Cause Of Condemnation Research Articles

Pérdidas económicas por condena de vísceras en rojo de cerdos sacrificados Santa Catarina

The present work has as objective, with data collected in 11 properties that provide a refrigerator of Santa Catarina. A total of 2.691 pigs slaughtered in 2016 were analyzed as the main causes of condemnation of red or edible viscera in slaughter. Encephalic pneumonia 52.08%, blood aspiration 20.28%, fluid aspiration 17.01%, pleural adhesion 3.04%, pulmonary atelectasis 0.89%, pulmonary emphysema 0.18%, pulmonary abscess 0.26%, pleuropneumonia 2.52%, Ascaris suum lesion 16.05%, perihepatitis 1.89%, cirrhosis 3.04% and pericarditis 6.91%. As main condemnations for enzootic pneumonia, blood aspiration, Ascaris suum injury and pericarditis. During the inspection as lesions can be disclosed of different factors, associated with precarious management, absent from a vaccination program and biosafety errors in properties, associated with poor management. In view of this, a reduction in the prevalence of injuries that culminate in condemnation of carcasses can be minimized by training employees to minimize economic losses in industry and to pig producers with strict sanitary control on farms.

Prevalence of cysticercosis and location of cysticercus in carcasses of cattle slices in refrigerators in the Northeast region of Bahia

In the present study, the prevalence of bovine cysticercosis in 190,461 animals during a three-year period (2014, 2015, and 2016) was analyzed in a refrigerator situated in the northeast region, Bahia, Brazil. The animals were supplied from the Bahia municipalities. The data were obtained from reports of daily condemnation of bovine carcasses, as a result of the presence of cysts, and viscera, especially the liver and heart, together with the tongue and head of the animals, as well as the origin of cattle. Prevalence of bovine cysticercosis was observed in 1204 animals, and the form of viable cysts was higher (0.63%) as viable cysts (0.005%), with a preference for the liver 0.46% and heart 0.14%. With this we conclude that cysticercosis is an important cause of condemnation of viscera and carcasses leading to enormous economic losses. The intervention of the veterinarian in the prevention of cysticercosis should be to interrupt the evolutionary cycle of the parasite, thus reducing, gradually, the frequency of taeniasis in man, the definitive host.

Major Cause of Organ and Carcass Condemnation in Apparently Healthy Small Ruminant Slaughtered at Addis Ababa Abattoir Enterprise, Ethiopia

Study was conducted from November 2008 to March 2009 to determine the major causes of organ and carcass condemnation and associated annual magnitude of financial loss at Addis Ababa abattoir enterprise. Out of 1052 examined sheep and goats 459 (43.6%) livers, 307 (29.18%) lungs, 130 (12.36%) Hearts, 108 (20.27%) kidney and 28 (2.66%) carcass were condemned. The major causes of condemnation were parasite 52.24%, cirrhosis (11.2%), hepatitis (9.2%) and mechanical damage (8.12%) for liver; pneumonia (32.2%), emphysema (19.5%) and hydatidosis (15.9%) for lung; pericarditis (43.07%), calcification (17.7), Abscess (5.4%), Cysticercus ovis (8.4%) and other (25.4%) for heart; nephritis (30.5%) for kidneys, abscess (50%), bruising (29%) and other causes for carcasses. Rate of condemnation due to hydatidosis was higher in the lungs (4.3% in sheep and 5.0% in goats) than in the liver (3.3% in sheep and 3.4% in goats) significant higher rate of liver, lung, heart, kidney and carcass condemnation were not observed between age groups (p>0.05), but significantly higher rate of organ and carcass condemnation were observed with in sex group of sheep (P 0.05). Total annual loss due to organ and carcass condemnation was estimated one million Ethiopian Birr (90909.09 USD). Result of the present work warrant immediate need for the prevention of causes of organ and carcass condemnation and pathological abnormalities through development of and animal health delivery, enforcement of slaughter policy, education of sheep and goat traders, and training of slaughter house personnel on standard slaughter operations.

Major Abnormalities and their Economic and Public Health Significance in Ruminants Slaughtered at Haramaya and Aweday Municipal Abattoirs, Eastern Hararghe, Ethiopia

A cross sectional study was conducted from October 2016 to June, 2017 in two abattoirs to assess the major abnormalities causing organ and carcass condemnation in cattle, sheep and goat as well as their economic and public health importance. In this study, a total of 700 animals (240 cattle, 230 sheep and 230 goats) were systematically selected and thoroughly examined at AM and PM. The PM result showed 12.43% liver (15.4% in cattle, 13.9% in sheep and 7.83% in goat) were condemned mainly due to fasciolosis (4.86%), hydatid cyst (3.57%) and fibrosis (2.3%). Similarly 12% lung (14.2% in cattle, 12.6% in sheep and 9.13% in goat) were also rejected due to hydatid cyst (6.3%), hepatization (1.57%), adhesion (1.14%) and lung worm (1%). The main causes of condemnations in kidneys, heart and spleen were infarction, pericarditis and hydatid cyst. However, Cysticercus bovis infestation was the only problem caused total and partial carcass, tongue and heart condemnation in cattle. The estimated annual financial loss was about 20559.43 and 20232.85 USD at Haramaya and Aweday municipal abattoirs respectively. Concerning public health issue of hydatid cyst and C. bovis, questionnaire survey and interviews were carried-out on randomly selected 100 respondents to evaluate the awareness, practice and ways of transmission of the disease. Accordingly, majority of the respondents had the habit of eating raw meat (68%), consuming backyard slaughtered meat (53%), feeding dogs infected raw viscera (28%), had close contact with dog (57%) and drinking surface water (11%). Retrospective patient case-book (2015 and 2016) survey showed 0.167% (42/25096) human hydatidosis among patients admitted for X-ray and ultrasound examination and 1.89% (791/41812) Taenia saginata taeniosis based on stool examination. Generally, the present study showed many parasitic and nonspecific lesions causing huge financial loss and hazardous to public health; therefore, further study is recommend at the study areas.

English

The study was conducted from November, 2013 to March, 2014 at Hawassa municipal abattoir, Southern Ethiopia with the aim of identifying the major causes of liver and lung condemnation and assessing possible risk factors associated with organ condemnation. Standard ante-mortem and post-mortem procedures were followed throughout the study and abnormalities were recorded. A total of 399 cattle were considered for ante mortem and post-mortem examination by systematic random sampling technique. In ante mortem inspection the most commonly encountered abnormalities were 3 (0.75%) lameness, 4 (1%) nasal discharge, 2 (0.5%) skin lesions and 4 (1%) rough hair coat. During post mortem inspection, 224 (56.1%) of lungs were condemned due to hydatidosis, calcification, emphysema and marbling and 207 (51.8%) of livers were condemned due to fasciolosis, hydatidosis, calcification, hardening and haemorrhage. The condemnation rate of lung with respect to each risk factor was found to be 35.3, 0.78, 9.7 and 10% for hydatidosis, calcification, emphysema and marbling, respectively. The condemnation rate of liver with respect to each risk factor was also found to be 20.5, 17.2, 4.2, 10.2 and 0.5% for fasciolosis, hydatidosis, hardening, calcification and hemorrhage, respectively. The study indicated that hydatidosis (35.5%) for lung and fasciolosis (20.7%) for liver were the major cause of condemnation, respectively. Many risk factors such as age, body condition, origin and breed of animal determined liver and lung condemnation rate. But among these only body condition showed statistically significant difference (x2= 11.524, P=0.003) with condemnation rate of each organ. The results of this study showed that condemnation of liver and lungs at the abattoir is very high, thereby preventive measure need to be designed to overcome further loss by applying appropriate treatment control and preventive measures of slaughter animals. Key words: Abattoir, cattle, condemnation, Hawassa, liver, lungs, municipal.

PRINCIPAIS CAUSAS DE CONDENAÇÃO AO ABATE DE AVES EM MATADOUROS FRIGORÍFICOS REGISTRADOS NO SERVIÇO BRASILEIRO DE INSPEÇÃO FEDERAL ENTRE 2006 E 2011

Resumo A indústria avícola no Brasil, bem como o consumo interno e exportações de carne de frango têm apresentado um expressivo crescimento. O Serviço de Inspeção Federal é responsável pela inspeção sanitária ao abate de aves e registra rotineiramente as lesões ou doenças identificadas no Sistema de Informação Gerenciais do Serviço de Inspeção Federal (SIGSIF). O objetivo deste estudo foi identificar as principais causas de condenação de aves em matadouros-frigoríficos registradas no Serviço de Inspeção Federal a partir dos dados lançados no sistema SIGSIF entre 2006 e 2011. O índice de condenações observado neste período foi de 5,99%, sendo que as principais causas foram: contaminação (1,80%), contusão/lesões traumáticas (1,57%), dermatoses (0,74%) e celulite (0,50%). Diferenças regionais foram observadas na ocorrência das condenações e apenas no caso das dermatoses observou-se um comportamento sazonal. O SIGSIF constitui uma importante fonte de informação sobre as causas de condenações ao abate de aves, podendo ser uma ferramenta útil para a avaliação dos fatores causais e para a proposição de medidas de prevenção ou mitigação de riscos.

The importance of subcutaneous abscess infection by Pasteurella spp. and Staphylococcus aureus as a cause of meat condemnation in slaughtered commercial rabbits

Subcutaneous abscesses are lesions frequently reported in commercial rabbits. Both at farm and slaughterhouse level, these lesions are responsible for economic losses and a potential decrease in meat quality. The present study was devised to identify the main causes of meat condemnation in slaughtered commercial rabbits and assess the importance of abscess lesions in this domain. For these purposes, 281423 rabbits were evaluated during meat inspection at the slaughterhouse. The results achieved showed that subcutaneous abscesses were the major cause of condemnation, being responsible for the rejection of 1355 (0.48%) rabbit carcasses. The main affected area was the hind limbs (31.37%), followed by the cervical area (23.10%). Microbiological analyses of 27 abscess samples indicated Pasteurella spp. as the bacteria mostly isolated (59.3%), followed by Staphylococcus aureus (25.9%). These results enable us to advise the industry on the significance of abscesses as an important cause of economic losses, due to meat condemnation during post mortem inspection, and highlight the importance of implementing monitoring plans as a way to control this pathological problem.

Retrospective study of sanitary causes of condemnation of swine carcasses and viscera in a slaughterhouse in Sinop, Mato Grosso State, Brazil, 2008-2010.

This study was conducted in a swine slaughterhouse from Sinop, Mato Grosso State during January, 2008 to October, 2010. The obtained results shows that the main causes of condemnation was resulting from injuries with characteristics to enzootic pneumonia (26.245), hydatidosis (1.60%), as well by disruption cavity and intramuscular abscessation (0.19%), and by the presence of Cryptorchidic males (0.90%).

Determination carcass condemnation causes of broiler chickens (Gallus domesticus) at industrial slaughter house of Shazand, Markazi province of Iran.

An experiment was carried out to evaluate the main causes of broiler carcass condemnations in shazand industrial slaughter during the first six months of 2009. Poultry industry occupies a major position in the livestock sector of agricultural production because birds reproduce much quicker to produce meats and eggs for human consumption. Several of the post-mortem inspection conditions that are currently recorded have been identified as potential indicators of on-farm management problems. The data was taken within six months period and carcass condemnation causes were separately recorded based on monthly. In this study six different cause of carcass condemnation were revealed that included septicemia, excessive atrophy, toxicosis, trauma, respiratory infection and peritonitis ascites. Base d on this result excessive atrophy, trauma and septicemia with 32, 23 and 13 percentage of total condemnation frequency respectively was main cause of carcass condemnation and toxicosis with 9 percentage of total carcass condemnation was least importance of ones.Result of statistical comparison revealed that in different months of experiment about probability of different cause of condemnation was least significantly (p 0.05) between frequency of each cause of carcass condemnation in different month of experiment except May. In our study there was significant difference between seasons (spring and summer), the peritonitis ascites, toxicosis, respiratory infections and septicemia have higher frequency rate at summer but trauma and excessive atrophy has higher frequency rate at spring. This difference may occur because of environment conditions that were high in temperature at summer months. On the basis of the results of this study, it was concluded that that excessive atrophy, trauma and septicemia were main cause of condemned carcass of bird in shazand industrial slaughter house within one year of experimentation and this is obligatory to recognize cause of septicemia, excessive atrophy and, trauma in this geographically region for alleviating the efficiency of broiler production. With promoting and guide programs for local producers about these reasons may reduce carcass condemnation rate in industrial slaughter houses.

Antimicrobial resistance of bacterial strains isolated from avian cellulitis

Avian cellulitis is an inflammatory process in the subcutaneous tissue, mainly located in the abdomen and thighs. This problem is commonly observed in poultry at slaughter and it is considered one of the major causes of condemnation of carcasses in Brazil. The aim of this study was to perform the microbial isolation of lesions of avian cellulitis from a processing plant located in the State of Goias in order to analyze antimicrobial resistance by antibiogram test and to detect resistance genes by polymerase chain reaction. A total of 25 samples of avian cellulitis lesions were analyzed, from which 30 bacterial strains were isolated. There were eleven (44%) strains of Escherichia coli, nine (36%) strains of Staphylococcus epidermidis, seven (28%) strains of Proteus mirabilis and three (12%) strains of Manheimiahaemolytica. The antibiogram test showed that all strains were resistant to at least one antimicrobial. The gene of antimicrobial resistance tetB was detected in E. coli, S. epidermidis and P. mirabilis strains, and was the most frequently observed gene. The gene of antimicrobial resistance Sul1 was detected in all bacterial species, while tetA was found in E. coli and S. epidermidis strains, SHV in E. coli strains, S. epidermidis and P. mirabilis,and cat1 in one P. mirabilis strain. The results suggest a potential public health hazard due to the ability of these microorganisms to transmit antimicrobial resistancegenes to other microorganisms present in the intestinal tract of humans and animals, which may affect clinical-medical usage of these drugs.

Swine Carcass Condemnation in Commercial Slaughterhouses

ABSTRACTObjective. The research was conducted to evaluate the main causes of carcass condemnation, as well as the financial loss caused by it, at a commercial slaughterhouse located in Dourados, MS, Brazil. Materials and methods. The data related to carcass condemnation, for the years 2007 to 2009 was obtained from a commercial slaughterhouse, located in the city of Dourados, MS, Brazil, and turned into a percentage of the total number of animals slaughtered during that period. The most frequent causes of carcass condemnation (total or partial) were grouped into classes (pleurisy + pneumonia; enteritis; arthritis; abscesses; fractures/hematomas + contusions + death). The financial loss by the slaughterhouse was estimated using the condemnation data. Results. The total rate of carcass condemnation was low and tended to stability (<0.45%). The most prevalent causes of condemnation during the study period were abscesses and death in the transport, which together accounted for approximately 40% of all condemnation. The condemnation due to health problems tended to decrease or to be stable over the years. However, the condemnations caused by management problems (abscesses, fractures, contusions and death) showed a significant increase. The average loss to the integrative company according to the carcasses condemnation was exceeding U$1,600,000.00 in the years studied. Conclusions. The main causes of carcass condemnation come from management failure. The annual loss by the company can be invested in the training of manpower in order to reduce the rates of carcass condemnation.

Major causes of organs and carcass condemnation in small ruminants slaughtered at Luna Export Abattoir, Oromia Regional State, Ethiopia

A retrospective study and active abattoir survey were conducted from December 2009 to April 2010 to determine the major causes of organs and carcasses condemnation and to estimate the associated direct financial loss at Luna Export Abattoir, Central Ethiopia. The active abattoir survey was conducted on 674 goats and 451 sheep (n=1125) and three years (2007, 2008 and 2009), retrospective data of 718,395 sheep and goats were also collected. From the retrospective data it was observed that liver was the most frequently condemned organ with condemnation rate of 32.4%, 46.7% and 70.5%, respectively. The major causes of condemnation for liver, lung, heart, kidneys and brain were cirrhosis (12.3%, 17.0% and 12.8%), pneumonia (6.6%, 11.6% and 12.5%), pericarditis (0.6%, 0.8% and 0.4%), nephritis (0.6%, 0.8% and 1.2%) and abscess (0.005%, 0.007% and 0.012%), respectively. Consequently, the overall direct financial loss from organs and carcass condemnation during the three years was estimated to be 22,993,591 Ethiopian birr (ETB) or 1,323,257 United State Dollar (USD). On the other hand, detailed post mortem inspection of liver, heart, kidneys, tongue, brain and carcass during the active abattoir survey revealed that higher losses were caused mainly due to cirrhosis (89.3kg, 2998ETB), pericarditis (5.4kg, 308ETB), faulty evisceration (8.4kg, 472ETB), calcification (8.4kg, 469ETB) and Coenurus cerebralis (4.3kg, 243ETB) and poor carcass condition (bonny carcass) (1390kg, 78,500ETB), respectively. Other causes of condemnation were also recorded and totally, about 110,361ETB (6351USD) was lost only from organs and carcasses condemnation during the active abattoir survey. In conclusion, this study identified the major causes of organs and carcass condemnation in Luna Export Abattoir and estimated the associated direct financial losses.

Sanitary practices and occurrence of zoonotic conditions in cattle at slaughter in Morogoro Municipality, Tanzania: implications for public health.

As meat consumption is increasing worldwide to cover for protein demands, also raise concerns and challenges regarding meat hygiene and safety. The current one year follow up study aimed at investigating on sanitary practices and occurrence of zoonotic conditions, during post-mortem examination, in cattle at slaughter in Morogoro Municipality abattoir. Sanitary practices were assessed through direct observation where as routine post-mortem inspection procedures were employed to detect zoonotic conditions in cattle at slaughter. During the study period a total of 30,713 cattle were slaughtered and inspected at the abattoir. Results revealed poor hygienic practices at the level of abattoir surrounding, the slaughter operation area, personnel as well as meat vans. Whole carcasses, lungs, livers, hearts and heads were condemned due to zoonotic conditions at rates of 0.026%, 1.96%, 1.61%, 0.02% and 0.21% respectively. Bovine tuberculosis, Cysticercus bovis cysts, fasciolosis and hydatidosis were the responsible zoonotic conditions for the condemnations. Bovine tuberculosis was a leading zoonotic cause of condemnations accounting for 95.7% of lungs and 100% of all head and carcass condemnations. Cysticercus bovis cysts were ranking the second in serving as causes of condemnations closely followed by fasciolosis and lastly hydatidosis. Occurrence of disease conditions with zoonotic implication in cattle at slaughter, meant for human consumption, may pose significant economic and public health risks to especially disaster-prone marginalized communities. Thus, there is a need to introduce appropriate control measures of livestock diseases to minimize the rate of infection; and eventually reduce economic losses and safeguard public health.

Slaughter stock abattoir survey of carcasses and organ/offal condemnations in Arusha region, northern Tanzania

The current study reviews a 3-year record of slaughtered animals in Arusha abattoir to determine the causes of carcasses and organ/offal condemnations. A total of 115,186 cattle, 61,551 sheep, 37,850 goats and 13,310 pigs were slaughtered. Out of the slaughtered cattle, 8.6% were pregnant. Up to 125 (0.108%), 39 (0.063%), 40 (0.106%) and 132 (0.992%) of all cattle, sheep, goats and pig carcasses, respectively, were totally condemned. Cysticercosis was the leading cause of total carcass condemnations in cattle (0.051%) and in pig (1.397%), while emaciation accounted for 0.045% and 0.074% of carcass condemnations in sheep and goats, respectively. Livers and lungs were the most condemned organs in all four animal species. The main cause of condemnations of cattle livers was fasciolosis (8.6%), while stilesiosis in sheep and goats accounted for 8.1% and 7.3%, respectively. Ascariasis (4.03%) was the only cause of liver condemnation in pigs. Pneumonia was the leading cause of lung condemnations at the rates of 3.99%, 2.43% and 2.83% in cattle, sheep and goats, respectively. Because of their zoonotic nature, occurrences of hydatidosis, cysticercosis, fasciolosis and tuberculosis may pose a public health risk. Thus, there is a need to introduce appropriate control measures of livestock diseases to minimise the rate of infection and reduce economic losses.

A slaughterhouse survey of lung lesions in slaughtered stocks at Arusha, Tanzania

An abattoir survey was conducted on clinically healthy 115,186 cattle, 61,551 sheep and 37,850 goats slaughtered in Arusha municipality, Tanzania, between 2005 and 2007. The objective was to determine the prevalence of disease conditions affecting the lungs. Routine meat inspection procedures were used to detect the presence of the pathological lesions. A total of 15,245 (13.2%), 4668 (7.8%) and 3192 (8.4%) lungs of cattle, sheep and goat, respectively, were condemned due to nine diseases/conditions namely pneumonia, hydatidosis, emphysema, abscesses, anthracosis, pleurisy, calcified cysts, melanosis and bovine pulmonary tuberculosis. Pneumonia was the leading cause of condemnations as it was responsible for 4594 (30.1%), 1495 (31.4%) and 1072 (33.6%) of all the condemned lungs in cattle, sheep and goats, respectively. Anthracosis, pleurisy, melanosis and pulmonary tuberculosis were only recorded in cattle attributing to 7.3%, 6.4%, 2.9%, and 0.7% of lung condemnations, respectively. The percentages of lung conditions recorded in 2005, 2006 and 2007 were not statistically different ( P > 0.05) among cattle, sheep and goats. The different lung lesion percentages recorded in cattle were significantly higher ( P < 0.05) compared to sheep and goats. There were no significant ( P > 0.05) variations between lung condemnation percentages due to various diseases during the rainy and dry seasons. Because of their zoonotic nature, occurrence of hydatidosis and tuberculosis may pose a public health risk. The study showed that different lung diseases/lesions in domestic ruminants are prevalent in Tanzania. Thus, there is a need to introduce appropriate control measures of diseases affecting lungs to minimize the rate of infection and reduce the ensuing economic losses. The data obtained from this survey cannot be wholly relied upon as accurate, but it can be used as a baseline for more extensive epidemiological investigations.

Causes of condemnation of carcasses from poultry in slaughterhouses located in State of Goiás, Brazil

The aim of this research was to detect the principal reasons for condemnation of poultry carcasses in two slaughterhouses (A and B); located in the southeastern region of the State of Goiás, Brazil. The data were collected by the federal veterinary inspection services of the Brazilian Ministry of Agriculture between January and April 2007. The principal causes of condemnation observed in both industries were cellulite, contusion/ fractures and bruises, as well as contamination due to gut severance at evisceration. The three main values observed for each of the causes were different between the slaughter houses. In A, cellulite was the main cause of condemnation with 51.20% of all condemnations, followed by 5.67% for contusion/ fractures and bruising and 33.61% for contamination by evisceration. In B, the major cause of condemnation was 28.90% due to fractures/ contusion and bruising, followed by 25.27% for cellulite and 22.50% for contamination. Other causes of condemnation were observed, however in minute quantities in both industries (<10% to A and <23% to B). The high cellulite occurrence in A was due to the high density of the poultry in sheds (17 or 18 chickens m-2). The greater value for fractures/ contusion and bruising verified in B was due to the inefficiency during capture in the sheds and putting on hooks in the slaughterhouse. Carcass lesions were also caused by insensitization because of non-uniformity in the poultry groups. Contamination by residues due to gut severance, mainly intestines, was attributed to problems in adjustment of machinery and non- uniformity of lots in industry A. In industry B the value detected within an acceptable level of failure in evisceration for machine, according to the manufacturer. All problems observed suggest a failure in handling, cellulite and mainly failures in pre slaughter and slaughter procedure to prevent contusions, fractures and bruising.

Causes of condemnation of carcasses from poultry in slaughterhouses located in State of Goiás, Brazil

The aim of this research was to detect the principal reasons for condemnation of poultry carcasses in two slaughterhouses (A and B); located in the southeastern region of the State of Goiás, Brazil. The data were collected by the federal veterinary inspection services of the Brazilian Ministry of Agriculture between January and April 2007. The principal causes of condemnation observed in both industries were cellulite, contusion/ fractures and bruises, as well as contamination due to gut severance at evisceration. The three main values observed for each of the causes were different between the slaughter houses. In A, cellulite was the main cause of condemnation with 51.20% of all condemnations, followed by 5.67% for contusion/ fractures and bruising and 33.61% for contamination by evisceration. In B, the major cause of condemnation was 28.90% due to fractures/ contusion and bruising, followed by 25.27% for cellulite and 22.50% for contamination. Other causes of condemnation were observed, however in minute quantities in both industries (<10% to A and <23% to B). The high cellulite occurrence in A was due to the high density of the poultry in sheds (17 or 18 chickens m-2). The greater value for fractures/ contusion and bruising verified in B was due to the inefficiency during capture in the sheds and putting on hooks in the slaughterhouse. Carcass lesions were also caused by insensitization because of non-uniformity in the poultry groups. Contamination by residues due to gut severance, mainly intestines, was attributed to problems in adjustment of machinery and non- uniformity of lots in industry A. In industry B the value detected within an acceptable level of failure in evisceration for machine, according to the manufacturer. All problems observed suggest a failure in handling, cellulite and mainly failures in pre slaughter and slaughter procedure to prevent contusions, fractures and bruising.

A retrospective study on the prevalence of ostrich carcass and organ condemnations in Botswana

A retrospective study on the prevalence of ostrich carcass and organ condemnations in Botswana was conducted by reviewing meat inspection records available at the Botswana Ostrich Company Abattoir in Gaborone for the 3 year period that the abattoir had been in operation. The most frequently condemned organs were lung (85.1%), liver (8%), intestine (3.3%), heart (2.7%) and kidney (0.8%). The most frequently encountered macroscopic findings were contamination (80%), congestion (10%), enteritis (3%), haemorrhage (2%), pigmentation (2%), white spots on the liver (1%) and peritonitis (1%). The frequencies of the various macroscopic findings on all the organs increased over the 3 years of the study. Ninety-five percent (95%) of the findings were all abattoir associated, especially the external contamination of organs (80%). The 5% that were acquired during the lifetime of the birds included enteritis, peritonitis and white spots on the liver. No whole carcass condemnations or carcass trimmings were recorded, nor where there any zoonotic causes of condemnation.

Effect of rainfall and temperature on liver and rumen fluke infestations of bovines in Sri Lanka

Fecal fluke egg output of bovines from three selected farms at Ma Eliya (site A), Ma Eliya (site B) and Delathure (site C) in Ja-Ela area of Gampaha district in Sri Lanka was examined for six months period from July to December 2006. The mean egg output of the animals of site A, B and C were 255, 84 and 95 eggs/g of feces respectively. Statistical analysis showed that mean fecal fluke egg output was significantly different between sites (df= 2, f= 126.05, p=0.000) and also between months (df= 5, f= 7.31, p=0.000). Regression analysis revealed that the fecal fluke egg output had a positive relation with rainfall (r2=0.6178) and a negative relation with temperature (r2= 0.6486). The female cattle had a higher fecal fluke egg output (x =202.76) than the male cattle (x =116.97) but egg output did not significantly differ. Also there was an increasing trend of mean fecal fluke egg count with the increment in the age of cattle (r2= 0.6057). Rumens and livers of slaughtered cattle and buffaloes from the study area were examined for fluke infections. Specimens were identified by making histological sections. One species of liver fluke, Explanatum explanatum and four rumen flukes, Paramphistomum spp., Gastrothylax crumenifer, Carmyerius spp., and Fischoederius elongates were identified. Two other flukes belonging to the family Gastrothylacidae were also found from the rumen of buffalo. Explanatum explanatum was found to be a great cause of condemnation of livers at slaughterhouses in Sri Lanka. Keywords: liver and rumen flukes, bovines, influence of climate, Sri Lanka. International Journal of Biological and Chemical Sciences Vol. 1 (3) 2007: pp. 229-236

Poultry abattoir survey of carcass condemnations in Fars province, southern Iran

Official post-mortem inspection records of poultry in 11 industrial poultry abattoirs in the Fars province, southern Iran, between 20 March 2002 and 19 March 2006 were used to investigate the character and prevalence of poultry loss caused by disease and pathological changes in the province. Linear regression analysis for study of time trend and χ 2-test for investigation of seasonal pattern were used as statistical methods. In the study period, 130,967,021 birds were slaughtered. As a result of official veterinary inspection, 959,416 (0.73%) birds were condemned. The condemnation risk was calculated for each quarter in a year. Cachexia and septicemia were the most common reasons for rejection of carcasses and were responsible for 62% of the total condemnations. The condemnation risk due to septicemia increased over the study period from 0.14 to 0.22%. The rejection risk due to overscalding declined over the study period from 0.07 to 0.01%. No trends in time were observed for the other causes of condemnation. In conclusion the majority of condemnations are caused by disease and improving the standard of disease prevention and control on farms is necessary. These results could form the basis of an assessment of trends in condemnations in poultry slaughterhouse and should prove useful to the poultry industry as a baseline data for future comparison.