Cavitation Phenomenon Research Articles

Instability measurement of cavitation conditions in a spool valve through the definition of a cavitation instability index

Cavitation phenomenon is commonly known as a cause of deterioration of hydraulic components and a source of noise. In a proportional spool control valve for fluid power applications, the reduction of the cross section area at small openings can lead to the growth of gas bubbles inside the fluid phase. This phenomenon modifies the operating efficiency of the valve and can damage the material over time. The oil flow has been visualised through an experimental activity by using a 2-way 2-position spool valve with a plexiglass case and analysed by a CMOS type camera, with a high sampling rate. The recorded images focus the interaction between gas and liquid phases and highlights how the shape of cavitation bubbles is modified when the surface stress increases. In the present work, the interaction between liquid and gas phase has been studied by applying a non-linear method on the numerical matrices, derived from the acquired images. A cavitation instability index has been proposed, which is able to describe the cavitation behaviour and to define the instability of the equilibrium between the two phases. The trend of this index gives information about the two phase flow conditions, in order to reduce the cavitation phenomenon.

DEVELOPMENT OF THE MINIATURE ANALOGUE OF THE SCABLANDS OF THE WEST USA IN THE LOWER POOL OF ONE OF THE KARELIAN HYDROELECTRIC POWER STATIONS<a href="#FN1"><sup>1</sup></a>

Until the end of the Late Pleistocene, the modern river valleys of most of Scandinavia remained buried under the cover of continental ice. The rivers of the region, including the Karelian ones, are distinguished by their geological youth, having formed as fluvial complexes only in the Holocene. The young age, combined with the strength of the crystalline rocks of the Baltic Shield, has affected the fact that the rivers here are characterized by the lack of development of the longitudinal profile. At the base of the thresholds, at which the flow acquires the character of rapid, the processes of formation of miniature scaffolds develop in places. A similar hydraulic situation developed at the front of the degrading glacier. The lower reaches of dams of hydraulic stations are also favorable for a powerful impact on the rock bed. Numerous traces of violent deep erosion, accompanied by the phenomena of indiscriminate erosion and hydrodynamic cavitation, can be found on the kilometer-long sections of the exposed rock bed of semi-mountain streams drained during hydraulic development.A miniature scaffold developed by powerful natural and technogenically provoked floods in the lower part of the large rapid Matkozhnia on the Nizhny Vyg River, in the zone of the White Sea-Baltic Canal, is indicative. Almost the entire route of the canal, starting from Vygozero, is laid along the valley of the Lower Vyg. Only in some sections between the locks, the channel bed was dug away from the river. There, the old valley is preserved either almost dehydrated or with a small amount of water in the rock bed. The bedrock is exposed along the entire riverbed. Small boulders and pebbles of different sizes and grades of rolling can be found only in scattered pockets along the river channel. There numerous glass–like forms of microrelief – with a diameter and a depth of up to the first meters – “glasses” and “wells” are formed on Precambrian crystalline rocks. The contribution of evorsia to the denudation of crystalline slates in the bottom of the Vyga Valley on the rapid Matkozhnia is very significant, although the evorsion-cavitation effect itself is carried out rarely and for a limited time. Similar processes of natural origin operated before the creation of reservoirs on rapid-waterfall sites in the Vyga Valley and other large rivers of Karelia; they were caused by natural factors. Emergency descents of water through high spillway dams could increase the destructive effect of the stream on its root bed. So, in particular, the formation of evorsion microforms in the bed of the Lower Vyg at the rapid Matkozhnia is partially technogenically caused. Karelian cavitation-evorsion complexes of forms associated with hydrospheric catastrophes can be considered as miniature analogues of giant Late Pleistocene scablands of the northwestern USA.

Innovations in Oil Processing: Chemical Transformation of Oil Components through Ultrasound Assistance

The present review paper discusses the different aspects related to the chemical transformation of oil components through ultrasound assistance. Ultrasound intensifies heat and mass transfer processes in oil production and treatment, which is used to separate water–oil emulsions, optimize pumping, clean the bottomhole zone, and more. The main reason for the positive effect of ultrasound is the cavitation phenomenon, which forms vapor–gas bubbles that cause changes in the structure and properties of dispersed phases, intensifying processes such as dissolution, extraction, and emulsification. The inhomogeneities in the medium being processed also reduce resistance to bubble formation and increase the intensity of technological processes. It is believed that ultrasonic treatment of heavy oil influences the colloid structure of oil. Such effects were observed in several studies. Despite the widespread use of ultrasound in oil processing, the chemical transformation of hydrocarbons during ultrasonic treatment remains an understudied area, particularly for heavy oil. Furthermore, the transformation mechanism of high-molecular-weight fragments of oil under ultrasonic energy is still poorly understood. Heavy oil can benefit greatly from ultrasonic treatment, both after production for pipeline transportation or plant processing and in the reservoir. This is due to the improved mobility of oil in rock and the chemical transformation of high-molecular components, such as resins, asphaltenes, and paraffins. These transformations contribute to the overall improvement of heavy oil processing, making it a crucial area for further research and development. In this review paper, we will explore the latest innovations in oil processing, specifically focusing on the chemical transformation of oil components through ultrasound assistance. This will include a comprehensive analysis of the underlying mechanisms of ultrasonic treatment and their impact on the chemical composition of oil. The review will also include a discussion of the current state of the art and future directions for research in this field, highlighting the potential for further advancements in the use of ultrasound in oil processing.

The water cavitation line as predicted by the TIP4P/2005 model.

The formation of vapor bubbles in a metastable liquid, cavitation, is an activated process due to the free energy cost of having both phases at contact. Such an energetic penalty enables the existence of the liquid beyond its thermodynamic borders. Establishing the stability limits of a liquid as ubiquitous as water has important practical implications and has thereby attracted a lot of attention. Different experimental strategies and theoretical analyses have been employed to measure and predict the cavitation line, or the pressure-temperature kinetic stability border of liquid water. Understanding the location of the cavitation line requires knowing the cavitation rate dependence on pressure and temperature. Such dependency is difficult to obtain in experiments, and we use molecular simulations with the TIP4P/2005 model to fill this gap. By deeply overstretching liquid water below the saturation pressure, we are able to observe and quantify spontaneous cavitation. To deal with a lower overstretching regime, we resort to the Seeding technique, which consists of analyzing simulations of a liquid containing a vapor bubble under the theoretical framework of Classical Nucleation Theory. Combining spontaneous cavitation with Seeding, we get a wide overview of the cavitation rate. We study two different temperatures (450 and 550K) and complement our perspective with the results previously obtained at 296.4K [Menzl et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 113, 13582 (2016)] to establish a broad simulation-experiment comparison. We find a good agreement between simulations and both isobaric heating and isochoric cooling experiments using quartz inclusions. We are, however, unable to reconcile simulations with other experimental techniques. Our results predict a decrease in the solid-liquid interfacial free energy as the liquid becomes increasingly overstretched with a temperature independent Tolman length of 0.1nm. Therefore, the capillarity approximation underestimates the nucleation rate. Nonetheless, it provides a fair indication of the location of the cavitation line given the steep rate vs pressure dependence. Overall, our work provides a comprehensive view of the water cavitation phenomenon and sets an efficient strategy to investigate it with molecular simulations.

The Riemann problem for the one-dimensional isentropic Euler system under the body force with varying gamma law

The exact Riemann solutions are presented in fully explicit forms for the one-dimensional isentropic Euler system of gas dynamics with the body force, in which the shock and rarefaction waves are accelerated into the parabola curves with the same degree under the influence of such body force. Moreover, the limit of Riemann solution composed of two shock waves tends to an accelerated delta shock solution as well as the limit of Riemann solution constituted by two rarefaction waves converges to a solution made up of two contact discontinuities along with the vacuum state encompassed by them when the adiabatic exponent tends to one, in which the intrinsic phenomena of concentration and cavitation can be analyzed and observed carefully. It is of interest to notice that the internal states in two rarefaction wave fans are transformed gradually into the corresponding vacuum states under this limiting circumstance, which is distinguished from the previously established result that a whole rarefaction wave is concentrated into only one contact discontinuity.

Effect of Composite Bionic Micro-Texture on Bearing Lubrication and Cavitation Characteristics of Slipper Pair

The slipper pair is the crucial friction pair of the seawater axial piston pump. Taking seawater as the working medium will inevitably affect the bearing performance of the slipper pair. In this paper, a seawater axial piston pump slipper pair model with a composite bionic micro-texture of the first-stage circular pit and the second-stage circular ball is established. Using the CFD simulation method, 18 groups of orthogonal tests are designed to explore the effects of seven test factors, such as rotational speed, first-stage diameter, first-stage aspect ratio, second-stage diameter, second-stage aspect ratio, area ratio, and distribution angle, on the bearing characteristics of the water film of the slipper pair. Study whether cavitation can further improve the bearing characteristics of the water film. The research shows that there is a vortex behind the circular pit, and there is a pressure difference in the calculation domain of the water film. The existence of the pressure difference causes the bearing force of the water film surface to increase. The cavitation phenomenon mainly occurs at the divergent wedge behind the circular pit. Among them, the total pressure bearing force of the 5th test group increased by 90% after introducing cavitation effect, and the total pressure bearing force of the 17th test group increased by about 86% compared with other test groups at the same speed. The order of the test factors affecting the water film bearing features is: A (rotational speed) > C (first-stage aspect ratio) > B (first-stage diameter) > E (second-stage aspect ratio) > F (area ratio) > D (second-stage diameter) > G (distribution angle). The optimal model is A6B2C1D3E3F2G3.

PROSPECTS OF USING THE CAVITATION PHENOMENON IN OIL REFINING

Over the past decades, the balance of hydrocarbon production shows a rising trend of production heavy, high-viscosity oil. Their transportation and refining involves higher energy costs, which can be reduced by using the innovative oil treatment method based on the creation of the cavitation phenomenon. It should be noted that the information about the change in oil characteristics as a result of cavitation treatment is contradictory. This also applies to the nature of the change in the properties and the stability of these changes over time. In some cases, the different nature of the changes is associated with the group composition of the samples. This paper is devoted to the study of the influence of cavitation oil treatment of different nature on their fractional composition and characteristics of individual fractions. Here was an attempt to determine the optimal time of fractionation of oil (after processing) in order to obtain the greatest output of light fractions. Heavy and light oil from the Ilsk field (Krasnodar Krai) were selected as the research subjects. The study of the influence of the treatment conditions on the viscosity of oil products was carried out on the sample of straight-run fuel oil (SRFO) provided by AO «Gazpromneft - MNPZ», obtained at the ELOU-AVT-6 unit. Cavitation processing of samples was carried out in the apparatus of HPH «Donor-2». The density of the samples and their fractions were determined according to GOST 3900-85 «Oil and petroleum products. Methods for the determination of the density». Fractional composition of petroleum in accordance with GOST 2177-99 «Petroleum products. Methods of determination of fractional composition». Vacuum distillation was used to determine the fractional composition of dark petroleum products. Kinematic viscosity was determined by GOST 33-2016. The conducted researches have shown the prospect of using the cavitation phenomenon in oil refining processes. It is possible to change (reduce) the viscosity of the oil product, to increase the yield of fractions with lower boiling points by using this phenomenon. The efficiency of the treatment increases with the increase in the density of the oil product. The results do not confirm information about the post-effect of cavitation treatment of petroleum products, when changes in the characteristics of the sample continue for some time after refining. By measuring the viscosity of the fuel oil sample, it is shown that the relaxation of the characteristics begins after treatment and it is most noticeable during the first 5 days after treatment. This allows us to recommend to treatment the sample immediately prior to fractionation. It should also be noted that as a result of cavitation treatment, not only dark but also light petroleum fractions are affected, and in all of these fractions along destruction and isomerization reactions, there are also processes of compaction.

Degradation and Protection of Materials from Cavitation Erosion: A Review.

The phenomena of cavitation and cavitation erosion affect hydraulic machines, increasing their maintenance costs. Both these phenomena and also the methods of preventing the destruction of materials are presented. The compressive stress in the surface layer created from the implosion of cavitation bubbles depends on the aggressiveness of the cavitation, which in turn depends on the test device and test conditions, and also affects the erosion rate. Comparing the erosion rates of different materials tested using different tests devices, the correlation with material hardness was confirmed. However, no one simple correlation was obtained but rather several were achieved. This indicates that in addition to hardness, cavitation erosion resistance is also affected by other properties, such as ductility, fatigue strength and fracture toughness. Various methods such as plasma nitriding, shot peening, deep rolling and coating deposition used to increase resistance to cavitation erosion by increasing the hardness of the material surface are presented. It is shown that the improvement depends on the substrate, coating material and test conditions, but even using the same materials and test conditions large differences in the improvement can be sometimes gained. Moreover, sometimes a slight change in the manufacturing conditions of the protective layer or coating component can even contribute to a deterioration in resistance compared with the untreated material. Plasma nitriding can improve resistance by even 20 times, but in most cases, the improvement was about two-fold. Shot peening or friction stir processing can improve erosion resistance up to five times. However, such treatment introduces compressive stresses into the surface layer, which reduces corrosion resistance. Testing in a 3.5% NaCl solution showed a deterioration of resistance. Other effective treatments were laser treatment (an improvement from 1.15 times to about 7 times), the deposition of PVD coatings (an improvement of up to 40 times) and HVOF coatings or HVAF coatings (an improvement of up to 6.5 times). It is shown that the ratio of the coating hardness to the hardness of the substrate is also very important, and for a value greater than the threshold value, the improvement in resistance decreases. A thick, hard and brittle coating or alloyed layer may impair the resistance compared to the untreated substrate material.

Study on Cavitation of Port Plate of Seawater Desalination Pump with Energy Recovery Function

To address the problem of low integration and efficiency of reverse osmosis desalination system, an energy-recovery type incurve multiple acting pump is developed with integrated functions of a high-pressure pump, energy recovery device and booster pump. In order to determine its flow range and suppress cavitation generation, a mathematical model of the port plate is established, combining the realizable k-ɛ turbulence model and the Schnerr-Sauer cavitation model to obtain the internal flow field characteristics of the port plate. The effects of different rotational speeds and inlet pressures on cavitation were analyzed to obtain the gas volume fraction distribution rules. The design is based on the pressure and mass flow monitoring test device to verify the numerical calculation results. The results show that the experimental and simulation data match accurately, and with the increase in speed and the decrease in inlet pressure, the cavitation phenomenon becomes serious and the flow coefficient is reduced. The optimal working speed of the pump in this paper is 520 r/min and the output flow is 200 L/min. Compared with conventional products, the volume is reduced by more than 40%.

Modification of rheological properties of animal and vegetable proteins treated with high‐intensity ultrasound: A review

AbstractThe rheological properties of proteins play a role important in the fluid flow, pump selection, equipment design, and product development. In addition, it has been observed that the texture and mouthfeel of foods depend on the viscoelastic properties of their ingredients, especially those that show both elastic and viscous behavior, such as proteins. To improve the functional properties, including the rheological ones, proteins have been subjected to some physical treatments, such as ultrasound, which is considered an emerging green technology. Changes in the properties of proteins by high‐intensity ultrasound vary according to the equipment used, power, frequency, and time of sonication, as well as the intrinsic characteristics of the studied proteins. As pretreatment, ultrasound affects the rheological properties of proteins such as viscosity and storage and loss moduli due to the structural modification of its polypeptide chain, as a consequence of the cavitation phenomenon. In this review, we present the main results of the effect of high‐intensity ultrasound on the rheological properties of animal and vegetable proteins subjected to different conditions such as ultrasound device, power, frequency, wave amplitude, and exposure time mainly. In this context, the information from studies of the impact of ultrasound on the rheological properties of proteins from animal and vegetable sources is important to diversify its possible use as a food ingredient.

Dual Mesh Technique for Hydroacoustic Prediction of Cavitating Flows around a Three-Dimensional Bullet

Nowadays, hydroacoustics is of great importance. A major source of underwater noise is cavitation noise. One of the difficulties in cavitation noise prediction is its complex formation mechanism. In this paper, a cavitating bullet is taken as the research object, and detailed numerical simulation research of the local cavitation for this three-dimensional model is carried out. Ffowcs Williams and Hawkings equation (FW-H) is adopted. The quadrupole term is obtained by the direct volume integration method. Furthermore, dual mesh technique is adopted to achieve fast calculation. The results show that the dual mesh technology reduces the computational complexity of the nonlinear sound pressure significantly. With the appropriate acoustic grid size, the dual mesh method can ensure the same accuracy as the CFD grid. This provides a reliable way for the calculation of nonlinear sound pressure in the cavitation phenomenon.

Numerical Simulation of Cavitation and FlashBoiling in GDI Nozzle and Spray

This work aims at using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) method to establish a gasoline direct injection (GDI) engine nozzle and combustion chamber model to simulate cavitation and flash boiling phenomena and analyze how these phenomena affect the engine performance. FLUENT 15.0 is used to simulate the flow of fuel. The cavitation phenomenon in GDI nozzle was simulated comprehensively, and the influences of parameter values such as inlet pressure and outlet pressure on cavitation were studied in this work. The results show that high injection pressure can promote the occurrence of cavitation and high outlet pressure has an inhibitory effect on cavitation. However, the effect of cavitation on atomization cannot be seen intuitively only through the simulation of the internal nozzle. The two-dimensional inter nozzle model established in this work is a foundation for the establishment of external nozzle model. It can provide specific boundary conditions at nozzle outlet. In addition, a three-dimensional external nozzle model was established to simulate the flash boiling spray in the combustion chamber. Based on the mechanism, it can be found that flash boiling spray improves the atomization quality. After verifying the simulation results with relevant experiments, these models could bring great convenience to the study of cavitation and flash boiling with sufficient reliability in further study.

Numerical Simulation of Centrifugal Pump Cavitation Based on ANSYS

Centrifugal pump is the key equipment in petrochemical, agriculture, shipbuilding and other industries. Its safe, reliable and reliable work is an important guarantee to ensure its normal operation. Cavitation is a kind of unsteady compressible turbulent flow, which has a great influence on its performance and efficiency due to material exchange between gas and liquid phases. The appearance of the impeller internal cavitation phenomenon will reduce the pump head and efficiency, which is caused by the impeller and other flow components of damage, causing greater noise, and thereby the pump work and work performance have been greatly affected. Improving the efficiency of the centrifugal pump will undoubtedly reduce the social requirements for energy, which is consistent with the current goal of energy conservation and emission reduction advocated by society. The performance and efficiency of a centrifugal pump can be improved effectively by numerical simulation and analysis of the cavitation phenomenon.

Finite-strain elasticity theory and liquid-liquid phase separation in compressible gels.

The theory of finite-strain elasticity is applied to the phenomenon of cavitation observed in polymer gels following liquid-liquid phase separation of the solvent, which opens a fascinating window on the role of finite-strain elasticity theory in soft materials in general. We show that compressibility effects strongly enhance cavitation in simple materials that obey neo-Hookean elasticity. On the other hand, cavitation phenomena in gels of flexible polymers in a binary solvent that phase separates are surprisingly similar to those of incompressible materials. We find that, as a function of the interfacial energy between the two solvent components, there is a sharp transition between cavitation and classical nucleation and growth. Next, biopolymer gels are characterized by strain hardening and even very low levels of strain hardening turn out to suppress cavitation in polymer gels that obey Flory-Huggins theory in the absence of strain hardening. Our results indicate that cavitation is, in essence, not possible for polymer networks that show strain hardening.

Cavitation phenomenon in hydro-pneumatic interconnected suspension: modeling and parametric analysis

Cavitation phenomenon in hydro-pneumatic interconnected suspension: modeling and parametric analysis

Innovative technology and equipment for preparing whole milk replacer

Technologies and equipment sets for the preparation of whole milk replacer (WMR) for feeding calves of the dairy period are presented in the paper. It is shown that the farms of Russia and Belarus mainly use imported milk replacer. Studies have established that it is more relevant to produce milk replacer in our countries based on local leguminous crops. The grains of these crops contain the necessary components, such as fats, proteins, carbohydrates, etc. only in hard-to-digest forms for calves of the dairy period with gastrointestinal not being yet formed. It is shown that the effect of heat and moisture in combination with the use of cavitation treatment of a mixture of leguminous crops can be used to obtain high-quality whole milk replacers. In order to reduce the metal and energy capacities of the milk replacer preparation process, electromagnetic waves were used, which also made it possible to reduce the processing time of the components. Analytical studies made it possible to establish that the cavitation phenomenon occurs in the liquid when the pressure decreases in it to the limit, when the stream ruptures occur. Based on the studies, the parameters of the structural elements of the cavitator-hydrodispergator are established, which ensure the mode of the destruction of grain forces.

Influence of the flow area around the ball valve on the flow characteristics of the injector control valve

The increase in common rail pressure can lead to increased cavitation inside the injector, resulting in degradation of injector performance and reduced life. The paper investigates the effect of the pressure block structure parameters (initial flow area around the ball valve) on the velocity field, pressure field, fuel gas phase volume fraction and drain rate of the control valve. The relationship between the initial flow area around the ball valve on the cavitation strength and unloading rate inside the valve was revealed. The results show that both the reduction of the flow area around the ball valve and the increase of the cavitation intensity inhibit the rate of oil discharge from the control valve. The reduction of the fuel flow area inhibits the expansion of the low-pressure region (0–1 MPa) within the flow layer, thus limiting the development of cavitation. The reduction of the cavitation area increases the fuel flow rate, however, the increase in flow rate increases the cavitation phenomenon, and these changes form a cycle (Reviewer 5. comment 2). The increase in cavitation inhibits the control valve pressure relief rate more significantly than the decrease in the initial flow area around the ball valve. Based on this, a stepped-pressure block model is proposed. The stepped pressure block model can effectively reduce the cavitation strength near the seal and enhance the oil discharge rate of the control valve. The study can provide a reference for the engineering optimization design of high-pressure common rail injector control valves.

Study on Multi-flow Field Characteristics of Unloading Groove Spacing of Bidirectional Gear Pump

Improving the output flow quality of the high-precision micro bidirectional gear pump can effectively improve the position control accuracy and dynamic characteristics of the electro-hydraulic actuator. In order to meet the appeal requirements and reduce the vibration and noise of the gear pump and prolong its working life, this paper starts with the research of the key part of the gear pump–the unloading groove structure. The three characteristics of trapped oil phenomenon, cavitation phenomenon, and flow were used as key indices to evaluate gear pump performance. Using numerical simulation analysis, the dynamic grid simulation method was used to explore the influence of unloading groove spacing on the transient multi-flow field characteristics of the gear pump under conventional design range. Our results show that reducing the distance between unloading grooves can greatly reduce the trapped oil pressure and the amount of gas precipitation in the flow field, while reducing flow pulsation and improving volumetric efficiency. However, when the unloading groove spacing is too small, the instantaneous flow curve loses the pulsation characteristics and the flow stability decreases. Considering the influence of the gear pump on the accuracy of the electro-hydraulic actuator and the performance of the gear pump itself, the analytic hierarchy process was used to obtain the 1 mm unloading slot spacing, which best meets the engineering requirements of high flow accuracy and low vibration noise. The results provide a basis for work on the structural optimization of high-precision micro gear pumps.

Material Removal Characteristics of Spherical-Array-Focused Ultrasonic Abrasive Machining.

To improve the ultrasonic energy and realize far-field ultrasonic abrasive machining of complex surfaces, a spherical-array-focused ultrasonic abrasive machining system was established. By combining ultrasonic field simulation, detection and a single-factor experiment, the influences of the ultrasonic generator current, abrasive concentration, and particle size on the material removal properties and surface quality evolution of quartz glass were investigated. When the current was less than 0.4 A, the material removal showed plastic removal at the nanoscale. When the current was more than 0.5 A, the cavitation phenomenon formed micron-scale impact removal traces on the workpiece surface. The increase in abrasive concentration increased the impact density and material removal rate, while excessive abrasive concentration increased the impeding effect between abrasive particles and reduced the material removal rate. Moreover, the increase in abrasive particle concentration enhanced heterogeneous cavitation nucleation, promoted the removal of abrasive impact materials under the action of a cavitation jet, and inhibited the removal of direct surface cavitation. The abrasive particle size affects the heterogeneous cavitation nucleation and the acceleration of the cavitation jet on abrasive particles, which affects the material removal rate and surface quality. By controlling the energy of the focused ultrasound and abrasive parameters, the plastic or brittle domain removal of quartz glass can be achieved at the micro- and nanoscales.

Numerical Modeling of the Cavitation Flow in Throttle Geometry

The modern fuel injectors work with ultra-high injection pressure with a micro-size nozzle, which inevitably triggers the cavitation flow inside the nozzle. The formation of vapor bubbles and their development inside the nozzle is difficult to characterize due to its highly fluctuating spatial and temporal parameters. The numerical models can predict the temporal behavior of cavitating flow with the real-size nozzle geometry, which is fairly expensive with the experiments. A systematic study has been carried out using throttle geometry to characterize the cavitation flow. The different turbulence, multiphase, and cavitation models are extensively evaluated and validated with experimental data. A combination of numerical models has been proposed to predict the cavitation flow more accurately with low computational time. The results obtained with the k-ω SST (Shear Stress Transport) turbulence model and the ZGB (Zwart-Gerber-Belamri) cavitation model are more consistent with the experimental results. The overall structure of cavitation is well captured with both the VOF (Volume of Fluid) and the Mixture multiphase models. Although, the smaller structures like bubble formation and ligament breakup are only captured with the VOF (Volume of Fluid) tuned with the sharp interface method. The effect of pressure difference on the cavitation flow has been estimated with diesel and bio-diesel fuel. The effect of nozzle conicity on cavitation phenomena has also been reported.