Cement Manufacturing Industry Research Articles

Study of Partial Replacement of Cement Using Cow Dung Ash and Marble Dust Combination and Sand Using Glass Powder for M25 Grade of Concrete

Abstract: The use of cement in concrete industries increasing day by day. Concrete is the most popularly used construction material in civil engineering industry because of its high structural strength, stability and durable. The most important part of concrete is the cement, fine aggregate, and coarse aggregate. In this modern era, many new technologies of construction materials are introduced. Growth of population, urbanization and industrialization has increased the requirement of cement. The production of cement leads to environmental issues due to release of gaseous pollutants. Cement manufacturing industry is one of the CO2 emitting sources besides deforestation and burning of fossil fuels. The global warming is caused by the ejection of greenhouse gases, such as CO2, to the atmosphere. Among the greenhouse gases, CO2 contributes about 65% of global warming. The global cement industry contributes about 7% of greenhouse gas emission to the earth’s atmosphere. The study for the use of Cow Dung Ash (CDA) and marble dust as partial replacement in production of concrete. The experiments were designed to study the effects of adding Cow Dung Ash (CDA) and marble dust in various percentages by weight 5%, 10%, 15% and 20% for M-25 grade of concrete and cure for the periods of 7, 14, and 28, days respectively before testing for the Compressive strengths.

Chemometric analysis and risk assessment indices to evaluate water and sediment contamination of a tropical mangrove forest

BackgroundMangroves are among the utmost productive forest residing at the interface amid terrestrial and marine environments. They play an essential role in carbon storage, nutrient cycling, and the marine food web's sustenance. Rapid land use and land cover changes have severely affected these ecosystems worldwide. Material and methodsThe present study was carried out in the mangrove forest of Kachchh district in Gujarat. This area is one of India's most swiftly growing industrialized coastal regions, embracing several ports, thermal power plants, salt production units, textile, petrochemical, cement, and fertilizer manufacturing industries. Therefore, this study aims to investigate nutrients and trace metal contamination status in mangroves. A total of 25 physicochemical parameters for water and 16 parameters for surface sediment were analysed using standard protocols. Trace metals were determined using Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry. Results and discussionImmensely higher chloride (20,116 ± 1929 mg L −1) and sulfate (2315 ± 679 mg L −1) concentrations were observed, suggesting high seawater and saltpan brine mixing in this coastal region. High tidal influx and arid-climate of the area are responsible for higher salinity (52.7 ± 5.0 PSU) in water. Cluster analysis depicts that sites M2, M3, M5, and M6 incorporate higher nutrient levels, indicating the anthropogenic origin of nutrients. The results depict the role of granulometric composition in controlling carbon, nitrogen, sulfur, and metal biogeochemistry in sediments. Results showed that mean trace metal (Fe, Cu, and Ni) content in sediment was higher than the world average shale value, indicating anthropogenic sources. Geo-accumulation index (Igeo) and Enrichment factor (EF) indicates sediment samples were moderately polluted with Cu, Zn, and Ni. ConclusionThe findings revealed that anthropogenic activities have affected the hydrogeochemistry of mangroves in the studied region, which will eventually impact flora and fauna. Therefore, there is a pressing necessity to implement pollution control, mitigation, and restoration policies for the endurable management of the mangroves.

Strength and durability characteristics of steel fiber-reinforced geopolymer concrete with addition of waste materials.

In general, all countries in the world use ordinary Portland cement concrete for the construction purpose; this ordinary Portland cement (OPC) gives good mechanical properties and durability to the buildings. The binder cement and the filler aggregate are the ingredients widely used in the process of concrete. Natural resources are used to extract both filler and binder elements. In India, the fast-growing sectors like infrastructure, smart cities development, and real estate consume concrete in large quantity. Also, India is the second largest cement manufacturer in the world. The need of cement is increasing day to day, even though the country is manufacturing the cement more than the required demand. In an average, the cement manufacturing industries produce 6% of CO2; for example, if industries produce 1 tonne of cement, they also emit 1 tonne of CO2. This brings us environment changes and produces more pollution to the country. To handle this situation, after many research, geopolymer concrete has been developed. Geopolymer concrete (GC) is all about mixing of source materials to the alkaline solution. Fly ash (FA) that is collected from the power plant is used in GC. The FA-based GC gives more strength when compared to the normal OPC concrete. Under ambient and steam curing, the compression, flexural strength, and tensile strength of FAGC and steel-reinforced geopolymer (SFGC) were tested and results were compared with normal concrete. FAGC mix proportions were studied under different ratios for sodium hydroxide and sodium silicate with 10M. When compared with normal cement, the strength given by FAGC achieved good strength under ambient temperature. FAGC was further tested for the acid, sulfate, water absorption, and sorptivity test and compared with OPC concrete.

Examining factors influencing green supply chain management implementation in the cement manufacturing industry in South Africa

Examining factors influencing green supply chain management implementation in the cement manufacturing industry in South Africa

Evaluation of Explosion Characteristics of Waste Dust Generated from the Cement, Non-ferrous Metal Ingot, and Alloy Manufacturing Industries

This study evaluated the explosive hazardous properties and the likelihood of dust explosion in four types of waste dust collected from industrial sites. Waste dust samples were collected from the cement manufacturing industry, aluminum, and aluminum alloy ingot manufacturing industry, and copper alloy and non-ferrous product manufacturing industry. We evaluated whether the dust waste contained explosive substances using a standard method. Additionally, the factors that may affect the dust explosion, the presence of combustible substances, average particle size, particle size distribution, particle shape, moisture content, and calorific value were also evaluated. It was confirmed that the likelihood of dust explosion of dust waste generated in the aluminum and aluminum alloy manufacturing industry is higher than that of dust waste generated in other industries.

Comparative Study on Strength Characteristics of Fly Ash Based Geopolymer Concrete with 8, 10 & 12 Molar Naoh Activator

Ordinary Portland cement is a major construction material worldwide. Cement manufacturing industry is one of the carbon dioxides emitting sources besides deforestation and burning of fossil fuels. The global warming is caused by the emission of greenhouse gases, such as CO2, to the atmosphere. Among the greenhouse gases, CO2 contributes about 65% of global warming. The cement sector accounts for around 7% of worldwide greenhouse gas emissions of the earth’s atmosphere. In order to address environmental effects associated with Portland cement, Alternative binders for concrete production are needed. Low-calcium (Class F) fly ash-based geopolymer from Vijayawada was used in this study. Geopolymer concrete was made with the help of a thermal power plant. The combination of sodium silicate solution and sodium hydroxide solution was used as alkaline solution for fly ash activation. Alkaline solution to fly ash ratio was varied as 0.45. The concentration of sodium hydroxide solution was maintained as 8M, 10M & 12M (Molars). The curing condition of geopolymer concrete was varied as ambient curing. The compressive strength, Split Tensile Strength of the geopolymer concrete was tested at various ages such as 7 and 28days. From the test results it was found that as the alkaline solution to fly ash ratio increases, the strength of geopolymer concrete also increases.

Study on the Environmental Efficiency of the Chinese Cement Industry Based on the Undesirable Output DEA Model

In recent decades, China’s cement production has been the highest in the world, but the extensive development model, which has been formed for a long time, has brought serious damage to the natural environment. In order to promote the transformation of the production mode of China’s cement industry, this paper adopts the nonparametric frontier method to analyze the environmental efficiency of China’s cement manufacturing industry using the input–output and pollutant emission data of China’s cement manufacturing industry from 2004 to 2016. The results show that the overall environmental efficiency of China’s cement industry is low, and there is still much room for improvement. Moreover, there are serious imbalances from very low to very high between different regions. Further investigation found that during the study period, strict environmental supervision brought an average compliance cost of CNY 23.41 billion to China’s cement manufacturing industry, but the overall environmental efficiency increased by 23.9 percentage points. Based on these findings, we believe that the focus of environmental supervision of China’s cement manufacturing industry at this stage is to reduce pollution emissions, and force cement enterprises to carry out technological innovation through mandatory emission reduction measures. When formulating policies, the Chinese government needs to explore the best way for environmental supervision between minimizing compliance costs and maximizing efficiency, so as to promote the sustainable development of China’s cement manufacturing industry.

Development of a sustainable supply chain network for the cement manufacturing industry using real-coded genetic algorithm

Development of a sustainable supply chain network for the cement manufacturing industry using real-coded genetic algorithm

Durability and Microstructure Characteristics of Concrete with Supplementary Cementitious Materials

Considering the environmental impact of cement manufacturing industries, this paper concerns the potential of using supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs), like fly ash and ground granulated blast furnace slag, as being essential to replacing the existing Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC). The objective of this paper is to study the microstructural characteristics of concrete with SCMs and improve the durability of the product to increase the lifespan of concrete structures. Replacement SCMs in OPC are 0, 40, 50, and 60 by percentage of cement weight, and we have taken a water-binder ratio of 0.40 for M40 grade and 0.28 for M60 grade concrete. The physical properties and chemical composition of OPC, Ground Granulated Blast-furnace Slag (GGBS), and fly ash were identified, and three different experiments were conducted to determine the resistance to penetration of chloride ions and corrosion processes. The rapid chloride permeability test, accelerated corrosion, and sorptivity tests were employed to measure concrete's resistance to the effects of aggressive environments and examine the durability properties. The most performed grade samples were analyzed as individual microspheres with Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Energy Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy (EDXS), and X-ray diffraction. Significant improvements in various concrete properties were achieved through the partial replacement of fly ash and GGBS with cement. Doi: 10.28991/CEJ-2022-08-04-05 Full Text: PDF

Statistical Methods for Modeling the Compressive Strength of Geopolymer Mortar.

In recent years, geopolymer has been developed as an alternative to Portland cement (PC) because of the significant carbon dioxide emissions produced by the cement manufacturing industry. A wide range of source binder materials has been used to prepare geopolymers; however, fly ash (FA) is the most used binder material for creating geopolymer concrete due to its low cost, wide availability, and increased potential for geopolymer preparation. In this paper, 247 experimental datasets were obtained from the literature to develop multiscale models to predict fly-ash-based geopolymer mortar compressive strength (CS). In the modeling process, thirteen different input model parameters were considered to estimate the CS of fly-ash-based geopolymer mortar. The collected data contained various mix proportions and different curing ages (1 to 28 days), as well as different curing temperatures. The CS of all types of cementitious composites, including geopolymer mortars, is one of the most important properties; thus, developing a credible model for forecasting CS has become a priority. Therefore, in this study, three different models, namely, linear regression (LR), multinominal logistic regression (MLR), and nonlinear regression (NLR) were developed to predict the CS of geopolymer mortar. The proposed models were then evaluated using different statistical assessments, including the coefficient of determination (R2), root mean squared error (RMSE), scatter index (SI), objective function value (OBJ), and mean absolute error (MAE). It was found that the NLR model performed better than the LR and MLR models. For the NLR model, R2, RMSE, SI, and OBJ were 0.933, 4.294 MPa, 0.138, 4.209, respectively. The SI value of NLR was 44 and 41% lower than the LR and MLR models’ SI values, respectively. From the sensitivity analysis result, the most effective parameters for predicting CS of geopolymer mortar were the SiO2 percentage of the FA and the alkaline liquid-to-binder ratio of the mixture.

Job Exposure Matrix for Chrysotile Asbestos Fibre in the Asbestos Cement Manufacturing (ACM) Industry in Zimbabwe.

Occupational chrysotile asbestos exposure data in Zimbabwe is limited. The aim of this study was therefore to develop a job exposure matrix (JEM) specific to the chrysotile asbestos cement manufacturing industry using the available personal exposure concentration data. Quantitative personal exposure chrysotile fibre concentration data collected by the two factories from 1996 to 2020 were used to construct the JEM. Exposure groups from which data was extracted were classified based on the Zimbabwe Standard Classification of Occupations (ZSCO), 2009–2019. Analysis of amphiboles in raw chrysotile was done by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). Descriptive statistics, namely mean, standard deviation and range were computed for the main variable, job/occupation. All jobs/occupations in both factories had annual mean personal exposure concentrations exceeding the OEL of 0.1 f/mL, except for the period from 2009 to 2016 in the Harare factory and the period from 2009 to 2020 in the Bulawayo factory. Despite the Harare factory having no AC manufacturing activity since 2017, personal exposure concentrations showed elevated levels for the period 2018–2020. Amphiboles were detected in almost all bulk samples of chrysotile asbestos analysed. The established JEM, which has been generated from actual local quantitative exposure measurements, can be used in evaluating historical exposure to chrysotile asbestos fibre, to better understand and predict occurrence of ARDs in future.

Abdul, G., A., & Sehar, S. (2015). Conflict management and organizational performance: A case study of Askari Bank Ltd. Research Journal of Finance and Accounting. 6(11), 201. Adhiambo, R., & Simatwa, M. (2011). Assessment of conflict management and resolution in public secondary schools in Kenya: A case study of Nyakach District. International Research Journal 2(4), 1074-1088. Adomi, E., & Anie,

The Constitution of Kenya specifically recognizes the freedom of association to form and belong to trade unions. However, despite the adoption of the Labour Relations Act, union practice is still hampered by excessive restrictions. The EPZ companies are labor intensive requiring a large amount of labor to produce its goods or service and thus, the welfare of the employees play a key role in their functions. This study sought to determine the effect of trade union practices on employees’ welfare at export processing zones industries in Athi River, Kenya. The specific objectives sought to determine the effect of collective bargaining agreements, industrial action, dispute resolution and trade union representation on employees’ welfare at export processing zones industries in Athi River, Kenya. The study employed a descriptive research design. Primary data was collected by means of a structured questionnaire. The target population of the study was employees in EPZ companies in Athi River, Kenya with large employees enrolled in active trade unions. The unit of observation was the employees in the trade unions. The findings indicated that collective bargaining agreements had a positive and significant coefficient with employees’ welfare at the EPZ industries. Industrial action had a positive but non-significant effect with employees’ welfare at Export Processing Zones industries. Dispute resolution had a positive and significant coefficient with employees’ welfare at the EPZ industries. Trade union representation had a positive and significant coefficient with employees’ welfare at the EPZ industries. The study recommended that trade union should avoid the path of confrontation but continue dialogue through the collective bargaining process and demands should be realistic in nature with what is obtainable in the related industry. An existence of a formal two way communication between management and trade unions will ensure that right message is properly understood and on time too. Keywords: Collective Bargaining Agreements, Industrial Action, Dispute Resolution, Trade Union Representation, Employees Welfare & Export Processing Zones

Analysis of a ribbed slab without reinforcement using ANSYS

Concrete is widely used as a construction material in the world and consequently cement manufacturing industry ranks second in CO2 emission. To mitigate this environmental issue, this research focuses on reducing the self-weight of a concrete slab applying modern techniques to cut down the usage of cement, cutting carbon emissions from the cement manufacturing industries. The main goal of the study is to reduce the self-weight of concrete slabs and to eliminate steel reinforcement in concrete, and to use this stress profile to determine the isostatic path in concrete slabs. This would be achieved with high-strength concrete in the maximum bending stress path and replaces foam or other material in the minimum bending stress zone. In this work, the specimen considered for design and analysis is a slab having the dimension of 3 m x 3 m x 0.125 m. It slab uses 1% of steel fibers in concrete eliminating the need for reinforcement. Also, with the use of high-strength concrete in the maximum bending stress zone, the self-weight of the slab reduces up to 44%. The deformation of the slabs are well within the limits recommended by the codes released by Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS).

Geopolymer as the future oil-well cement: A review

The petroleum and cement manufacturing industries have been accused of contributing substantial quantities of carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) into the atmosphere. Additionally, Portland cement systems suffer carbonation and degradation in high saline and acidic environments. Geopolymer, a much cleaner cementitious binder, synthesized through the reaction of aluminosilicate materials and alkaline solution has been a leading alternative to ordinary Portland cement (OPC). The feasibility of using geopolymer in oil-well cementing is still being explored. The objective of this review study is to provide a single document that summarizes the findings from these studies. In general, researchers have explored geopolymer application in aggressive environments and well plug and abandonment operations, the effect of temperature, and its compatibility with drilling fluid. Compared to OPC systems, geopolymer is more resistant to acidic environments, performs better in high saline conditions, and is highly compatible with drilling mud. The geopolymer being a green technology coupled with its optimized properties implies that it is the future of oil-well cement. For further studies, we suggest in-depth characterization of lightweight geopolymers. • The state of research on the application of geopolymer for oil well cementing has been explored. • Geopolymer overcomes many of the issues faced with ordinary Portland cement (OPC). • Geopolymer would be an excellent alternative to OPC-based systems.

Evaluation of overall equipment effectivity in the cement manufacturing industry: a case study

Overall equipment effectiveness is one of the important tools to measure the productivity in the company. This research is based on a case study of cement manufacturing industry in Indonesia, especially in kiln machine. The research aims to investigate the six big losses. In addition, the calculation of availability components, performance efficiency, and quality rate are carried out. The fishbone diagram is also employed to identify the root cause of the problem deeply. The results show the biggest losses in the kiln machine are the reduced speed losses. Therefore, the availability component and the performance efficiency should be improved to increase the productivity and the efficiency in the shop floor. Some suggestions are presented such as make a better surveillance system, improve the planning of preventive maintenance machine, and replace the more sophisticated maintenance tools to facilitate maintaining the machine.

An Experimental Study for Optimal Usage of Powdered Glass in Concrete as a Cement Replacement Material

The adverse effect of greenhouse emissions like CO2 leads to global warming. As per statistics, the global contribution of the cement manufacturing industry to greenhouse gas emissions is nearly 7%. To address these effects on the nature of the environment associated with cement manufacturing, it is necessary to explore sustainable binders for manufacturing concrete. Hence, extensive research is being conducted in the recent past to replace cement with various materials including waste generated from various sectors. Further, the replacement of fine aggregates and cement in concrete with various proportions of powdered glass is an engrossing topic among researchers for over a decade. The present study aims to the optimal use of glass powder in concrete as a replacement for cement and to enhance the characteristics compressive strength when compared to conventional concrete. Cement was replaced by various percentages of fine glass powder ranging from 10-50 % at an increment of 10%. The concrete cube specimens for 7 and 28 days were evaluated for their compressive strength after curing period, with that of conventional concrete. From the acquired results, it is perceptible that glass powder can be a suitable replacement for cement.

Evaluation of Management Accounting Practices of MI Cement Company Limited: A Case Study

In recent years, the Bangladesh cement industry is growing up comparing the other leading countries in Asia. By following this sequence, according to the report of Wikipedia which is mostly prepared based on "List of countries by cement production" in Hydraulic Cement Production– Asia & The Pacific, Bangladesh has occupied the third position in producing cement in the sub-continent of Asia. This happens only for the efficient and proper utilization of the management accounting practices in the cement manufacturing industry. The success of the industry mostly depends on those taken decisions which are most relevant to achieve the goal of this firm, therefore, these should be strategically different from the competitive market and they will lead to dominate the market for a longer period by getting competitive advantages rather than other leading companies.Nowadays all institutions are related to utilizing management accounting systems to assist managers in making a sound decision to achieve the goals of the organization. Thus, the necessity of management accounting has risen not only in the manufacturing industry but also service industry (Chenhall and Langfield-Smith, 1998; Abdel-Kader and Luther, 2006; Paggios and Pavlatos,2008; Ahmad, 2012). For making a rational decision, management tools and techniques are used to obtain proper & accurate information (Alleyne and Marshall, 2011). Among various rising industrial sectors in Bangladesh, the Cement industry is considered one of the greatest foreign currency earning sectors that contribute to the economic growth of Bangladesh (Md. Khalilur, Al Amin, Md. Abud, 2017). After fulfilling the demand of the local market every year, Bangladeshi leading cement company, MI Cement Limited which is one of the top cement exporters, export cement to the global countries including Europe and some other western countries. Unexpectedly, the implementation of management accounting practices in developing countries like Bangladesh remains unpleasant and studies on this field are very infrequent (Lin and Yu, 2002). Therefore, the study is designed to make an overview of the practices of management accounting especially on MI Cement Limited which has already taken up the significant position of cement manufacturing companies in Bangladesh. Keywords: Management, Managers, Tools, Performance, JIT, Differential costing, Target Costing. DOI: 10.7176/EJBM/13-18-09 Publication date: September 30 th 2021

Health Risk and Environmental Assessment of Cement Production in Nigeria

The cement manufacturing industry has played a fundamental role in global economic development, but its production is a major facilitator to anthropogenic CO2 release and solid waste generation. Nigeria has the largest cement industry in West Africa, with an aggregate capacity of 58.9 million metric tonnes (MMT) per year. The Ministry for Mines and Steel Development asserts that the nation possesses total limestone deposits of around 2.3 trillion MT with 568 MMT standing as established reserves and 11 MMT used. Cement industries are largely responsible for releasing air pollutants and effluents into water bodies with apparent water quality deterioration over the years. Air pollution from lime and cement-producing plants is seen as a severe instigator of occupational health hazards and work-related life threats, negatively affecting crop yields, buildings, and persons residing in the vicinity of these industries. World Bank observed in 2015 that 94% of the Nigerian populace is susceptible to air pollutants that surpass WHO guidelines. In 2017, World Bank further reported that 49,100 premature deaths emanated from atmospheric PM2.5, with children beneath age 5 having the greatest vulnerability owing to lower respiratory infections, thereby representing approximately 60% of overall PM2.5-induced deaths. Cement manufacturing involves the significant production of SO2, NOx, and CO connected to adverse health effects on humans. Sensitive populations such as infants, the aged, and persons having underlying respiratory ailments like asthmatics, emphysema, or bronchitis are seen to be most affected. Consequently, in addressing this challenge, growing interests in enacting carbon capture, usage, and storage in the cement industry is expected to alleviate the negative environmental impact of cement production. Still, no carbon capture technology is yet to achieve commercialization in the cement industry. Nonetheless, huge advancement has been made in recent years with the advent of vital research in sorption-enhanced water gas shift, underground gasification combined cycle, ammonium hydroxide solution, and the microbial-induced synthesis of calcite for CO2 capture and storage, all considered sustainable and feasible in cement production.

Comprehensive hygienic assessment of the dust factor in the asbestos cement manufacturing industry

Objective: to conduct comprehensive hygienic studies of the dust factor in the asbestos cement manufacturing industry and to determine the presence of a relationship between the content level of respirable fibres and the mass concentration of suspended particles in order to actualize the methodology of the assessment of the air of a working area containing mineral fibrous aerosols. Materials and methods. The mass concentrations of dust and the content level of respirable fibres in the air of the working area and the morphological characteristics of dust aerosol were analyzed. Results. The content of dust in the air of the working area in terms of the mass measurements of suspended particles does not exceed the hygienic standards and ranges from 0.20 ± 0.004 mg/m 3 to 1.47 ± 0.085 mg/m 3 , and the content level of respirable fibres is from 0.20 ± 0.044 f/cm 3 to 1.13 ± 0.204 f/cm 3 . The presence of a positive correlation of moderate strength between the content level of respirable fibres and the mass concentration of suspended particles has been found. Conclusion. The microscopy of the preparations of dust samples makes it possible to determine a morphological picture which is characteristic for various stages of the technological process. There is a positive correlation of moderate strength between the content level of respirable fibres in the air of the working area and the concentration of suspended particles. However, the obtained patterns of dependence are capable of accounting up to 49.3 % of the variations of respirable fibres on the basis of the mass concentration of suspended particles, which does not make it possible to use them for the conversion of the values.

Empirical Assessment of Performance of Dangote Cement Plc: An End-Users’ Perspective

End-users, who are the focus of this assessment of performance in respect of Dangote Cement Plc, have been regarded as the most important stakeholder of any business activity. Previous works have not showcased an assessment of performance based on an end-user’s perspective which is why this study sets out to resolve the problem concerning how end-users react to market changes when patronizing the Nigeria cement manufacturing industry. Simple regression model was used to test the hypotheses – to show the relationships between the dependent variable - Cement Production Level (CPL) and the independent variables - Annual Average Price per bag of Cement (AAPC) and Turnover (TO). The study found that the explanatory variables portrayed significant positive relationships with CPL. In both cases, this relationships were very strong because the correlation coefficients (R) were above 97% and the adjusted coefficients of determination (adjusted R 2 ) which are the explanatory variables showed that there was more than 62% significance in their relationships with CPL. This means, that over 97% of Dangote Cement Plc’s production (supply of cement) succeeded in keeping prices up 62% of the time. The paper found that end-users increasingly continue to patronize products of necessity even when they are produced by a firm quite monopolistic in nature because they have no near substitutes. As a result, there is a policy implication that even though end-users expect quality products, great value, or a compelling brand and would equally avoid products of companies that fail to deliver on customer service, they (end users) may have no succor other than a regulatory regime set by the Government especially where monopolistic goods of necessity (such as cement) are concerned. Accordingly, the study recommends that government (or its agency) should set up minimum production volume benchmarks, regulate margins and establish price ceilings to protect the end-user. Key terms: Assessment of performance, Cement, End-user, Cement Production Level, Annual Average Price per bag of Cement, Turnover. DOI: 10.7176/EJBM/13-10-15 Publication date: May 31 st 2021