes ranking GGE biplot model has been used. Both change in contribution of genotype to total variation depending on environmental conditions and dependence of characteristics of test environments on genotypes studied have been revealed that in general, combination of different ecological and year conditions of trial contributed to identification of the of best genotypes in final stage of breeding work. Spring barley cultivar MIP Bohun and breeding lines Deficiens 5005, Nutans 4855, and Nutans 4941 with optimal combination of yield performance and stability have been selected.

Estimation of 137Cs and 90Sr accumulation in the organism of dairy cows in the radioactive contaminated agro landscapes of the Central Forest-steppe in the remote period of the Chernobyl catastrophe

Because of the Chernobyl catastrophe, almost all the territory of Polissya and a significant part of the Forest-Steppe south of Kyiv suffered radioactive contamination. More than three decades have passed since the Chernobyl accident, but despite the time since the disaster, the problem of radioactive contamination is still very relevant. In radioactive contaminated agro landscapes, plant fodder becomes a source of 137Cs and 90Sr in the body of cows. In the organism of an animal, radionuclides of cesium mainly accumulate in muscle tissue, and strontium in bone and excreted with milk, urine and feces. Milk plays an important role in human nutrition, which necessitates constant monitoring of the radio ecological situation, estimates of the accumulation of 137Cs and 90Sr, and the determination of the laws governing the transition of these radionuclides into products. The aim of the research was to evaluate the supply of 137Cs and 90Sr with feed in the body of dairy cows and the accumulation of these radionuclides in milk and barnyard manure mass in radioactive contaminated agricultural landscapes of the Central Forest Steppe. The research was carried out at LLC "Agro-Leader Ukraine" Ltd. and "Nadiya" Ltd and on the peasants’ plots of Yosypivka, Tarasivka villages of the Bila Tserkva district of the Kyiv region who suffered from the radioactive contamination because of the Chernobyl catastrophe. Samples of soils, fodder, milk and barnyard manure mass for conducting research were selected. The activity of 137Cs and 90Sr was determined at the USM "Gamma Plus U" with the "Progress 2000" software in the laboratory of the Bila Tserkva NAU, department of life safety. The activity of 137Cs was determined by the method of scintillation gamma spectrometry in a Marinelli vessel of volume 1L in native samples or after their physical concentration, and 90Sr – after radiochemical isolation by scintillation beta spectrometry. The results of the studies indicate that the content of 137Cs and 90Sr in feed is directly proportional to the level of soil contamination by these radionuclides. At the same time, the least accumulated 137Cs and 90Sr in the green mass of corn, and most of all in the green mass of alfalfa and oats mixture. The intensity of the accumulation of 90Sr in the green mass of corn is 20 times, the alfalfa – in 1,5-2 times, the use of oatmeal mixture – 4 to 6 times higher than 137Cs. It has been established that the concentration of 137Cs and 90Sr in milk of cows is directly proportional to their activity in the diet. In the daily hopes of milk from cows from the diet 7,6 ± 0,55 % of 137Cs and 1,7 ± 0,42 90Sr passed from their activity in the diet. The coefficient of transition of 137Cs in 1 liter of milk on average was 0.76 % and 0.17 % 90Sr. The activity of 137Cs and 90Sr in milk does not exceed the permissible levels. At the same time, in the milk of households, the activity of 137Cs and 90Sr in the spring-summer period was two to three times higher than that of autumn-winter due to the grazing of cows in natural pastures, where the level of soil contamination is much higher than that of arable lands. The determinants of the formation of 137Cs and 90Sr activity in cow’s milk are the amounts of these radionuclides with feed from the daily ration, which depend on the composition of the diet and the density of soil contamination on which the forage crops are grown. Studies have shown that the main proportion of 137Cs and 90Sr (up to 90 %), coming from plant foods in the body of cows, is converted into a barnyard manure mass. The accumulation coefficient of 137Cs and 90Sr in the cow barnyard manure is 0.87. The barnyard manure mass of cows, when introduced into the soil, becomes a source of secondary soil contamination and promotes the migration and redistribution of 137Cs and 90Sr in agro landscapes. Obtained in radioactive contaminated areas of the barnyard manure mass of cattle must be used only within the farms in which it is produced. Studies have shown that fodder crops can be grown on the radioactive contaminated forest-steppe areas and it is possible to get milk without any restrictions. Key words: agro landscapes,radioactive contaminated areas, radionuclides, 137Cs, 90Sr, grass, dairy cows, milk, cow’s manure, forest-steppe zone.

Migration of 137Cs and 90Sr from black soil into vegetable of the Central part of the Forest-steppe zone of Ukraine

Migration of 137Cs and 90Sr from black soil into vegetable of the Central part of the Forest-steppe zone of Ukraine

Physiological bases of biomass accumulation of willow energy under the conditions of the Central Forest-Steppe

Purpose. To establish the parameters of the main physiological factors influencing the growth and productivity of energy plantations of Salix viminalis varieties depending on the technologies used during their establishment under the conditions of the Central Forest-Steppe of Ukraine. Methods. Experimental energy plantations of willow were created with annual cuttings of clones ‘Tora’ and ‘Ternopilska’, planted in paired rows with a distance of 0,75 m between them and 1,5 and 2,5 m spacings. The density of cutting was 12, 15 and 18 thousand pcs/ha. Soil in the experiment was leached loamy chernozem. Results. At the end of the first year, the survivability of ‘Tora’ plants ranged 88% to 93% and ‘Ternopilska’ 89% to 95%. The average plant height for the first three years in all variants of the experiment was greater in variety ‘Tora’. In particular, at the end of the third year of vegetation, it was 524–604 cm vs. 414–557 cm in the ‘Ternopilska’ variety. In both cultivars, the plants were higher at the 1.5 m spacing. The average diameter of the shoots in all variants of the experiment correlated with plant height and, accordingly, were larger in ‘Tora’. The yield of dry biomass of this variety was 14.8–22.5 t/ha, and of ‘Ternopilska’ 6.2–14.8 t/ha per year. The largest leaf surface of ‘Tora’ variety (46,0 thousand m2/ha) was formed according to the planting scheme 0.75–2.50–0.75 m and the density of 18 thousand plants per hectare, and in the variety ‘Ternopilska’ (40,200 m2/ha), for planting scheme of 0.75–1.50–0.75. Maximum indices of the net productivity of photosynthesis (10.5 g of dry matter per m2 of leaf surface per day) were observed in the ‘Tora’ variety for planting scheme 0.75–1.50–0.75 m and density of plantings of 15 thousand plants per hectare. Conclusions. In the chernothems of the Central Forest-Steppe, the optimal scheme of cutting is the formation of coupled rows with a distance of 0.75 cm between them, 1.5 m spacing and a density of 12–15 thousand pieces/ha. Significantly higher rates of dry biomass productivity – from 14.8 to 22.5 t/ha per year – marked ‘Tora’ variety, while in ‘Ternopilska’ this indicator ranged from 6.2 to 14.8 t/ha per year. The higher productivity of ‘Tora’ variety, compared with ‘Ternopilska’, provided a larger leaf surface (up to 46.0 thousand m2/ha), higher photosynthetic potential (1.75–4.40 million m2∙days/ha), and the net productivity of photosynthesis (up to 10.5 g/m2 per day).

Growth and development of energy willow plantations of different density for the introduction of nitrogen fertilizers on the leached chernozems of the Central Forest-Steppe

Purpose. Determine the optimal density and nitrogen fertilization rates to ensure the intensive growth and high productivity of energy plantations of some willow varieties under the conditions of the Central Forest-Steppe. Methods. The object of the study was the exploration of plantations of two willow varieties ( Salix viminalis L.), namely ‘Tora’ and ‘Ternopilska’, created under the conditions of the northern part of the Central Forest-Steppe of Ukraine in the spring of 2015. Willow twigs of 20 cm were planted in two pairs of rows with a distance between them 0.75 m for two variants of row spacing: 1.50 and 2.50 m. The planting density was 12, 15 and 18 thousand plant/ha. Results. After two years of growing willow, the average height of plants ranged from 339 to 493 cm. After the third year (2017), the height increase was less than the previous year. For planting schemes 0.75×1.50×0.75 m in ‘Tora’ variety, higher plants were in the variant with a planting density of 12 thousand plants/ha (553 cm), and for widths spaced 2.50 m at 18 thousand plants/ha (588 cm). In ‘Ternopilska’ variety, under both planting schemes, plant height was higher at the density of 18,000 plant/ha (452 and 414 cm, respectively). Before the beginning of the fourth vegetation period (2018), three years of the aboveground mass of willow was cut and ammoniac saltpeter was added to the part of the area in the amount of 35 and 70 kg a.i./ha. In both varieties, new coppice formed, which was characterized by a much larger number of shoots per bush, from 4.8 to 6.6 in ‘Tora’ and from 3.5 to 8.8 in ‘Ternopilska’. Their height after the first vegetation period was 398–477 and 283–425 cm respectively, that is approximately at the height of plants after the first two years of vegetation. There was a tendency to reduce the number of shoots in the bush and their height for increasing the density of plantings. The conducted researches indicate the positive influence of the introduction of ammonium nitrate in the norm of 70 kg a.i./ha on plant height and biomass productivity. Conclusions. Among the two used varieties of willow on the leached chernozem of the Central Forest-Steppe of Ukraine, ‘Tora’ variety was marked by more intensive growth and higher productivity. Better planting design for both varieties was 0.75×1.50×0.75 m. Since the density options selected for research yielded roughly identical results, the smaller ones should be considered suitable for use, i.e. 12 and 15 thousand plants per hectare. Used rates of ammonium nitrate, especially N 70 , contributed to the increase in the height of annual voluntary growth and biomass productivity.

Assessment of the radiation safety of the rural population of the Central Forest-Steppe of Ukraine in the remote period after the Chernobyl catastrophe

In Ukraine, as a result of the Chernobyl disaster, 2,218 villages and cities with a population of about 2.4 million residents were in the zone of radioactive contamination. Pollution has undergone almost the entire territory of Polesia and a significant part of the Forest-Steppe. The population living in radioactively contaminated areas receives an additional more natural dose level of external and internal exposure. External irradiation is due to the high content of 137Cs in soils, with the decay of which increases the power of gamma radiation on the ground. Internal exposure is caused by the ingestion of 137Cs and 90Sr during the consumption of food products. The rural population with the consumption of products grown in household plots, receives significantly higher doses of radiation than the city. The activity of 137Cs and 90Sr in milk, meat, potatoes and other vegetable products is grown on the backyards of residents of the villages Osypivka and Tarasivka of the Bila Tserkva district of the Kyiv region, who have been subjected to radioactive contamination due to the Chernobyl disaster. The research results show that milk, meat and vegetable products grown in radioactively contaminated areas of the forest-steppe zone meet the radiation safety criteria for 137Cs and 90Sr. The internal exposure dose of the residents of the Osypivka village with the consumption of food products is 0.065 mSv/year, and that of the Tarasivka village - 0.028 mSv/year. Consumption of milk and potatoes makes the greatest contribution to the dose of internal exposure. The external radiation dose due to pollution of the territory of the settlement of 137Cs residents of the Osypivka village is 0.72 mSv/year, and that of the Tarasivka village – 0.27 mSv/year. The annual effective dose to residents of the Osypivka village – 0.78 mSv/year, and the residents of the Tarasivka village - 0.30 mSv/year, which does not exceed the dose of radiation established by current legislation at 1 mSv/year

Наукові основи адаптивної технології вирощування стевії в Україні

Наукові основи адаптивної технології вирощування стевії в Україні

INFLUENCE OF TECHNOLOGY OF SPRING WHEAT CULTIVATION ON THE SOIL SEED BANK OF WEEDS

The work presents the results of the comparative study of the soil seed bank of weeds at crop cultivation in 2 three-fi eld crop rotations (wheat-wheat-oats and wheat-wheat-cabbage crops) using traditional and No-Till technologies. The research was carried out on leached chernozem of central forest-steppe of Priobskiy agricultural landscape area. Before the stationary experiment was laid in 2008, the soil layer of 0-10 cm contained an average of 31800 weed seeds on 1 m2 , and in the layer of 11-20 cm their number was 21200 pieces. Among the 17 identifi ed species, the redroot amaranth dominated. After the fi rst year of crop vegetation, the weed seed bank has grown by 2.2 times with the traditional technology, and by 1.3 times with No-Till technology. By the beginning of the second crop rotation in 2011 in the soil layer of 0- 10 cm there was about the same number of weed seeds with either technology: 41250±2532 pieces/m2 . At the same time, it was noted that the share of bluegrass weeds increased to 25.5-32% with No-Till technology and up to 34.8-35.5% with the traditional one. After the third crop rotation in 2016, the soil seed bank decreased by 5.7 times compared to 2011 with the traditional technology, and by 8.1 times with No-Till technology. The share of bluegrass weeds increased to 67.8% and 47.8%, respectively. The data obtained confi rm that mechanical tillage, which facilitates embedding weed seeds in the soil, ensures their more active germination, further development and distribution. The absence of mechanical tillage, which excludes contact of weed seeds with the soil, as well as the systematic use of herbicides reduce the weed seeds supply in the soil bank with No-Till technology.

Yield of new spring barley varieties depending on seeding rate and mineral nutrition

Purpose. Establish optimum rates of seed sowing and the level of mineral nutrition in the technology of growing new varieties of spring barley in the Central Forest-Steppe of Ukraine. Methods. In 2016, 2017, the new spring barley varieties of Myronivka breeding MIP Saliut, MIP Azart, and MIP Bohun were studied with seeding rates of 3 and 4 million seeds per hectare on various backgrounds of fertilizing: no fertilizer application (control) and with ANP fertilizer application during presowing cultivation of N30P30K30, N60P60K60, and N90P90K90. Soybean was the predecessor. Agricultural practices were conventional for the zone. Weather conditions of both years of research during the cropping season of spring barley were characterized with increased temperatures. Results. The variety MIP Saliut was characterized with the maximum number of productive stems per 1 m2 (751 ± 19), whereas the MIP Bohun was characterized with the minimum number (650 ± 17). The varieties MIP Azart and MIP Bohun were the most variable in this feature by the years. The maximum mean yield of all varieties was obtained in 2016 at the background of mineral nutrition N60P60K60 and seeding rate of 3 million/ha (7.05 t/ha), in 2017 at the background of mineral nutrition N90P90K90 and seeding rate of 4 million/ha (3.44). The variety MIP Bohun was the most responsive to the minimum dose of nutrition (N30P30K30), the variety MIP Saliut was the least responsive. The spring barley variety MIP Azart has provided the maximum in two years yield on the backgrounds N90P90K90 (5.39 t/ha) and N60P60K60 (5.25 t/ha) with the seeding rate 4 million seeds per hectare. Under conditions of sufficient moisture availability (in 2016) on these backgrounds the maximum yield of the variety was 7.33 and 7.42 t/ha, respectively. Conclusions. It was established that on average, the background of mineral nutrition N60P60K60 is optimum in the Central Forest-steppe of Ukraine for spring barley varieties studied. On this nutrition background, a significant difference between seed rates of 3 and 4 million/ha has not been noted. Therefore, to accelerate seed production of promising varieties,it is possible to use reduced seeding rate to 3 million/ha when applying N60P60K60. The variety MIP Azart was characterized with the maximum crop yield over two years on the backgrounds N60P60K60–N90P90K90 and seeding rate of 4 million/ha.

ГИДРОЛОГИЧЕСКИЕ ИЗМЕНЕНИЯ В РЕГИОНАХ РУССКОЙ РАВНИНЫ В ТЕПЛЫЕ ЭПОХИ ГЕОЛОГИЧЕСКОГО ПРОШЛОГО И СЦЕНАРНОГО БУДУЩЕГО

The features of the Volga and the Don river runoff changes and the water balance of the natural landscapes of the Central forest steppe of the Russian Plain during the Late Holocene Optimum and scenario conditions of global climate warming in the current century were revealed. Paleoclimatic reconstructions based on data of spore and pollen analysis of fossil plants and on calculations carried out on the ensemble of global climate models of PMIP-II program, as well as scenarios of climate warming, performed on an ensemble of global climate models of CMIP3 and CMIP5 programs, were used. Hydrological changes were evaluated on the basis of the monthly water balance and SVAT models. It is shown that the most significant changes of the Volga and Don river runoff are detected in changing the nature of its intra-annual distribution. In studied periods, the notable increase in air temperature against a backdrop of insignificant changes of atmospheric precipitation in Central forest steppe conditions of the Russian Plain does not lead to any significant changes in the water balance components of forest and steppe landscapes in growth season.

Plant genepool of forest-steppe of Ukraine

Goal: To investigate the distribution of and to collect local gene pool accessions of domestic plants and their wild relatives adapted to the forest-steppe of Ukraine and further to select among them accessions with economically and biologically valuable traits with subsequent inclusion in breeding and research programs and preservation in collections of the National Plant Gene Bank of Ukraine. Materials and Methods. Collecting was focused on local accessions of grain legumines, cereals, medicinal plants, vegetables, gourds and spice herbs, wild fodder legumes and cereal grasses and other valuable accessions. The method – a collecting mission. Results and Discussion. In 46 locations, 417 accessions were collected belonging to 164 plant species, of which 76 are domestic and 88 are wild. The accessions are adapted to the central, southern and eastern forest-steppe of Ukraine. 88 herbarium sheets were collected. Nine promising sites were identified for monitoring the status of coenopopulations of valuable and rare forms of forage and medicinal plants, their comprehensive study, preservation and restoration. For Red Book species and species that are not listed in the Red Book of Ukraine, but are rare or endangered in nature, locations for possible foundation of in situ reserves were chosen in the Kirovogradska and Poltavska regions. Based on studies of the collected Althaea officinalis L. material, sources of economically valuable traits were singled out: with increased content of polysaccharides in grass, leaf number per plant, resistance to leaf-eating pests. 478 packages of seed samples and planting units collected by the mission were transferred for in-depth study and use in breeding, research and training programs. Conclusions. The collected 417 accessions of the gene pool of domestic plants and their wild relates belonging to 164 species will help expand the genetic basis of existing collections of genetic resources of field, medicinal and other crops and to build up new ones for breeding, scientific and other programs. Identification of habitats of valuable forms of wild plants will ensure their preservation and restoration. The results of the mission indicate that it is promising to continue missions and surveys and to collect gene pool accessions in this region.

Ecological spring barley strain testing on the final stage of breeding

The paper gives the results of studying promising barley breeding lines during 2015–2017 in various ecological zones of Ukraine, namely, Central Forest-steppe (V.M. Remeslo Myronivka Institute of Wheat of NAAS), Polissya (Nosivka Plant Breeding Experimental Station of the V.M. Remeslo Myronivka Institute of Wheat of NAAS) and Northern Steppe (Kirovohrad State Agricultural Experimental Station of NAAS). Using AMMI and GGE biplot models, breeding lines were ranked according to yield potential and its stability in changing growing conditions. The lines with optimal combination of productivity and stability such as Nutans 4855, Nutans 4941 and Deficiens 5005 were identified. The efficiency of combining ecological testing with statistical-graphical analysis in order to identify genotypes with increased adaptive potential is shown. It is advisable to use this approach on the final stages of breeding work for a more detailed assessment of the lines being candidates for varieties.

Nosovka breeders achievements: winter triticale variety Slavetne

The morpho-biological and agroecological characteristics of the variety of he secondary triticale of winter Slavetne are presented and the elements of agrotechnology of cultivation of this variety in the different soil-climatic conditions of the country are highlighted.Theaimandtasksofthestudy.Tostudythemorpho-biologicalandecologicalpropertiesofthetriticaleofthewintervarietySlavеtneonprogressiveelementsofagrotechnologyofcultivationintheconditionsoftheEasternandCentralPolissia, thetransitionzoneForest-Steppe-PolissiaandtheCentralForest-Steppe.Materialandmethods. Studies on selection and ecological strain testing of the triticale of the Slavetne variety were carried out during 1998–2016. At the Nosov selection and testing station (Chernihiv region), BilaTserkva of the National Agrarian University and the Institute of Agriculture of Polissia of the National Academy of Agrarian Sciencesof Ukraine (Zhytomyr region).Resultsanddiscussion. The ability of the winter triticale variety Slavetne to provide high yields in agroecosystems of the Eastern and Central Polissia, transition zone of Forest-Steppe-Polissia and Central Forest-Steppe of Ukraine is proved. The relatively high ecological stability of the triticale of the winter variety Slavetne to adverse environmental factors, the slow development at the onset of ontogenesis and its timely completion, contribute to a better resistance of plants to pests, pathogens of diseases, more effective use of winter-spring moisture and nutrients of soil. On the basis of the Slavetne variety by means of cross-stratification hybridization and further individual selection, promising lines ПС_1-12, ПС_2-12, ПС_6-12 were created and the frost-free line Slavetnepolipshene.Conclusions. In the conditions of the Eastern and Central Polissya, the transitional zone Forest-Steppe-Polissia and the Central Forest-Steppe of Ukraine, the grade of the triticale of winter wheat Slavetne is characterized as highly productive, high-yielding, resistant to unfavorable biotic and abiotic stresses of the environment

Photosynthetic potential of sugar sorghum under the conditions of the Central Forest-Steppe of Ukraine

Purpose. Identify the peculiarities of the photosynthetic productivity formation of sugar sorghum as affected by row spacing and plant density under the conditions of the Central Forest-Steppe zone of Ukraine.Methods. The materials of the study were sorghum hybrids ‘Dovista’ and ‘Gulliver’ sown at a width between rows of 45 and 70 cm. After the appearance of complete sprouts on experimental sites, various variants of plant density were formed – 150, 200 and 250 thousand per hectare. In the field experiment, leaf area, photosynthetic potential of sugar sorghum (Nichiporovich, 1982) and the dry matter content of plants (Hrytsaienko et al., 2003) were determined.Results. The leaf area of the sugar sorghum, depending on the seeding rate and the width of the row, reached a maximum at the stage of panicle formation. With the increase in the seeding rate from 150 to 250 thousand per hectare, the leaf area increased respectively: in the ‘Dovista’ hybrid from 7.5 to 9.2 thousand m2/ha, in the ‘Guliver’ hybrid from 6.8 to 9.0 thousand m2/ha. The maximum leaf area during the period of grain filling in the ‘Dovista’ hybrid was fixed at the seed rate of 250 thousand per hectare and the width of the row spacings of 70 cm 37 thousand m2/ha; in the hybrid ‘Gulliver’ for the same seeding rate and width of rows of 45 cm this index was 35.9 thousand m2/ha. In the variants with wide rows and seeding rate of 250 thousand per hectare, the photosynthetic potential was 2140 thousand m2/ha × day. In general, during the period of plant growth from thestage of tillering to the mature ripeness, this figure in the ‘Dovista’ hybrid reached 3212 thousand m2/ha×day, in the ‘Guliver’ hybrid 2986 thousand m2/ha×day. The photosynthetic potential of the plants of the hybrid ‘Dovista’ for the sowing rate of 150 thousand pcs / ha in crops with an intermediate row of 45 cm ranged from 98.9 to 2337 thousand m2/ha×days, in the ‘Guliver’ hybrid – from 96.4 to 2242 thousand m2/ha × days, respectively. Indicators of net productivity in plants of sorghum were the highest during the period of tillering – leaf tube formation and reached 26.7 g/m2×day in the ‘Dovista’ hybrid, 20.5 g/m2×day in the ‘Guliver’ hybrid. The maximum accumulation of dry matter was reached at the stage of milk ripeness. The hybrid ‘Dovista’ was found to be more efficient in collecting dry matter per unit area (1341 g/m2); the hybrid ‘Gulliver’ was slightly inferior with 1335 g/m2.Conclusions. The net productivity of photosynthesis in sugar sorghum depends on the growth rate of the leaf area and photosynthetic potential in all growing periods. The utilization of photosynthetic active radiation contributes to the formation of a larger vegetative mass that reaches a maximum at 70-cm row spacing during the period of leaf-tube formation and throwing panicle and gradually decreases during the following stages of growth and development.

Biometrics of grain sorghum as affected by seeding timing

Purpose. Identify the peculiarities of the phenological stages of growth and development and the formation of biometric parameters of grain sorghum hybrids at different seeding timing in the conditions of the Central Forest-Steppe of Ukraine.Methods. The object of the study was the different genotypes of grain sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench.): hybrids ‘Praim’, ‘Lan 59’ and ‘Dniprovskyi 39’ variety. Seed sorghum was seeded in three terms: the first – at the temperature of the soil at the depth of seeding + 10–12 °C; the second + 13–15 °C; the third + 16–18 °C. Seeding rate was 8 kg/ha at the row spacing of 45 cm. The phenological monitoring of the growth and development of sorghum plants was carried out according to the methodology of state varietal testing of agricultural crops (2001).Results Seeding timing significantly affects the flow of phenological stages. At the beginning of the vegetation, the duration of the interstage period of the seeding–sprouts was affected by the temperature regime and the amount of soil moisture at the depth of seeding and decreased at the second and third sowing periods. The increase in this period in the hybrids ‘Lan 59’ and ‘Praim’ and ‘Dniprovskyi 39’ was followed by the first seeding date. The length of the vegetative period of the sprouts – waxy maturity in the hybrids ‘Lan 59’ and ‘Praim’ for the first sowing date was 120–122 days, for the second – 111–129, for the third – 116–121 days; in the ‘Dniprovskyi 39’ variety – 126, 104 and 120 days, respectively. Observations on the growth of grain sorghum in the period of the sprouts – third leaf showed the slow formation of the above – ground mass, especially at the first and third sowing dates. The height of plants for these dates of sowing in the hybrid ‘Lan 59’ was smaller by 0.5–3.2 cm, in the ‘Dniprovskyi 39’ variety – by 1.1–2.3 cm, in the ‘Praim’ hybrid – by 2.2–3.2 cm in comparison with the plants of the second sowing date. The more intense growth of plants is observed during the period of seeding – leaf-tube formation, and the maximum – in the period oftillering – panicle appearance. This is due to the characteristic biological feature of sorghum, i.e. slow growth in the first period of development (before leaf-tube formation).Conclusions. Biometric parameters of sugar sorghum plants depended on both seeding timing and varietal characteristics. The vegetation period of grain sorghum was reduced as affected by the sowing date and the soil moisture reserves. The increase in the air temperature (the third seeding date) influenced the further development of plants at the period of the sprouts – tillering. In the subsequent stages of plant growth and development, the difference between factors of sowing dates and varietal peculiarities varied within one to three days. The plants were most intensively developed in the case of sowing at soil temperature at the depth of seeding + 13–15 °С, their height during the period of waxy maturity was in the hybrids ‘Lan 59’ and ‘Praim’ 124.7 and 115.0 cm respectively, and 105.3 cm in the variety ‘Dniprovskyi 39’. The overall definition of the duration of cultivation of the studied hybrids and variety indicates that under the conditions of the zone of unstable moisture of the Forest–Steppe, sorghum plants react to the conditions of growth and development, in addition, seeding timing is the main agromomical factor of realization biological potential of the crop.

Spring barley integrated testing for yielding and stability

Purpose. To define the regularities of yield level for spring barley varieties in “genotype–environment” interaction when testing in different ecological zones environments of Ukraine and identify genotypes with increased adaptive potential. Methods. As object of the research there were 36 spring barley varieties of domestic and foreign breeding. Varieties were tested at the V. M. Remeslo Myronivka Institute of Wheat of NAAS (MIW) (the Central Forest-Steppe) in 2015–2017, at Nosivka Plant Breeding Experimental Station of the V. M. Remeslo Myronivka Institute of Wheat of NAAS (NPBES) (Polissia) in 2016–2017 and at Kirovohrad State Agricultural Experimental Station of NAAS (KSAES) (the Northern Steppe) in 2016–2017. During three years of the investigation (2015–2017), the results of varieties testing in seven environments have been obtained. Plots with discount area of 10 m2 were laid out with three replications by the method of full randomized blocks, in accordance with conventional methods. Statistical analysis of experimental data was performed using Excel 2010 and Statistica 8.0 software. To interpret visually “genotype-environment” interaction the GGE biplot model was used. Results. The ANOVA of yield data showed reliable contributions into the total variation of environment (64.64%), genotype (14.90%), and their interaction (20.46%). Environmental conditions of MIW in 2016 were characterized with the highest discriminative fineness (informativeness), while KSAES in 2017 were characterized with the lowest one. Environmental conditions of both MIW in 2017 and NPBES in 2016 were the most representative; conditions of KSAES in 2016 were the least representative. The conditions of MIW and KSSGDS in 2016 were the most distant against each other. The GGE biplot “who-won-where” vizualization allowed to divide the environments in two sectors: the first – conditions of MIW 2015–2017 and NPBES 2016–2017, the second – conditions of KSAES 2016–2017. The variety ‘MIP Myrnyi’ had a significant advantage in the first sector, while the variety ‘Skarb’ had it in the second one. The varieties of spring barley ‘MIP Myrnyi’, ‘MIP Bohun’, ‘Talisman Myronivskyi’, ‘MIP Azart’, ‘Dokaz’, ‘Pan’ have been differen­tiated and defined as those with the optimal level of yield in environments being the closest to hypothetical “ideal” genotype of the GGE biplot model. Conclusions. Modelling of integrated variety testing by combining years being contrast in hydrothermal regime and different ecological conditions with interpretation of the investigation results using modern statistical and graphical method contributes to more detailed characterization of the “genotype–environment” interaction, ranking and identifying of prospecting genotypes.

Генетичний контроль маси 1000 зерен у сучасних сортів ячменю ярого

The purpose. To determine selection-genetic features of modern grades of spring barley by mass of 1000 grains in Central Forest-steppe of Ukraine and to secrete genetic sources of increased combining ability for use in hybridization. Methods. Modern grades of domestic and foreign selections are used in crossings by full double-allele scheme (7x7). Analysis of results and interpretation of genetic parameters are carried out according to practical standards (M.A. Fedin, etc., 1980). Results. High values are determined of quotients of heritability both in wide (H2=0,98 — 0,99) and narrow (h2=0,73 — 0,82) comprehension. That testifies to the big contribution of genetic features in phenotypical variability, and mainly additive monitoring of an attribute. Conclusions. Selection-genetic features are determined in the probed genotypes on an attribute «mass of 1000 grains». They allow to forecast efficiency of selections directed on augmentation of an attribute in the framed hybrid material. Efficient genetic sources for increase of weight of 1000 grains in combinational selection are grades Zhana, KWS Aliciana, Virazh.