Causes Of Ethnic Conflict Research Articles

Root Causes of Violent Ethnic Conflicts and Prevention Measures in Rwenzori Region in Western Uganda

The scientific research study analyzed the different root causes of violent ethnic conflicts and preclusion measures to deter the escalation of these conflicts in Rwenzori region in Western Uganda. This research study was guided by the following objectives; to analyze root causes of ethnic conflicts and to identify preclusion measures for ethnic conflicts in Rwenzori Region. A cross sectional survey design was used to collect explanatory research opinions whereby qualitative data was collected using interviews schedules, observation checklists and documentary analysis. The sampling strategy used was purposive sampling because it helped the researcher garner vital information from essential persons who possessed relevant facts for the logical study. The target population of the study comprised of the local community, representatives from the Kingdom authorities, the Local council leaders, religious and cultural leaders of the kingdoms in the area of the study. The target population was 320 people and the sample size chosen was 89 participants which was reached at by use of a Table developed by Morgan & Krejcie (1970). Data analysis was analyzed using content and thematic analysis science. Keen attention was employed to acknowledge or minimize the effect of possible bias on the interviews and on the interpretation. The study findings revealed that violent ethnic conflicts in the region were associated with the desire for an autonomous territory, Ethnicity, Radicalism, Unequal distribution of resources, cultural differences, poor conflict management strategies and effect of rebel group insurgencies. The study concluded that it is the intolerance towards all views except one’s own, and the adoption of political selfishness which disregard accepted standards of conduct, including the life, liberty and the general human rights of the populace. The academics recommended that the government of Uganda should put in place preclusion measures such as equal distribution of ....

Ethnic Conflicts in Northeast India and Balochistan in Pakistan

This article examines the comparative study on ethnic conflicts in Northeast India and Balochistan of Pakistan focusing on the political actors and factors of the insurgencies. This article argues that ethnic conflicts in Northeast India and Balochistan in Pakistan have become institutionalized form of armed violence due to economic deprivation, political domination, cultural injustice, lack of communication, resource competition etc. Moreover, the politicization of issues like governance, political economy, colonialism, role of central government, foreign intervention and media coverage significantly promotes ethnic insurgencies into nationalist movements with a view to achieving their self-determination in their respective territories. The article looks at the representation of these political causes of ethnic conflicts as well as how and to what extent ethnic conflicts in Northeast India are different from that of Balochistan in Pakistan.

The Imperial Regimes as a Root of Current Ethnic Based Conflicts in Ethiopia

Current ethnic conflict in Ethiopia is not a simple byproduct of Multinational federalism and politicization of ethnicity since 1991. Regardless of the contradictions and debates over the core causes of ethnic conflict in Ethiopia, it is impossible to fully comprehend it without a thorough and honest examination of the pre-1991 country's history in terms of ethnicity and ethnic conflict. The article analyzed the historical root causes of ethnic conflict in Ethiopia by taking Minilik’s II and HaileSelassie’s I regimes into account. Hence, a Dialectical approach and historical method were employed to conduct a critical investigation of the core causes of ethnic conflict. The article found that the country's current ethnic politics and ethnic warfare sowed during the imperial regime. Minilik II and his successor conquered, confiscated, subjugated, enslaved, and dehumanized the southern nations, nationalities, and people in the consecration of Ethiopia's current territory. During imperial administrations, Ethiopia was seen as a prison-house of people. Ethnic identity has been taboo during the imperial regimes of Ethiopia. The article found that the imperial regimes of Ethiopia were the precursor to both immediate and potential ethnic-based detestation, animosity, and violence that resulted in the country's lengthy and deadly civil wars. Based on a dialectical method, this article discovered that the process of Ethiopian state creation resulted in sustainable and predictable cyclical rotation of contradiction and contestation between thesis and antithesis, without creating strong syntheses. Moreover, the misappropriation of concepts of nationalism and nation-building has been common in the country's political history

EFFECTS OF ETHNIC CONFLICT ON ACCESS AND PARTICIPATION OF CHILDREN IN PRIMARY EDUCATION

Purpose: Lowering the risk of dropout requires a broad set of policies aimed at reducing underlying vulnerabilities, including poverty-related factors and problems linked to education quality. Increasing the income of poor families through cash transfers can help enhance education prospects. The general objective of the study was to evaluate effects of ethnic conflict on access and participation of children in primary education.
 Methodology: The paper used a desk study review methodology where relevant empirical literature was reviewed to identify main themes and to extract knowledge gaps.
 Findings: The study concludes that ethnic conflicts are caused by competition over scarce and shrinking resources, favoritism, discrimination; tribal animosity, historical land injustices, voting along ethnic lines, during general elections, politics of exclusion, and biased resource allocation among communities. The causes of ethnic conflicts disrupted education activities and programs; impoverished communities, caused school dropout by children, closure of schools, absenteeism and poor enrolments and attendance levels in schools
 Recommendations: There is need for trauma counselling to be offered to victims of the post-election violence. The relevant governments needs to seriously address the problem of land and put policies in place for citizens regarding owning land and property anywhere to avoid recurrence of ethnic violence in various parts of the country. On the effects of ethnic conflict on access and participation of children in primary education the researcher recommended that the relevant stakeholders should seriously address the issues related with distribution of resources, marginalization, favoritism and discrimination

ETNİK ÇATIŞMA HAREKETLERİ: BOSNA- HERSEK VAKA ÇALIŞMASI

If the conflict occurs between two or more ethnic groups, it can be named ‘ethnic conflict’ due to political, social, economic, etc., which either includes violence or not. The issue of ‘ethnic conflict’ can be accepted as one of the special topics in international relations, and it should be discussed with experienced cases to provide research through social sciences. This study aims to contribute the studies of the ethnic conflict in international relations with the history and evaluation of dissolution of Yugoslavia, with the selected case of ‘Bosnia and Herzegovina’. This article examines the issue of 'ethnic conflict' and the historical background in the scope of International Relations. It investigates the ethnic conflict movements of Bosnia and Herzegovina's chosen region, since the Cold War years with appropriate International Relations theories. In this context, the issue was discussed within the historical background framework, together with the selected theories for the analysis and evaluation of the causes of ethnic conflict in Bosnia and Herzegovina in the post-Cold War period on the psychosocial approach and evaluation of ethnic identity.

Factors Contributing to the Ethnic Conflicts among the Residents of Kipchimchim Parish in Kenya

The study sought to find out the causes that provoke ethnic conflict in the area of Kipchimchim, Kenya apart from other areas which experience ethnic conflict mostly after every five years during and after election. The paradox is that, conflict occurs in places that are known to be Christian stronghold. True Christians are expected to be Christ like in their way of life. They are supposed to be gentle, loving, kind, understanding, patient, generous and not self-centered, being mindful of others and peace makers just to mention but a few. The target population of this research was all the Christians of Kipchimchim Parish with a population of 2,106 people. Stratified random sampling was used because of its accuracy in representing the population. A sample of 200 respondents was selected for data collection through questionnaire, and 12 respondents by interview, one leader from every center, which made the total of nine leaders, then the Parish Priest, the local superior of the sisters and the representative of the catechists. All these 12 respondents were interviewed personally. The sample of at least 200 respondents in this research is approximately 10% of the total population. The study identifies election disputes and land disputes as the major cause of ethnic conflicts within the jurisdiction of Kipchimchim parish. Other causes of ethnic conflicts were cattle rustling, political profiling and the killing of the area Member of Parliament. The study recommends that individuals, communities, NGO's, FBOs, CBOs, National and County governments should come together and end this menace. Effective legal frameworks need also to be implemented without involving corruption in various mainstreams.

Упрочение гражданского единства в этнополитическом контексте Юга России

The article is devoted to the principles and directions (politico-imperious and organizational-managerial) of strengthening unity of the Russian civic nation with the actualization of the competition of ethnic and civic identities. The authors summarize the opinions of experts from some subjects of the South of Russia on the polyethnicity and polyconfessionality, the causes of ethnic conflicts, the effectiveness of the implementation of national policy and the activities of national cultural organizations.

Sociological examination of ethnic conflicts in Obi local government area of Nasarawa State, Nigeria

This paper looked at sociological examination of ethnic conflicts in Obi Local Government Area of Nasarawa state to find out the causes of ethnic conflicts and assess effectiveness of government intervention in curbing conflicts in the study area. One hundred and two (102) respondents were drawn from three (3) purposively selected wards in study area. The study reveals that majority of respondents sampled were between the ages of 20-30 years (84.3%), male (81.5%) and single (51%). Majority (56.6%) of them also had tertiary education and worked as artisans (38.2%). The findings further reveals that 52 % of respondents were of the opinion that poverty contributed to the crisis in their area and 41.18% of them believed that land dispute was the major cause of conflict in the study area. Again, 52.9% of the respondents indicated that government intervention in resolving crisis was not effective while 71.6% of respondents indicated that traditional and religious leaders interventions in resolving conflict was effective. The study concludes that poverty, unemployment and illiteracy were sociological conditions that caused conflict in the study area. It is recommended that government must learn to intervene early enough in conflicts at the rumor stage and involved traditional heads and religious leader in any negotiations between conflicting groups as means of resolving disputes and differences.

Focus on the Fundamentals: Reflections on the State of Ethnic Conflict Studies

Our failure to come to consensus on the causes of ethnic conflict stems in part from disagreement on the field’s most basic concept, ethnicity. Yet surprisingly little research directly addresses the fundamental question of what ethnicity is, including whether it inherently involves conflictual behavior. New research is increasingly redressing this problem, but its grounding in social psychology often remains weak. Social scientists are urged to consider a sharper focus on the fundamentals, in particular using systematically contextualized experimental methods that blend the best of psychology with the best of sociology, history, anthropology, and political science.

A sociological look at the evolution of recent scholarship on ethnic conflicts

It is commonly held that there was increased scholarly interest in ethnic conflicts following the end of the Cold War, though what this greater interest has meant in terms of the evolution of this subfield in subsequent decades has rarely been studied. To fill this gap, this article looks at all articles (n = 246) on the causes of ethnic conflicts, out of a total of 20,105 articles published in 30 key journals between 1990 and 2012. Adopting a sociological stance, it argues that the subfield expanded over the period. However, ethnic conflict literature appears to have been at key points largely driven by external factors. There is also indication that duels as opposed to dialogue were the modus operandi for this period. Overall, the broad notion of expansion needs to be nuanced in light of some concerning trends behind the subfield’s sociological evolution.

Limitations of theoretical research of causes of ethnic conflicts

Limitations of theoretical research of causes of ethnic conflicts

民族冲突的社会心理原因与化解方法

民族冲突在很大程度上影响了一个国家的繁荣和稳定，也成为了目前社会心理学研究的热点之一。众多研究者们从不同方面探讨了民族冲突产生的原因，进而提出了现实冲突理论、社会认同理论以及相对剥夺理论。对于民族冲突的化解方法，通过民族间平等的接触，并为了共同的目标进行合作被认为是最有效的方法之一。除此之外，利用共同内群体认同模型、双重认同模型和交叉类别分类的原理，扩展民族身份认同的范围，也是一种能有效化解民族冲突的方法。这些方法为我国促进民族关系的和谐提供了借鉴。 Ethnic conflict endangers a nation’s prosperity and stability to a great extent; it also became one of the hot topics in the study of social psychology. Many researchers explored the causes of ethnic conflict from different aspects and put forward three theories: realistic group conflict theory, social identity theory and relative deprivation theory. Referring to the methods to reduce or resolve ethnic conflict, interethnic contact which is based on equal status, common goals and interethnic cooperation is considered to be one of the effective ways. In addition, according to common ingroup identity model, dual identity model and cross categorization classification, extending the scope of ethnic identity can also resolve ethnic conflict. These methods are used for reference for our country to promote ethnic relations harmoniously.

Indonesia

This article is trying to explain the roots of ethnic conflict in Myanmar, and what are the implications of the conflict. Ethnic conflict involves two ethnic groups are ethnic Rohingya Muslim and ethnic Buddha Rakhine. This conflict causes thousands of people trying to escape every year to Bangladesh, Malaysia and other places in the area. People try to escape because their rights are not given by the government Myanmar. The causes of ethnic conflict can be seen from three levels, which are Systemic level, which stated that the government’s Myanmar had conspired with foreign investors, Domestic level who said that the government Myanmar led by a military junta, and perception level that stated if ethnic Rohingya is similar to the Benggali. This conflict leads to refugees on the large scale and humanitarian issues and invite the reaction of the international community and the UN.

Awash National Park, Ethiopia: use policy, ethnic conflict and sustainable resources conservation in the context of decentralization

AbstractIn response to recent decentralization in Ethiopia, we investigated pressure exerted on Awash National Park (ANP), vis‐a‐vis park resources; causes of park‐related conflicts and the impact of policy on sustainable resources conservation before decentralization (pre‐1995) and after decentralization (post‐1995). The study's aim was to assess the implementation of sustainable resources conservation in terms of use policy and conflicts in protected areas. We sampled a total of 210 respondents by stratified random sampling and group discussion participants and key informants using purposive sampling technique. Our results show that while policy problems were perceived to be the main threats to the park pre‐1995, demand for pasture land and water, resource‐caused conflicts, expansion of private and state farms were identified as main threats to the park post‐1995. Before decentralization (pre‐1995), inequitable resource sharing and poor organizational structures were the main causes of ethnic conflicts, whereas after decentralization, increasing demand for various resources were the main causes of conflict. We recommend experiences from the Simen National Park be tested to the benefit of improving the state of ANP.

Ethnic Politics, Political Elite, and Regime Change in Nigeria

AbstractSince the 1960s, intermittent social conflicts in Nigeria appear mostly linked to ethnic groups’ differences. Considering the importance of regime change in social and political stability, this article critically analyses the historic and dynamic role of the core political executive elite in the political system's stability. The article argues that ethnic politics persist in Nigeria based on the nature of interactions between political institutions, institution‐builders, and society. It asserts a contradictory link between deep‐rooted elite interests and popular preferences in ways that undermine orientations towards democracy. The empirical focus is on the composite nature of the core political executive elite analysed through their ethnic and educational backgrounds. It is observed that, although ethnic shocks are variously motivated, the atypical shape and inequity in power and role distribution at the highest levels of executive office‐holding stand out as a salient source and target of antagonism by ethnic groups. This finding has a paradoxical implication: deep‐seated economic and political interests of the elite play a diversionary role from the real causes of ethnic conflicts in Nigeria.

Youths’ Perception of the Impact of Inter and Intra Ethnic Conflicts on Socio-economic Development in Delta State, Nigeria

The study was undertaken to determine youth’s perception of the impact of ethnic conflicts on socio-economic development in Delta state. Data for the study were collected from 102 youths from Ijaw, Itsekiri and Urhobo through the use of structured questionnaire. Percentage and mean scores were used in the data analysis. The results of the study indicated that unevenly distribution of compensations from government (91.2%) and unevenly sharing of resources (81.4%) were the most important causes of ethnic conflicts in the area. It was also revealed that unemployment (x =1.65) and poverty (x=1.46) were the major factors influencing youth’s participation in ethnic conflicts. The impact of the conflicts was most severe on human lives (x=2.42) and buildings (x= 2.13). It was recommended that the Delta state government through the Agricultural Development Programme (DSADP) should embark on virile community and school rural youth extension activities such as young farmers’ clubs programme. Keywords: Youth, Ethnic conflict, socio-economic development

Evolutionary Psychology and the Explanation of Ethnic Phenomena

In a recent series of articles, Hislope (1998, 2000) and Harvey (2000a, 2000b) have raised questions about the usefulness of “evolutionary theory” especially for any purpose other than identifying “distal” causes of ethnic phenomena. This article responds to those views and argues that evolutionary psychology shows great promise in contributing to the explanation of contemporary ethnic identities and ethnic conflict. The authors argue that an evolutionary psychology approach embraces research conducted through conventional social science approaches, helps to complete explanations of the proximate causes of ethnic conflict, and can recast thought and encourage new areas of research about important issues in the ethnic conflict field. Illustrations are provided in support of each of these points. Some of these arguments have been heard before with respect to the general role of evolutionary theory in explaining social phenomena but they are arguments we think bear repeating and illustrating in the context of the study of ethnic phenomena. Before examining the ways that evolutionary psychology can contribute to social science explanation of ethnic phenomena, we summarize the general evolutionary psychology approach to the study of social behavior.

The ethnic‐religious nexus: The impact of religion on ethnic conflict

Since the end of the Cold War, religion and ethnicity have been major causes of domestic conflict. This work examines the nexus between religious and ethnic causes of conflict based on information from the Minorities at Risk dataset as well as information collected by other studies. The findings show that while the primary causes of ethnic conflict are non‐religious ethnic issues, the majority of ethnic conflicts involve religious issues. Religion can cause ethnic conflicts when the religious beliefs of an ethnic group are threatened by another group or when religious laws are believed to call for conflictive action. Religion can become involved in ethnic conflicts that have secular causes through the use of religious institutions and legitimacy in the conflict. Occasionally, this involvement of religion can transform a secular conflict into a religious one.

ALTERNATIVE THEORIES OF ETHNIC HARMONY

Studies of the causes of ethnic conflict are unlikely to lead to ethnic harmony, since societal malfunctions usually come too late in the historical process for interventive strategies. Instead, there must be a vision of the conditions for ethnic peace. Some fifteen such visions exist—military hegemonism, assimilationism, nationalism, capitalism, separatism, economic interdependence theory, egalitarianism, democratization theory, amalgamationism, integrationism, consociational democracy, Gramscian hegemonism, communitarianism, political mobilization theoy, and nonviolence theory. Some of the approaches are to be discarded on moral grounds, several have been tried but failed, whereas others remain to be tested empirically.