Cellophane Film Research Articles

OPTIMIZATION PROBLEM FOR PROPYLENE GLYCOL PRODUCTION

Currently, in the rapid development era of new technologies and in order to increase the economic efficiency of production, more and more attention is paid to the current automation, control, and optimization problems of technological processes in the oil refining, petrochemical, and chemical industries [1-11]. It is known that the production of commercial propylene glycol is one of the most important industries in modern chemical technology. Propylene glycol can act as one of the components in the obtaining drug's process. In addition, it is used for lubrication and preservation of food packaging machines, is used as a plasticizer in the production of cellophane and polyvinyl chloride films, as a solvent for natural and synthetic substances in the preparation of ointments, pastes, creams, shampoos, etc., in the pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries, in the food industry as a solvent for food additives and a tobacco humectant, etc. Based on the relevance of the above, this article, based on a comprehensive study of the features of the chemical-technological process for obtaining propylene glycol, in particular, the chemical reaction of obtaining commercial propylene glycol in one of the main apparatuses for the studied block - the hydrator, a physically substantiated mathematical statement of the optimal control problem of this apparatus is formulated. The optimal control problem of the studied technological apparatus is reduced to obtaining the maximum amount of the target product, considering the restrictions imposed on the control parameters. It is established that by its nature and specificity, it is a nonlinear programming problem, for the solution of which in the presented article an algorithm for optimizing the modes of the technological process is proposed, based on the use of the Lagrange multiplier method. An analysis of the results for solving the optimal control problem of the obtaining propylene glycol process showed that when maintaining the optimal values of the control parameters obtained by us, the amount of propylene glycol obtained increases by 3.5% compared to the actual amount. Keywords: technological process, commercial propylene glycol, optimal control problem, control parameters, Lagrange multiplier method, technological apparatus.

Оценка степени высвобождения и токсичности соединений цинка, используемых в фармацевтических и косметических средствах

The degree of release from ointments and the toxicity of three zinc compounds were assessed to establish their minimum sufficient concentration in antibacterial pharmaceutical and cosmetic products. The properties of zinc oxide (ZnO), zinc pyrrolidone carboxylate (ZnРСА) and zinc salicylate (Zn(Sal)2·2H2О) were compared. The release rate of active substances from petrolatum-based ointments (the mass fraction of zinc compounds is 1%) was determined by the Kruvchinsky method. A cellophane film for dialysis served as a semipermeable membrane, which was fixed on a glass tube (length 15 cm, cross section 20 mm2). A sample of ointment (2.00 g) was applied to the inner surface of the membrane. The dialysis tube was inserted into a beaker with dialysis medium and immersed to a depth of no more than 3 mm. The toxicity of aqueous solutions (distilled water) of zinc compounds was determined in a bioluminescent biotest using “Ecolume” bacterial preparation based on a non-pathogenic strain of Escherichia coli. It was found that a high level of toxicity of is achieved at 10-5 mol/dm3 zinc salts in a solution, zinc oxide – 10-4 mol/dm3. A similar amount of Zn2+ diffuses from ointments through a semipermeable cellophane membrane used for the study of dialysis into a 50% aqueous alcohol solution. Zinc ion release from ointment with ZnO was only 0.31%, as well as from ointments with ZnPCA and Zn(Sal)2·2H2О – 1.59% and 1.87% respectively. Thus, the tested approach is economically and environmentally effective, as it allows you to determine the lowest effective concentration of active substances, reducing the burden on the human microbiome and the environment.

Evaluation of cell adhesion and inflammatory response of chitin and chitosan nanofibers patterned by inkjet printing

AbstractChitin and chitosan nanofibers (ChNF and CtsNF) are promising biomaterials due to their biocompatibility, biodegradability, and non‐toxicity. This study investigates the cell adhesion properties and inflammatory responses of CtsNF, ChNF, and their mixtures when patterned on cellophane films using inkjet printing technology, keeping in mind their potential applications as cell culture scaffolds. The viscosities of 0.1 wt% aqueous dispersions of CtsNF, ChNF, and their mixtures were confirmed to be suitable for inkjet printing. Microstructures with varying thicknesses were fabricated by adjusting the printing parameters. Mouse fibroblast cells (L929) and mouse macrophages (RAW264.7) were used to evaluate cell adhesion and inflammatory responses. The results demonstrated that CtsNF microstructures exhibited excellent cell adhesion even for those as thin as ~140 nm and low inflammatory potential. This finding provides valuable insights into the development of advanced biomaterials for medical applications and could be instrumental in optimizing dosage settings for wound healing treatments as well.

Cellophane-Based Membranes for Purification of Aqueous Media from Various Pollutants

The process of nanofiltration purification of water from various organic pollutants was examined. Cellophane film made from cheap natural raw materials was used as a membrane. The model substances targeted for removal were dyes (Safranin O, Orange II, and Remazol Brilliant Blue R, each differing in molecular weight, chemical composition, and charge) and ceftriaxone. The obtained cellophane permeability to water was 0.145 kg/(m2∙h∙atm). Cellophane membranes were found to be effective in retaining dissolved anionic substances containing acid groups. When Orange II and Remazol Brilliant Blue R were removed from the water, the retention coefficients were 97 ± 2 and 99 ± 1%, respectively. For the cationic dye Safranin O, the retention coefficient values were negative, –7 ± 3%. At the same time, ceftriaxone had the retention coefficient of only 41 ± 5%, which can be attributed to a combination of factors, such as its high affinity for cellophane and steric restrictions.

Moisture‐Driven Cellulose Actuators with Directional Motion and Programmable Shapes

The hygroscopic motion of plants has inspired the development of moisture‐activated soft actuators. These actuators driven by ambient moisture sources are of great research interest in robotics and self‐regulating textiles. However, these actuators often have slow motion and can only perform bending and twisting motions. Herein, a cellulose film‐based fast‐morphing and motion‐programmable soft actuator is presented that can generate caterpillar‐like movement. The cellophane films reported here bend almost instantaneously under changing humidity, with a large bending curvature, high repeatability, and negligible hysteresis. Different actuation modes are studied using both coated and uncoated cellophane films. The uncoated cellophane film can continuously move on a moist substrate through autonomous bending–rolling–flipping (or oscillating) cycles. A facile strategy is used here to control the rolling direction and facilitate the flipping motion by offsetting its center of gravity during deformation by adding appropriate weights on the end of the actuator. The coated cellophane film is used to fabricate motion‐programmable actuators through heat‐laminating. Several actuator structures are designed and fabricated and their diverse moisture‐induced motions are demonstrated.

Evaluation of the barrier and antimicrobial properties of biodegradable films based on potato waste starch containing natural additives

This study investigates the antimicrobial and water vapor barrier properties of biodegradable films made from potato (Solanum tuberosum) waste starch and the natural additives glycerol, propolis, and montmorillonite ("chaco"). Films were produced using the casting method, and their physical, antimicrobial, and barrier properties were analyzed. Film compositions were established using an experimental design of mixtures. The water vapor permeability values ranged from 0.44 × 10−10 to 8.55 × 10−10 g/(m·s·Pa). The permeation energy was lower than that of polyvinyl chloride and polypropylene films but higher than that of cellophane films. The solubility values ranged from 58 to 66%, and the tensile modulus ranged from 2.15 to 5.15 MPa. The largest inhibition halo diameter obtained for Staphylococcus aureus was 17 mm. The developed packages completely biodegrade within 30 days under composting conditions at ambient temperatures. These findings suggest the potential application of these biodegradable packages for fresh products such as fruits and vegetables.

Native Trichoderma Isolates from Soil and Rootstock to Fusarium spp. Control and Growth Promotion of Humulus lupulus L. Plantlets

Fusarium genus is a wide host phytopathogen causing significant losses in multiple crops, including hops. There is limited information on the sustainable management of Fusarium spp. in hop fields. Trichoderma is an endophytic fungus used in agriculture as a biological control agent (BCA) and as a plant growth promoter. It has been used to antagonize Fusarium spp. in other crops. The objective of the current study was to identify indigenous hop field Trichoderma isolates with biocontrol and hop growth promotion capabilities. Three isolates of Fusarium and eleven autochthonous Trichoderma isolates collected from sustainable hop fields were evaluated in this work. Direct confrontation tests (the physical interaction between the pathogen and BCA and their competition for space and nutrient resources) and membrane tests (the capacity of the BCA to produce metabolites or enzymes through a cellophane film and inhibit the development of the pathogen) assessed the antagonism of these Trichoderma isolates against Fusarium culmorum, F. sambucinum, and F. oxysporum. A bioassay with hop plantlets inoculated with a spore suspension of Trichoderma was performed to assess its hop growth enhancement. T. hamatum (T311 and T324), T. virens T312, and T. gamsii T327 showed high growth inhibition of Fusarium spp. phytopathogens and high plant growth promotion. Native Trichoderma isolates from sustainable hop-producing soils have great potential as BCAs and hop growth promoters.

Conducting hemodialysis in case of cellophane film breakthrough in the "Artificial kidney" device

There were 7 cases of cellophane film breakthrough per 100 hemodialysis performed at the Kazan Kidney Center.

Structure, Morphology, and Permeability of Cellulose Films.

The work is focused on the study of the influence of the cellulose type and processing parameters on the structure, morphology, and permeability of cellulose films. The free volume of the cellulose films was evaluated by the sorption of n-decane, which is a non-solvent for cellulose. The structural features of the membranes and their morphology were studied using X-ray diffraction, IR spectroscopy, SEM, and AFM methods. The characteristic features of the porous structure and properties of cellulose films regenerated from cellulose solutions in the N-methylmorpholine-N-oxide (NMMO) and cellophane films were compared. Generally, cellulose films obtained from solutions in NMMO have a higher permeability and a lower rejection (as measured using Orange II dye) as compared to cellophane films. It was also found that the cellulose films have a higher ultimate strength and modulus, whereas the cellophane films are characterized by higher elongation at break.

Development of cellulosic material-based microchannel device capable of fluorescence immunoassay of microsamples.

Microfluidic immunoassay devices are a promising technology that can quickly detect biomarkers with high sensitivity. Recently, many studies implementing this technology on paper substrates have been proposed for improving cost and user-friendliness. However, these studies have identified problems with the large volume of sample required, low sensitivity, and a lack of quantitative accuracy and precision. In this paper, we report a novel structure implemented as a cellulosic material-based microchannel device capable of quantitative immunoassay using small sample volumes. We fabricated microfluidic channels between a transparent cellophane film and water-resistant paper to facilitate loading of small-volume samples and reagents, with a 40-μm-wide immunoreaction matrix constructed in the center of the microchannel using highly precise photolithography. A fluorescence sandwich immunoassay for C-reactive protein (CRP) was successfully implemented that required only a 1-μL sample volume and a 20-min reaction time. We confirmed that the limit of detection of the device was 10-20 ng/mL with a coefficient of variation under 5.6%, which is a performance level comparable to conventional plastic-based human CRP enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits. We expect that such devices will lead to the elimination of large amounts of medical waste from the use of ubiquitous diagnostics, a result that is consistent with environmental sustainability goals.

Off-axis photoelasticity by anisotropic molecular deformation of uniaxially aligned cellulose nanofiber films

We report the angle dependence of the photoelasticity for unidirectionally aligned films of bacterial cellulose nanofibers (CNFs) by applying the off-axis stress at 0°–90° with respect to the CNF orientation. The photoelastic coefficient was positive when the stress direction was close to the CNF axial direction, and it was negative when the stress was applied close to the lateral direction. The positive to negative photoelasticity was also observed in the off-axis photoelasticity of the cellophane film and in the density functional theory (DFT) calculations for the stretching between two atoms in the cellobiose model. On the other hand, unlike the cellophane film, the CNF film showed a positively and negatively asymmetric photoelasticity of 5 to −10 TPa−1, reflecting the anisotropy of the crystal modulus tensor. We found that the presence or absence of cellulose crystals controls the anisotropy of photoelasticity by constraining the molecular deformation.

Optimization of the composition of a nasal medicine with interleukin-1 antagonist β

In the development of new effective and safe drugs an important place is occupied by the issue of ensuring the stability of the dosage form. In this case, a significant contribution to this problem is made directly by the nature of the active pharmaceutical ingredient. Based on our experimental studies, the composition of the base-carrier of the nasal drug with the receptor antagonist intereleukin-1 (IL-1ra) was determined, and the need to add a preservative was identified. However, focusing on the peptide nature of the biologically active component of IL-1ra, it is necessary to take into account the possible lack of stability during storage of the drug with changes in pH.
 The aim of the work is to optimize the composition of a nasal drug with an interleukin antagonist (IL-1ra) to increase its storage stability.
 As the active pharmaceutical ingredient used a semi-finished solution of the receptor antagonist of interleukin-1 (IL-1ra). Excipients were: sodium carboxymethylcellulose, tween-80, D-panthenol, trilon B, benzalkonium chloride. To ensure the appropriate pH value used phosphate buffer solutions, which were prepared according to State Pharmacopoeia. The study of some indicators of pharmaceutical availability (kinetic indicators) was performed by studying the release of the active ingredient from the drug composition by equilibrium dialysis in purified water. Equilibrium dialysis was performed through Cuprofan cellophane film at 37 ± 0.5 °C in Franz Diffusion Cell System. The content of IL-1ra in the dialysate was determined spectrophotometrically, at certain intervals.
 As a result of pharmaco-technological studies to optimize the composition of the nasal agent with IL-1ra, it was found that the developed nasal agent with IL-1ra requires the addition of stabilizers to the composition of the formulation. It was found that the use as stabilizers: phosphate buffer solution 6.0 and trilon B, provides proper release of the active substance from the dosage form and corrects the stability of the hydrogen index over time. The obtained results of pharmaceutical availability indicators indicate that the release of IL-1ra from the nasal form is subject to the first order equation.

Characterization of cellophane birefringence due to uniaxial strain by focused surface plasmon microscopy

In this paper, we study the relationship of local birefringence and stress oriented inhomogeneous elasticity of a sample from the spatial frequency response of focused surface plasmon (FSP). The birefringence of the sample varies the propagation constant of surface plasmon with regard to its direction and produces an elliptic absorption pattern in the reflected spatial frequency distribution. Birefringence is calculated from the ratio of the propagation constant along the fast to slow axis of the sample. The change in eccentricity was proportional to the applied stress on cellophane film. A strong correlation (0.94∼0.97) exists between FSP and phase shifting interferometry results.

Polypyrrole-carbon nanotube-cellophane composite plate with homogeneous network structure for flexible symmetric supercapacitor device

A conceptually simple route has been designed for the preparation of flexible plate by utilization of biodegradable cellophane film through addition of NaHCO3 powder into structure of Polypyrrole-Multiwalled carbon nanotube-Cellophane (PMC) composite and then by chemical treatment in acidic solution. A homogeneous conductive-porous structure was formed as a result of release of NaHCO3 from the composite bulk in acidic solution as well as CO2 (g) evolution. The porous PMC plate exhibited a specific capacitance of 244 mF cm−2 at a current density of 0.5 mA cm−2 and favorite rate capability. The assembled symmetric supercapacitor device showed a high areal capacitance of 309 mF cm−2 at 2.5 mA cm−2, excellent flexibility and a long cycle lifetime (89% capacitance retention after 5000 cycles). The strategy presented in this work opens a new door for environmentally friendly preparation of flexible-biodegradable supercapacitor devices with high mechanical strength.

Study of surfactants influence on the noopept releasing from the nasal dosage form

The nasal route of drug administration, as is well known, is characterized by some advantages: absorption rate and rapid onset of therapeutic effect, availability of drug delivery without hepatic first-pass elimination, it is suitable and easily accessible. Earlier a medication for nasal administration with noopept – a low toxic substance with peptide nature without any side effects and high activity has been developed.After advance investigations, a solution of sodium carboxymethylcellulose providing the highest rate of noopept releasing was chosen as a delivery base.The aim of work the study of surfactants' influence on the noopept releasing from the nasal dosage form.Materials and methods. For the investigation, the compositions containing twin-80 from 0 % to 3 % were prepared. Surfactant was added to the nasal dosage form containing noonpept 1 %, glycerol, and bishofit poltavsky equally by 5 % and solution of sodium carboxymethylcellulose. Noopept releasing was studied using the method of equilibrium dialysis by Kruvchinsky through the semipermeable membrane – cellophane film “Kuprofan” after 30 minutes. Noopept concentration was determined by the UV-spectrophotometry at 258 nm. Results. Results of investigation have verified that the addition of twin-80 to nasal dosage form with noopept provides with a better level of releasing of the active substance. At the same time, increasing of concentration more than 1 % hasn’t a significant influence on the noopept releasing.Conclusions. It was determined that the content of twin-80 has a significant influence on a noopept releasing from the nasal dosage forms. The concentration of twin-80 1 % provides optimal releasing.

Study of excipients influence on the noopept releasing from the nasal dosage form

Разработка средств быстрой доставки лекарственных средств – актуальное направление современной фармации. В связи с этим перспективным является назальный путь введения лекарственных веществ, характеризующийся рядом преимуществ. Большая проницаемость назальной слизистой вместе со значительной площадью поверхности способствует быстрому достижению терапевтического эффекта. Назальный путь минует пресистемный метаболизм в печени, характерный для орального введения, легок в применении и удобен для пациента. Для разработки новой лекарственной формы с ноотропными и нейропротективными свойствами выбран ноопепт. Это вещество малотоксично, не проявляет побочных эффектов, характеризуется проявлениями антиоксидантных и противовоспалительных свойств, снижает проявления нейротоксичности кальция и глутамата, улучшает реологические характеристики крови. Цель работы – определить влияние вспомогательных веществ на высвобождение ноопепта из назальной лекарственной формы. Материалы и методы . Для исследования выбраны основные группы вспомогательных веществ при разработке назальной лекарственной формы: мукоадгезивные и регуляторы вязкости (полимеры) и увлажнители (спирты). Определяли высвобождение ноопепта методом равновесного диализа по Крувчинскому при 37,0 ± 0,5 °С через полупроницаемую мембрану – целлофановую пленку «Купрофан». Концентрацию ноопепта после 30 минут определяли методом УФ-спектрофотометрии при длине волны 258 нм. Результаты . В результате дисперсионного анализа установлено, что F эксперим. > F табл. для обоих факторов, таким образом, полимеры и спирты имеют значимое влияние на высвобождение ноопепта из назальных лекарственных форм. После проверки различия средних значений результатов с помощью множественного рангового критерия Дункана построены следующие ряды преимуществ: натрий карбоксиметилцеллюлоза (хитозан) > альгинат натрия (гиалуронат натрия); глицерин > сорбит > D-пантенол (без спирта). Выводы . Установили, что вид полимеров гидрофильных основ и спирты для увлажнения слизистой значимо влияют на высвобождение ноопета из назальных лекарственных форм. Оптимальное высвобождение ноопепта обеспечивают натрий карбоксиметилцеллюлоза и хитозан с добавлением глицерина.

Cellulose-Based Composite Gas Separation Membranes

A “green” method to synthesize new composite membranes from a cellulose solution in phosphoric acid on various ultrafiltration substrates is proposed. The method can be used in industry; it differs from the conventional viscose method for producing cellophane and other known methods for synthesizing cellulose-based gas separation membranes by the absence of gaseous emissions and wastewater. The structure of the synthesized samples is studied by electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and thermal analysis (DSC). Analysis of the mechanical properties of the samples shows that the new membranes have better mechanical characteristics than those of homogeneous pure cellulose films synthesized in this study and commercial cellophane films. The gas transport properties of new membranes with respect to O2, N2, CO2, CH4, and He are studied. It is found that the proposed membrane synthesis method provides the formation of uniform dense gas separation layers of cellulose; the membranes show a three orders of magnitude higher gas permeability than that of cellophane films. It is shown that the highest ideal selectivity is exhibited by membranes with a gas separation layer of cellulose on viscose fabric substrates.

Methods and apparatus means of medical scalpels sharpness checking

The article is devoted to the development of methods and hardware for scalpels sharpness checking. The necessity of improving the methodology and hardware for scalpels sharpness testing, based on the implementation of the conditions for conducting similar tests of injection needles, is substantiated. The values of piercing force and various materials puncturing time with a scalpel with a sharply sharpened and with a dull point were experimentally determined. Taking into account the revealed high sensitivity of the cellophane film puncture force to the scalpel condition, it has been suggested that it's nessesary to use 40 pm cellophane film as a punctured material when testing its sharpness.

Preparation of highly visible transparent ZnO/cellophane UV-shielding film by RF magnetron sputtering

A novel UV-shielding film created by sputtering ZnO film onto a renewable and biodegradable cellophane film is proposed. The dependence of the optical properties of the ZnO/cellophane hybrid film on the sputtering power, pressure, and film thickness was studied systematically. A high crystalline quality ZnO film with preferred [002] orientation was prepared on a cellophane substrate for the first time. Unlike conventional UV-shielding films consisting of nanostructures and synthetic polymers, ZnO/cellophane hybrid film can possess high visible light transparency and excellent UV-shielding capacity at the same time. The improved performance can be attributed to the high crystalline quality and the antireflection effect of the ZnO film. A typical hybrid film exhibits a UV-shielding ratio of 96.5% while exhibiting a transmittance of visible light of over 80%. ZnO/cellophane hybrid films can be applied in a vast range of UV-shielding applications, such as sunburn protection and short-wave radiation protection in the laboratory.

Wood pulp fiber modification by layer-by-layer (LBL) self-assembly of chitosan/carboxymethyl cellulose complex: Confocal microscopy characterization

Bleached cellulose wood pulp fibers from eucalyptus were modified by layer-by-layer (LbL) self-assembly of chitosan/carboxymethylcellulose (CH/CMC) complex. Pulp fibers modified with 10, 20 and 30 bilayers of CH/CMC were prepared and characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and by laser scanning confocal microscope (LSCM) using the two-photon absorption technique. CH/CMC complex was also deposited onto glass and regenerated cellulose (cellophane) films in order to evaluate the depositions process. CH/CMC films with up to 2750 nm thickness deposited on glass and cellophane were easily observed by SEM, however the films deposited onto a wood pulp fiber surface were visualized only using the LSCM technique since it is very difficult to observe the interface between CH/CMC and cellulose by SEM. Using confocal microscopy allows a precise characterization of the CH/CMC films, which were observed outside and inside the wood pulp fibers. This result also shows that during LbL processing, the polyelectrolyte solution penetrates very fast inside the hollow fiber leading to a complete surface modification of the fiber. Fibers can be considered as hollow tubes with an inner diameter of the order of 15–20 μm and external diameter of the order of 25 μm with a cellulose wall of 5 μm.