Central Chernozem Region Of Russia Research Articles

Metropolization process in the rural settlement system of the Central Chernozem region of Russia

The Central Chernozem region of Russia has undergone significant changes in socio-demographic processes over the past half-century. The aim of this study was to establish the impact of metropolization on the demographic transformation of sparsely populated rural settlements for the Central Chernozem region and to develop a demographic forecast for 2030. The study’s goals were to (1) determine the scale of regional metropolises; (2) identify the impact of metropolization on the quantitative indicators of sparsely populated rural settlements; (3) establish trends in their transformation; and (4) compile a medium-term demographic forecast for the Central Chernozem region. The set objectives were achieved by integrating methods for spatial-temporal and comparative geographical analysis, statistical methods, and a combination of official statistics with sociological methods. Analysis of the level of urbanization of the regions in modern conditions (20th and 21st centuries) showed that, although this process was and remained below the national average, it did not prevent the formation of regional metropolises (Belgorod, Stary Oskol, Kursk, Voronezh, Lipetsk, Tambov) as an obvious outcome of urbanization processes. A regional pattern of degradation of the network of rural settlements, mainly the smallest and small in terms of population (1-25, 26-50 people), which make up over one third of all settlements in the Central Chernozem region of Russia, was determined. A stable long-term trend of growth in the number of abandoned villages and hamlets was established. Between the last two All-Russian population censuses (11 years), their number increased by 45%. The forecasting results obtained confirm the established patterns in the medium-term trend of “compression” of rural settlement around regional metropolis (with some exceptions). The medium-term demographic forecast showed that population concentration in metropolitan areas and further socio-demographic desertification in peripheral areas will continue with growing territorial differentiation. The obtained results of the study of the transformation of settlement systems of the Central Chernozem region as a result of the metropolization of regional centers can help government institutions in strategic planning of territorial development.

Monitoring of Chrome and Nickel Contents in Agroecosystems of the Central Chernozem Region of Russia

Monitoring of Chrome and Nickel Contents in Agroecosystems of the Central Chernozem Region of Russia

В поисках легких денег: торговля алкоголем купчихами Центрального Черноземья в конце XIX – начале XX века

At the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries, female merchants in the Central Chernozem region of Russia actively participated in the wine trade, selling a variety of alcoholic beverages including wines, vodka, beer, and honey-based spirits. The author identified 2,342 female merchants who lived in the Voronezh, Kursk, Orel and Tambov provinces during this period, with approximately 5,9 % of them engaged in the wine trade. The majority of them conducted their wine businesses independently, without the assistance of male relatives, and obtained guild and trade certificates in their own names. They operated both wholesale establishments, such as warehouses, and retail outlets like wine shops, grocery stores, and imported wine cellars. Additionally, they sold alcoholic beverages in drinking establishments, inns, and restaurants. After the introduction of the state wine monopoly in Russia in 1894, female merchants competed with state-owned wine shops. The state wine monopoly was gradually introduced across the regions of Russian Empire. It was introduced in the Voronezh and Kursk provinces on July 1, 1900, and in the Orel and Tambov provinces on July 1, 1902. Along with the occupation of the wine trade, female merchants diversified their business activities by engaging in industrial production. They owned distilleries, candle factories, oil mills, textile factories, and flourmills, and were also engaged in usury practices.

The results of the use of mineral fertilizers and sideral crops in crop production. Biological activity of chernozem soils

This article presents the results of field research conducted on the territory of the Central Chernozem region of Russia. The factors of the experiment are mineral fertilizers containing macronutrients (NPK) and the cultivation of a sideral crop (white mustard). The indicators of the biological activity of the soil (typical chernozem) by the method of “decomposition of linen cloth” are considered. It has been established that the highest values of the studied indicator are achieved when sowing a sideral crop without the use of mineral fertilizers. In a soil layer of 0-20 cm, the best result was observed on a corn crop, where the biological activity in this variant is 41.3%. In a soil layer of 20-40 cm, with a similar combination of factors, the highest result was observed on a winter wheat crop (35.4%). The regularity of a decrease in the biological activity of the soil with an increase in the depth of sampling of the analyzed samples is noted.

Agroeconomic Assessment of Technological Methods for Barley Grain Production under the Conditions of the Central Chernozem Region of Russia

Agroeconomic Assessment of Technological Methods for Barley Grain Production under the Conditions of the Central Chernozem Region of Russia

Carcinogenic risk associated with atmospheric air pollution in industrial cities of the Central Chernozem region

Introduction. Industrial cities are characterized by a significant amount of emissions of carcinogenic substances into the atmospheric air. In this regard, for the development of preventive measures, there is needed research to quantify the carcinogenic risk to health.
 The aim of the work was to quantify the carcinogenic risk associated with aerotechnogenic pollution of the cities of the Central Chernozem region including Voronezh, Lipetsk, and Belgorod.
 Materials and methods. Data on the results of monitoring laboratory studies in 2017–2022 were used as initial data. The carcinogenic risk was assessed according to G. 2.1.10.1920–04 “Guidelines for assessing the risk to public health when exposed to chemicals that pollute the environment”.
 Results. Taking into account the available objective data of laboratory control of carcinogens in the atmospheric air of the cities of the Central Chernozem region of Russia, pollutants have been identified whose exposure under standard exposure scenarios causes the level of individual carcinogenic risk to public health above the maximum permissible (1 • 10–4): in Voronezh – 1,3–butadiene (the source of emissions is the production of synthetic rubber) and chromium6+ compounds (the main source of emissions is an aviation plant); in Lipetsk – formaldehyde, at some control points – benzene (the main sources are emissions from metallurgical production and motor transport). Attention should be paid to the need to improve monitoring of the content of carcinogens in the atmospheric air of Belgorod, because in the presence of many sources of pollution, the concentrations of only two carcinogens are controlled.
 Limitations. The limitations of the study are due to the fact that the calculation of individual carcinogenic risks is always inherent in the uncertainties associated with the assessment of exposure and the use of standard formulas for calculating doses of intake into the body.
 Conclusion. To reduce the carcinogenic risk associated with air pollution, a set of measures should be implemented to reduce the intake of carcinogenic pollutants into the atmospheric air, and to implement rational urban planning decisions.

Assessment of the Content of Arsenic and Mercury in the Agroecosystems of the Central Chernozem Region of Russia

Assessment of the Content of Arsenic and Mercury in the Agroecosystems of the Central Chernozem Region of Russia

Agroecological Assessment of Heavy Metals and Arsenic Content in Ordinary Chernozem in the Central Chernozem Region of Russia

Agroecological Assessment of Heavy Metals and Arsenic Content in Ordinary Chernozem in the Central Chernozem Region of Russia

Gender-specific features of associations of polymorphic loci of candidate genes with the formation of peptic ulcer in the population of the Central Chernozem Region of Russia

Introduction. Peptic ulcer of the stomach and duodenum is a chronic recurrent multifactorial disease, the ethiopathogenesis of which is significantly contributed by hereditary predisposition. With this disease, a chronic inflammatory process develops, in which cell adhesion molecules take part. The incidence of peptic ulcer disease (PUD) depends on gender: men get sick 2-7 times more often than women. There are few works on the analysis of gender-specific features of associations of polymorphic loci of candidate genes of YB, therefore, further study of this issue is necessary.Aim: To study the role of two groups of candidate genes of PUD specially selected for the study of 9 polymorphic loci (SNPs): the first – GWAS-significant for peptic ulcer disease (rs2294008 PSCA, rs505922 ABO), the second - genes of cell adhesion molecules pathogenetically significant for the development of PUD (rs6136 SELP; rs8176720, rs2519093, rs507666 ABO; rs651007, rs579459, rs649129 ABO/RF00019), - in the formation of peptic ulcer disease in men and women of the Central Chernozem region of Russia. The sample consisted of 305 men (188 patients, 117 controls) and 441 women (211 patients, 230 controls).Methods. The regulatory potential of SNPs was assessed using Internet resources (HaploReg v4.1, PolyPhen-2, GTEx Portal), the analysis of associations was carried out by the method of logistic regression in the framework of allelic, additive, dominant and recessive genetic models.Results. The allele T rs2294008 of the PSCA gene in the group of men is a protective factor in the development of peptic ulcer disease (OR = 0.39-0.64). This pattern was not revealed in women. The rs2294008 polymorphism of the PSCA gene is located in the regions of histone proteins marking promoters and enhancers in the gastric and esophageal mucosa, in the area of hypersensitivity to DNAse in the stomach, binding sites with the POL2 regulatory protein and the CTCF regulatory motif; it affects the expression of 10 genes, including 4 (LY6K, LYNX1, PSCA, THEM6) in the target organ (stomach), alternative splicing of 3 genes, including 2 genes (JRK, LYNX1) in the tissues of the stomach and esophagus.Conclusions. The T allele of rs2294008 of the PSCA gene in the group of men is a protective factor in the development of ulcer disease. Polymorphism rs2294008 of the PSCA gene affects the expression of ten genes in the target organ (stomach), alternative splicing of three genes, including two genes in the stomach and esophagus tissues.

The role of polymorphic markers of the <i>WWP2</i> and <i>GDF5</i> gene in the progression of gonarthrosis in the population of the Central Chernozem region of Russia

Introduction. Osteoarthritis (OA) is one of the most common diseases of the musculoskeletal system, in the development and progression of which hereditary (genetic) factors play an important role. Aim. To establish the role of polymorphisms of candidate genes rs1060105 and rs56116847 SBNO1, rs6499244 NFAT5, rs34195470 WWP2, rs143384 GDF5 in the progression of knee OA in the population of the Central Chernozem region of Russia. Materials and methods. The sample for the study, including 500 patients with knee OA, was divided into two groups: group 1 – patients with stages 3–4 of the disease according to J. Kellgren – J. Lawrence (n = 325), group 2 – patients with stage 2 (n = 175). The study was carried out in a case-control design. Genotyping of DNA samples was performed using the polymerase chain reaction method of TaqMan probes. The study of associations of polymorphic genetic loci with the progression of gonarthrosis was carried out by the method of logistic regression, taking into account the corrections – age, sex, BMI.Results. The G/G genotype rs34195470 of the WWP2 gene (OR = 0.62, p = 0.029) has a protective role in the progression of the knee OA, the A/G genotype of the same polymorphism is a risk factor for disease progression (OR = 1.65, p = 0.012). Within the framework of the dominant genetic model, significant associations with the progression of gonarthrosis were established for the allele A rs34195470 of the WWP2 gene (OR = 1.61, p = 0.039, pperm = 0.049) and the allele variant G rs143384 of the GDF 5 gene (OR = 0.59, p = 0.024, pperm = 0.024).Conclusion. Genetic risk factors for the development of OA of the knee joint of 3–4 radiographic stages are the allele A and the hepotype A/G rs34195470 of the WWP2 gene. The genotype G/G rs34195470 of the WWP2 gene and the allele G rs143384 of the GDF5 gene are of protective importance in the progression of the disease in the population of the Central Chernozem Region of the Russian Federation.

The role of polymorphism of candidate genes in the development of knee osteoarthritis in men of the Central Chernozem region of Russia

Knee osteoarthritis (OA) is a disease resulting from the interaction of many local and systemic risk factors, among which an important role is played by genetic (hereditary) factors. This disease affects both men and women, but there are certain differences in the development and progression of the disease in different sexes.Aim: To study associations of polymorphic loci of candidate genes with the risk of developing knee ОА in the male population of the Central Chernozem region of Russia.Material and Methods. The study sample included 410 men (208 patients with knee OA and 202 controls). Ten polymorphic loci of candidate genes were genotyped: rs2820436 and rs2820443 LYPLAL1, rs3771501 TGFA, rs11177 GNL3, rs6976 GLT8D1, rs1060105 and rs56116847 SBNO1, rs6499244 NFAT5, rs34195470 WWP2, rs143384 GDF5. The study of associations of polymorphic genetic loci with the development of the disease was carried out by the method of logistic regression, taking into account covariates (age, BMI). The MB-MDR method was used to study intergenic interactions of polymorphisms associated with the disease.Results and Discussion. It was found that nine out of ten polymorphic loci of candidate genes (with the exception of rs6976 GLT8D1) are associated with the formation of knee OA in men in four models of interlocus interactions (pperm ≤ 0.024). The rs3771501 TGFA polymorphic locus (included in three of the four most significant models of gene-gene interactions) demonstrates the greatest contribution to the development of the disease in men. Independent effects of the studied polymorphic loci of candidate genes in the development of knee OA in men have not been identified (р > 0,05).Conclusion. Polymorphic loci rs2820436 and rs2820443 LYPLAL1, rs3771501 TGFA, rs11177 GNL3, rs6976 GLT8D1, rs1060105 and rs56116847 SBNO1, rs6499244 NFAT5, rs34195470 WWP2, rs143384 GDF5 involved in the development of knee osteoarthritis in men in four models of intergenic interactions. Among the studied loci, rs3771501 of the TGFA gene has the greatest contribution to disease susceptibility.

Monitoring of the radionuclides and heavy metals content in the agroecosystems of the forest-steppe zone of the Central Chernozem Region of Russia

The research was carried out as part of the state agroecological monitoring program in the southwestern part of the Central Chernozem region in the Belgorod region. The soil cover of the forest-steppe zone was represented by typical chernozems. All analytical studies were carried out in an accredited testing laboratory according to generally accepted methods. The territory of the region after the accident at the Chernobyl NPP in 1986 was subjected to radioactive pollution. As a result of the studies, it was found that the average gross content of typical heavy metals in arable chernozems forms the following decreasing series (mg/kg): Mn (345) > Zn (36.5) > Cu (13.9) > Pb (10.3) > Co (8.48) > As (4.18) > Cd (0.23) > Hg (0.022). In terms of the content of mobile forms of heavy metals, the pattern is slightly different: Mn (16.7) > Pb (0.40) > Zn (0.39) > Cu (0.09) > Co (0.08) > Cd (0.05). According to the specific activity of radionuclides, they form a series (Bc/kg): 40К (530.2)>232Th (38.1)>226Ra (23.8)>137Cs (17.3). There was no excess of the standards of the approximate permissible and maximum permissible concentrations of the studied elements in the studied arable soils. The availability of arable soils with mobile forms of Zn, Cu and Co is assessed as low, in which microfertilization containing these elements is recommended to increase crop yield. In winter wheat grains, the content of the studied elements and the specific activity of the 137Cs were significantly lower than the maximum permissible levels.

Monitoring of Agroecological Condition of Arable Soils of the Central Chernozem Region of Russia

Based on the analysis of the results of agroecological monitoring, it was found that in the Central Chernozem region (CCR) for 2016–2020, compared with 2001–2005, there was a significant increase in the use of mineral fertilizers (1.8–7.8 times) and the volume of chemical soil reclamation (2.3–43.9 times). The highest level of application of mineral fertilizers (156 kg/ha) was achieved in the Kursk region, organic fertilizers (8.83 t/ha) and liming of acidic soils (65.9 thousand hectares per year) – in the Belgorod region. The minimum level of mineral fertilizers (88.1 kg/ha) and liming (13.0 thousand ha) was registered in Voronezh, and the use of organic fertilizers (0.24 t/ha) – in the Tambov regions. Over the same years, the yield of grain and leguminous crops increased by 1.51–2.19 times. The maximum yield was achieved in Kursk (4.95 t/ha) and Belgorod (4.87 t/ha) regions, the minimum – in Tambov (3.67 t/ha) and Voronezh (3.62 t/ha). As of 01.01.2021, the most significant increase in the provision of soils with organic matter, mobile forms of P2O5 and K2O, a decrease in the proportion of acidic soils was noted in the Belgorod region. In arable soils of the Tambov region the maximum weighted average content of organic matter (6.5%) was recorded, the minimum (4.7%) was noted in the Kursk region. The highest content of mobile forms of P2O5 (143 mg/kg) and K2O (169 mg/kg) was observed in the soils of Belgorod, the lowest (respectively 88 and 106 mg/kg) – in the Tambov regions. The highest proportion of acidic soils (77.9%) was recorded in the soils of arable land in the Lipetsk region, while in the Belgorod and Voronezh regions it was 31.0%. Arable soils of the region are mainly characterized by low availability of mobile forms of zinc, copper and cobalt. The highest proportion of soils with low availability of mobile forms of sulfur (95.1%) and manganese (88.3%) was noted in the Tambov region, the lowest – respectively in the Voronezh (74.7%) and Lipetsk (3.1%) regions.

Associations of Polymorphic Loci of Matrix Metalloproteinase Genes with the Development of Breast Cancer in Women Central Chernozem Region of Russia

The association of polymorphic variants of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) genes with breast cancer (BC) in women of the Central Chernozem region of Russia, taking into account the presence/absence of a burdened family history, was studied. The study included 358 patients with breast cancer (68 patients had a burdened family history) and 746 women of the control group. Genotyping of 10 polymorphic loci of MMP genes (rs1799750 MMP1; rs243865 MMP2; rs679620 MMP3; rs1940475 MMP8; rs17576, rs17577, rs3918242, rs2250889, rs3787268, rs3918249 MMP9) was performed. To study the associations of polymorphic variants of MMP genes with breast cancer in two subgroups, taking into account the presence/absence of a burdened family history (the control group for these two subgroups was the same), the method of logistic regression analysis was used. It was revealed that a low risk of developing the disease among women with a burdened family history is associated with polymorphisms rs243865 MMP2 (OR = 0.53–0.54, pperm ≤ 0.03) and rs2250889 MMP9 (OR = 0.36–0.37, pperm ≤ 0.04). In women without burdened heredity, an increased risk of developing breast cancer is associated with rs3787268 MMP9 (OR = 2.16, pperm = 0.03) and haplotypes of polymorphic loci of the MMP9 gene (pperm ≤ 0.05): CA rs3918249–rs17576 (OR = 2.15), CCA rs3918242–rs3918249–rs17576 (OR = 1.69), CCAG rs3918242–rs3918249–rs17576–rs3787268 (OR = 1.69), CAGCG rs3918249–rs17576–rs3787268–rs2250889–rs17577 (OR = 3.06). Three haplotypes are associated with a low risk of breast cancer in women without burdened heredity: GG rs17576–rs3787268 (OR = 0.60), GGC rs17576–rs3787268–rs2250889 (OR = 0.63), and CGG rs3918249–rs17576–rs3787268 (OR = 0.62).

Реконструкция пространства верований и воспроизводство традиционной культуры на фоне социальных трансформаций в России: на примере строительства православного храма в деревне Центрально-Черноземного региона

Using the ethnographic method of anthropology, this article presents the characteristics of social transformations in Russia based on field research data in a separate village of the Central Chernozem region of Russia. In the course of social transformations since the 1980s, there has been a revival of religious beliefs and traditional culture in Russia, which is manifested in the reconstruction and construction of Orthodox churches. In the villages of the Chernozem region, the process of recreating the Orthodox Church began. Behind the reconstruction of this space of beliefs and the reproduction of traditional culture is the regulation of state/society relations and official/popular relations in a transitional society, the establishment of social order and the realization of social unity, and, consequently, the choice of the way to create and develop a system of state and national identity.

Polymorphism of LYPLAL1 and TGFA Genes Associated With Progression of Knee Osteoarthritis in Residents Central Chernozem Region of Russia

Background. Кnee osteoarthritis (OA) is a multifactorial disease in which genetic factors play an important role. The share of the hereditary component in the development of OA, according to various literature sources, ranges from 40 to 65%. Кnee OA is a progressive disease that leads to a decrease in the quality of life and disability.
 The study aimed to evaluate the role of polymorphic markers of candidate genes rs2820436 and rs2820443 LYPLAL1, rs3771501 TGFA, rs11177 GNL3, rs6976 GLT8D1 in the progression of knee OA in the population of the Central Chernozem Region of Russia.
 Methods. The study was performed in a case-control design on a sample of 500 patients with knee OA. Case patients with III-IV stages of the disease according to KellgrenLawrence (n = 325), control (individuals who do not have the analyzed sign III-IV stages of the disease) patients with stage II (n = 175). Genotyping of five single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of candidate genes was performed using the polymerase chain reaction method for DNA synthesis. The study of the associations of the studied polymorphic loci, the calculation of haplotype frequencies and the analysis of their relationship with the progression of knee OA was carried out by the method of logistic regression in the program PLINK v 2.050.
 Results. Significant associations with the progression of OA of the knee were established for allelic variant A rs2820436 of LYPLAL1 gene according to allelic (OR = 1.48, p = 0.010, pperm = 0.012), additive (OR = 1.58, p = 0.009, pperm = 0.010), dominant (OR = 1.61, p = 0.024, pperm = 0.030) genetic models and A/A genotype of the same polymorphism (OR = 2.53, p = 0.041). The genotypes C/C rs2820436 LYPLAL1 (OR = 0.67, p = 0.043), A/G rs3771501 TGFA (OR = 0.67, p = 0.042) have a protective role in the progression of the disease. It was found that the frequency of the AC haplotype of haploblock rs2820436-rs2820443 in the group of patients with III-IV stages of the disease was significantly higher than in patients with stage II (OR = 1.83, p = 0.002, pperm = 0.002). The identified molecular genetic markers rs2820436 and rs2820443 of LYPLAL1 gene, rs3771501 of TGFA gene are associated both with the risk of developing OA according to previous genome-wide studies and, according to our data, are associated with the progression of knee OA.
 Conclusions. Genetic risk factors for the development of knee OA of III-IV radiological stages are allelic variant A and genotype A/A rs2820436 of LYPLAL1 gene, haplotype AC of haploblock rs2820436-rs2820443 in the population of the Central Chernozem Region of Russia. Genotypes C/C rs2820436 of LYPLAL1 gene and A/G rs3771501 of TGFA gene have a protective value in the progression of this disease.

Festulolium plant yield, nutritive and energy value depending on its variety

The presented research is the first to study the fodder productivity, nutritive and energy value of new varieties of Festulolium of different morphotypes in the conditions of the forest-steppe of the Central Chernozem Region of Russia. In the green mass of the studied varieties crude protein content was quite low ranging from 6.2 to 9.7%, which was 1.4-2.3 times lower than required by zootechnical norms for cattle feeding. The studied varieties of Festulolium were distinguished by a rather high content of soluble sugars, which was 14.7-19.4%. The Viknel variety contained more digestible protein (68.74-76.01 g), but this value did not differ much from other varieties, in which it ranged from 64.78 to 72.47 g/kg of green mass. Among the studied varieties of Festulolium the highest yield of green mass was obtained in the second and third years of grass stand life. Productivity of the Izumrudnyi fescue-type mowing variety reached 40.31-44.09 t/ha, which was 1.3-1.9 times higher than that of ryegrass-type mowing-and-grazing varieties, the yield of which was 23.07-31.24 t/ha.

Создание новых сортов люцерны желтой (Medicago falcate L.) для условий степи Центрально-Черноземного региона

Yellow alfalfa (Medicago falcate L.) is important for feed production in the Central Chernozem region. It can be successfully cultivated in fodder, field and grassland crop rotations, as well as in hayfields and pastures. For the fullest realization of the potential of yellow alfalfa, it is necessary to create varieties adapted to the soil and climatic conditions of the region. The limiting factor of the effective economic use of yellow alfalfa in the Central Chernozem region of Russia is the insufficient number of zoned varieties. The zoned alfalfa varieties that exist today do not fully meet the requirements of modern feed production and the tasks of breeding new varieties with a complex of economically valuable signs and properties in conditions of insufficient moisture are becoming urgent. The created varieties should be drought-resistant, with a deep root system, capable of forming a high feed mass and a stable seed yield. Earlier, a highly productive variety of yellow alfalfa Pavlovskaya 7 was created at the Voronezh experimental station. The Pavlovskaya 7 variety is characterized by high resistance to fungal diseases and mycoplasmosis, drought resistance, long (up to 12 years) productive longevity. Breeding work is being carried out at the Voronezh experimental station to breed new varieties of yellow alfalfa. Currently, a new variety of yellow alfalfa has been created and is being prepared for transfer, characterized by increased feed and seed productivity, resistance to mycoplasmosis.

Analysis of Associations of Polymorphic Loci of the LOXL1 Gene with the Development of Primary Open-Angle Glaucoma in Women of the Central Chernozem Region of Russia

Analysis of Associations of Polymorphic Loci of the LOXL1 Gene with the Development of Primary Open-Angle Glaucoma in Women of the Central Chernozem Region of Russia

Monitoring of the content of sulphur and trace elements in soils of the Central Chernozem Region of Russia

Monitoring of the content of sulphur and trace elements in soils of the Central Chernozem Region of Russia