Categories Of Victims Research Articles

Criminal and legal qualification of the victim of the crime of enticing a minor into committing acts endangering his life (Article 151² of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation)

This article explores the intricate landscape of criminal-legal relations pertaining to the definition of characteristics of victims, particularly minors, within the framework of Article 151² of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation. The author unravels the psychological, social, and legal foundations underpinning the inclusion of "minor" as a distinct category characterizing crime victims. Emphasizing modern perspectives on human development and the determination of the age of majority, the study delves into the nuanced legal status of minors as both subjects and victims of criminal acts. Employing general scientific methods, formal-legal interpretation, and critical-legal analysis, the author scrutinizes the existing legal norms, shedding light on their shortcomings. Special attention is dedicated to unique categories of juvenile victims, such as emancipated individuals and those with social and mental development peculiarities. The research marks a contribution by offering the first comprehensive analysis of victim characteristics governed by Article 151². Key findings underscore the necessity of recognizing minors as a distinctive victim category, driven by inherent psychological traits, the demand for specialized legal protection, and their limited legal status. The study highlights specific temporal constraints related to the minor age of victims and minimizes the relevance of personal characteristics and moral qualities in cases involving crimes committed by minors. Proposing legislative improvements, the article enhances understanding and discourse in this complex intersection of criminal law and juvenile victimology.

Pedestrian electric-scooter fatality: A case report

Electric scooters are one of the most popular means of individual mobility. The active use of this two-wheeled transport on sidewalks and public roads is naturally reflected in the number of road incidents, including fatal ones. No information has been provided about the damage received by pedestrians as a result of the collision of electric scooters, and the question of the most traumatic parts of the human body with such injuries today remains to be elucidated.
 This case report describes a 75-year-old patient from practice that demonstrates the mechanism, type, and nature of injury sustained at a pedestrian when an electric scooter hits him. Citizen A sustained a head injury during the fall and was hospitalized in a medical institution, where he subsequently died. During autopsy, changes were found about the exact mechanism of their formation in a scooter injury.
 According to the literature, injuries associated with the collision of electric scooters mainly occur during the fall with the formation of bone fractures in the upper and lower extremities. Torso injury, according to various authors, is extremely rare, and the nature of the damage and the category of victims in these studies are generally not detailed. This case confirms the possibility of the formation of primary and secondary contact injuries in various parts of the body of a pedestrian. In addition, the case allows the possibility of identifying the means of individual mobility based on the presence of a steering wheel.

Measuring the impact of an integrated bite case management program on the detection of canine rabies cases in Vietnam.

Dog-mediated rabies is enzootic in Vietnam, resulting in at least 70 reported human deaths and 500,000 human rabies exposures annually. In 2016, an integrated bite cases management (IBCM) based surveillance program was developed to improve knowledge of the dog-mediated rabies burden in Phu Tho Province of Vietnam. The Vietnam Animal Rabies Surveillance Program (VARSP) was established in four stages: (1) Laboratory development, (2) Training of community One Health workers, (3) Paper-based-reporting (VARSP 1.0), and (4) Electronic case reporting (VARSP 2.0). Investigation and diagnostic data collected from March 2016 to December 2019 were compared with historical records of animal rabies cases dating back to January 2012. A risk analysis was conducted to evaluate the probability of a rabies exposure resulting in death after a dog bite, based on data collected over the course of an IBCM investigation. Prior to the implementation of VARSP, between 2012 and 2015, there was an average of one rabies investigation per year, resulting in two confirmed and two probable animal rabies cases. During the 46 months that VARSP was operational (2016 - 2019), 1048 animal investigations were conducted, which identified 79 (8%) laboratory-confirmed rabies cases and 233 (22%) clinically-confirmed(probable) cases. VARSP produced a 78-fold increase in annual animal rabies case detection (one cases detected per year pre-VARSP vs 78 cases per year under VARSP). The risk of succumbing to rabies for bite victims of apparently healthy dogs available for home quarantine, was three deaths for every 10,000 untreated exposures. A pilot IBCM model used in Phu Tho Province showed promising results for improving rabies surveillance, with a 26-fold increase in annual case detection after implementation of a One Health model. The risk for a person bitten by an apparently healthy dog to develop rabies in the absence of rabies PEP was very low, which supports the WHO recommendations to delay PEP for this category of bite victims, when trained animal assessors are available and routinely communicate with the medical sector. Recent adoption of an electronic IBCM system is likely to expedite adoption of VARSP 2.0 to other Provinces and improve accuracy of field decisions and data collection.

Old People as a Special Category of Victims Nazi Crimes

Relevance. Currently, there is an increased interest in the tragedy of the civilian population in Russian society. This is reflected both in numerous scientific publications and in procedural actions. Belgorod, Voronezh, Oryol regional courts recognized the war crimes of the Nazis and their accomplices as genocide.Purpose: to consider, based on the materials of the Extraordinary State Commission of Federal and Regional Archives, a special category of victims of Nazi crimes – the elderly.Objectives: to determine the criteria of old age, to find out the number of victims of crimes – the elderly in the territories of the Voronezh, Kursk and Oryol regions, to consider various ways of killing the elderly and the elderly.Methodology. The basis of this scientific research is a complex of general dialectical method of scientific cognition, general scientific methods of analysis and synthesis, induction and deduction and private scientific methods of cognition.Results. The study became an objective proof of the extermination policy of the Nazis and their accomplices on the territory of the regions of the Central Chernozem region. Numerous archival documents confirming that the elderly population and the elderly were one of the mass victims of war crimes are cited.Conclusion. The elderly population and the elderly, due to their psycho-physiological characteristics, due to their inability or limitation to physical labor, were among the first to be destroyed. They were considered by the Nazi leadership as an extra, absolutely unnecessary ballast, which had to be disposed of.

Stability of the online grooming victimization of minors: Prevalence and association with shame, guilt, and mental health outcomes over one year.

Online grooming is the process by which an adult manipulates a minor by using information and communication technologies to interact sexually with that minor. The objective of this study was to analyze the stability of online grooming victimization among minors and its relationship with demographic variables (e.g., gender, age, and sexual orientation), emotions of shame and guilt, and depression and anxiety symptoms. The participants were 746 adolescents aged 12-14 years when the study started (Mage = 13.34, SD = 0.87) who completed self-reports at Time 1 (T1) and 1 year later at Time 2 (T2). Among them, 400 were girls, 344 were boys, and two were nonbinary. At each time point, the minors self-reported their online grooming experiences during the previous year. The results showed that 11.8% (n = 89) of the participants were T1-victims, 13% (n = 95) were T2-victims, and 11% (n = 81) were stable victims of online grooming. Stability in victimization was related to being older, being a sexual minority, being born abroad, having separated or divorced parents, and having parents with a lower education level. Stable victims showed higher shame and guilt scores at T1 than did T1-victims, indicating that elevated levels of shame and guilt could contribute to the persistence of online grooming over time. Overall, adolescents in the stable victim category presented more depression and anxiety symptoms. Intervention strategies should address emotions related to victimization, such as shame and guilt, as well as depression and anxiety symptoms.

Innovative methods for cyber threats prevention to ensure the economic security of organizations

The article presents the results of a study of theoretical, methodological, institutional, technical and legal aspects of the problem of preventing cybersecurity threats in the organization, which occupy a crucial place in the system of economic security. The authors identified and described the main cyber threats in the company. These could include: the spread of computer viruses, the declassification of information that is important to the organization, data theft through competitive intelligence methods, unintentional mistakes of employees, which subsequently led to technical failures in the software. Possible negative consequences were also identified. As they were presented as the following: reduction of the organization's income from loss of profit, dissemination of confidential information and trade secrets, undermining of public opinion and reduction of the company's credibility, loss of customers. The paper considered the most common types of cyberattacks, which include DDoS-attack, phishing, malware, social engineering, smishing, data leakage, Brute-force. The authors present the results of an analysis of statistical data for 2021 and 2022 on the number of leaks, their distribution by perpetrator, by victim category among organizations. Based on the questionnaire developed by the authors, a survey was conducted to identify the main threats to cybersecurity in the organization. The article developed and proposed a list of measures to neutralize and minimize cyber threats in the company, which is legitimate to consider as innovative methods of their prevention to ensure economic security. The basis of measures to prevent cyber threats included the following: constant assessment of possible risks and timely updating of information bases and systems, the introduction of an active training program for employees of the organization, the creation of a plan to respond to cyber-attacks. Scientific works of domestic and foreign scientists were used as an information base for writing this article. In addition, the authors referred to data from the InfoWatch Center for Expert Analysis, FBK CyberSecurity and Positive Technologies.

The Perpetrator's Allegory: Historical Memories and the Killings of 1965

Abstract: Joshua Oppenheimer's diptych on the legacy of the 1965 anti-communist killings in Indonesia provides scholars and researchers with insights into the lives of the victims and the so-called perpetrators. Several publications and academic volumes have sprung forth from this but remain still ham-strung as that their analysis remains tied to that of Oppenheimer's production. I propose to build on these discussions by asking: how do these perpetrators remember the killings of 1965? From a preliminary analysis of data available, I posit that there is a certain level of 'ambivalence' over the roles they have played in the killings. As such, I posit that these supposedly 'evil-doers' suffer from a form of trauma and therefore complicates our categories of perpetrator, victim and bystander. In my paper, I also state that we can also glean from investigating perpetrator narratives, Indonesia's troubled path in dealing with a violent past. This paper will rely on oral interviews as well as media clippings from various sources in Indonesian. Perpetrators of the 1965 killings in Indonesia violated fundamental religious and social norms. In this article I explore their memories of those events, as revealed in their narratives and oral statements many years later.

THE PROTECTION OF CHILDREN DURING ARMED CONFLICTS: ISRAELI VIOLATIONS OF INTERNATIONAL HUMANITARIAN LAW IN THREE WARS IN GAZA

Children are one of the most vulnerable categories of victims during armed conflicts. Although several international instruments exist to protect them and civilians in general, there are still many violations committed against children worldwide. This article reports a pure doctrinal research that has used a descriptive analytical approach. It seeks to address the issue of the protection of children from the perspective of International Humanitarian Law. The context of the study is its focus on Israeli violations committed during three wars in the Gaza Strip, i.e., in 2008, 2012 and 2014. The violations were analysed using the framework of the rules and principles ofInternational Humanitarian Law, specifically the Geneva Convention IV and its two additional protocols regarding the protection of children during armed conflicts. It is important to understand the nature of the protection provided to children under International Humanitarian Law and to identify whether the Israeli forces breached the rules during the three wars. This will expose the Israeli violations and provide better protection for the people in Gaza, especially children in wartime. Finally, the study summarises that the International Humanitarian Law provides a special protection to children in wartime alongside the protection provided to civilians. It also concludes that during the wars in the Gaza Strip, i.e., in 2008, 2012 and 2014, Israel did violate the principles of International Humanitarian Law concerning children and the civilians in general.

The Impact of Stalking and Its Predictors: Characterizing the Needs of Stalking Victims.

Victims of stalking suffer severe and varied impacts requiring assessment and treatment. Research to inform support is limited. This study examines a national sample of stalking victims to identify the types and prevalence of impact reported and the predictors of impact. A secondary analysis of 258 stalking cases reported to a stalking charity was conducted. Four categories of victim reported impact were coded; psychological and substance abuse, physical health, practical impact on life, and impact on others. Stalking duration, severity, the diversity of stalking behaviors, and the relationship between the victim and perpetrator were investigated as predictors of impact. In all, 48 types of impact were identified with victims experiencing an average of four types. Psychological impact was the most prevalent (91.5%). Several new forms of impact were identified including a variety of impacts on persons known to the victim (e.g., children, friends) in 35.3% of the sample. Increased diversity of stalking behavior was predictive of impact in all models (explaining 11% of the variance in total impact scores), except for physical impact which was not analyzed due to low prevalence. Stalking impact was prevalent and varied, suggesting that victims (and potentially those close to them) require trauma-informed support from clinicians. Future research should include the development of a stalking impact index to improve the consistency of research and clinical assessment of need.

Hormonal predictors of circulatory diseases in liquidators of Chernobyl accident consequences

Relevance. Diseases of the circulatory system occupy a leading place in the structure of somatic pathology of liquidators. Obesity, signs of asthenization, vegetal vascular disorders, which were detected in numerous studies, suggest the presence of hypogonadism in this category of victims. Sex hormone deficiency is considered an important link in the formation of non-communicable diseases, which determined the relevance of the study.The goal. To carry out a retrospective assessment of the change in the hormonal indicators of the endocrine axis of hypophysis-sex hormones and to assess the effect of partial androgen deficiency on the formation of circulatory diseases in the dynamics of the examination in the liquidators of the consequences of the Chernobyl accident.Materials and methods. Hormonal indicators of the pituitary-gonadal endocrine axis were investigated by immunochemical analysis in 1065 men involved in the aftermath of the Chernobyl accident in 1986–1987, combined into groups depending on the period of examination from 1994 to 2019 and in control groups. The average age of patients entering the Chernobyl zone was 33.6 (0.8) years.Results. Seven years after the accident, liquidators in 13.1 % cases show a shortage of sex hormones, by 33 years of follow-up, the proportion of such patients increases by 4.6 times. Sex hormone deficiency 7 years after the accident was revealed in men of relatively young age, the correlation of testosterone levels with the concentration of gonadotropins and prolactin has not been established. The increase in prolactin in the liquidators of the consequences of the Chernobyl accident, reliable in relation to the control group, remains for 12 years after the accident. 30–33 years after the accident, participants in the elimination of the consequences of the Chernobyl accident have significant age-related changes in hormonal indicators, among which the main is partial androgen deficiency.Conclusions. The persistent imbalance of hormones of the pituitary-gonadal endocrine axis at the time of 1994–1998 contributed to the clinical manifestation of circulatory diseases in liquidators – middle-aged men, clinical symptoms, on the other hand, aggravated diverse shifts in the functioning of this endocrine axis of regulation. In the later period of observation by 30–33 years after the accident, a decrease in androgen levels was accompanied by a steady increase in circulatory diseases in liquidators.

CTP INSURANCE IN THE LEGAL ASPECT: NEW APPROACHES AND PROSPECTS

The article notes the relevance to date of the problems of law enforcement in legal relations on civil liability insurance of vehicle owners. The author touches upon the economic and legal aspects of CTP. Judicial practice has been analyzed, gaps in legislation have been identified, and proposals for making appropriate changes have been made. Conclusions. By its legal nature, the subjective right of choice granted by law to the victim, which consists in repairing the vehicle (despite non-compliance with the requirements) or in refusing to fulfill the insurance obligation in kind, is not an opportunity to choose the method of execution, which is understood as monetary or in-kind forms of insurance compensation. For this reason, the insurance obligation for this category of victims (citizens of the Russian Federation who are owners of vehicles registered in the Russian Federation) does not apply to alternative ones. It is necessary to establish clear and exhaustive grounds in the legislation, which are exceptions to the general rule on the form of compensation in kind for a certain category of victims (citizens of the Russian Federation who are owners of vehicles registered in the Russian Federation). The insurance obligation (we are talking, among other things, about CTP) and the legal relationship for compensation of damage in the part in which it is not covered by insurance compensation, are by their legal nature independent obligations.

Harmonization of Law Enforcement Regulations of Narcotic Addictives

<em>The purpose of this research is to find out and analyze a policy of harmonization of law enforcement against narcotics addicts to formulate criminal sanctions for narcotics crimes in the future, which can fulfill legal objectives, namely legal certainty, benefit and justice. The approach method in this study uses normative juridical methods. the results of the study stated that the Harmonization of Law Enforcement Regulations for Narcotics Addicts Based on the provisions of Articles 54, 55, 103 and 127 of the Narcotics Law, a person who must be rehabilitated is only limited to someone who is included in the category of Addict, Narcotics Abuser and Narcotics Victim. Narcotics Abuse. the judge in deciding a case must pay attention to the provisions of Articles 54, 55 and 103, then in Article 127 Paragraph (3) In the event that an abuser can be proven or proven to be a victim of narcotics abuse, the abuser is obliged to undergo medical rehabilitation and social rehabilitation in harmony with the article in order to realize justice and benefits for law enforcement for narcotics addicts.</em>

The Logic of International Response to Anti-Violence and Sexual Integrity Agenda in Violent Conflict: Case of MINUSCA

A survivor-centered approach is at the heart of the international community’s humanitarian action today. In armed conflicts various forms of sexual violence are seen not only as accompanying violence, but also as a tool of pressure and warfare of the contesting parties, and important measures to prevent and counteract such acts have been included into the mandates of the UN peacekeeping missions. This research aims to identify the logic of international community’s action to counter conflict-related sexual violence (CRSV) by strengthening peacekeeping initiatives, and complement ongoing research on the protection of women in armed conflict and situations of sexual violence. This goal entails an examination of all elements of the existing system: legal framework, the role of states, and the activities of the UN. The authors conducted a content analysis of the UN Security Council resolutions on the topic to trace conceptual terminological changes. At the same time, to identify the main contradictions in the rhetoric of states and, consequently, the motives of their actions, a discourse cluster analysis was used based on the statements of delegations in the UN Security Council. The resulting clusters display three unique positions of the national states that are mostly explained by different understandings of the term itself, the categories of victims of such violence, and the relevant tools for countering it. Emphasis could be placed on including sexual violence on the sanctions list, gender education in military training, increasing the number of women in peacekeeping and peacebuilding missions, or preventive measures. The authors identified the most active states pushing the anti-sexual violence agenda; they include Germany, the UK, the US, Canada, and France. The article also examines the practical implementation of UN peacekeeping mandates in terms of including measures to counteract sexual violence. The research confirms that peacekeeping missions are now more actively engaged in the international response to CRSV.

Uganda’s Post-War Transitional Justice Process

Abstract This article examines the existing post-war recovery framework employed in Uganda to address concerns with housing, land and property (hlp) rights, particularly in Uganda’s post-war recovery period. It explores the integration of special categories of victims, i.e., internally displaced persons (idp s) and children born of war (cbw), with a key focus on how hlp rights are integrated into – or left out of – the transitional justice (tj) process. hlp rights fit within the broader pictures of customary practices and tj, since they enable idp s and cbw to integrate into the post-war communities. Our findings from the Uganda case study cast some doubt on the current process and aim to influence future interventions by emphasising that progress with securing hlp rights for those affected by war and violence is an integral part of any legitimate post-war recovery process and tj interventions.

Constructing Race and Gender in Modern Rape Law: The Abandoned Category of Black Female Victims

Despite the successes of the 1960s Anti-Rape Movement, modern state rape statutes continue to prioritize white male perspectives and perceptions of race, ultimately ignoring the intersectional identity of Black women and leaving these victims without legal protection. This Note examines rape law’s history of allocating agency along gendered and racialized lines through statutory construction and other discursive techniques. Such legal constructions both uphold and cultivate the white victim/Black assailant rape dyad primarily by making the Black male the “ultimate” and most feared assailant. Rape law’s adherence to a white baseline sustains stereotypes of Black men as criminals and predators, which ultimately relegates Black women to a category of lesser and undeserving victims. Re-focusing rape reform and feminist movements on Black female experiences, as well as a rhetorical restructuring of rape laws, can improve rape law uniformity and remove white normativity standards. A departure from the current rhetorical and realized white baseline can eliminate rape law’s delineations of femininity that silence women of color.

ЗАКРЫТЫЕ ПОВРЕЖДЕНИЯ СЕРДЦА. ДИАГНОСТИКА И ЛЕЧЕНИЕ НА ДОГОСПИТАЛЬНОМ ЭТАПЕ

Closed heart injuries are one of the urgent problems of emergency surgery. The results of treatment of this category of victims depend on the quality of diagnosis and the provision of emergency care at the prehospital stage of the organization of specialized surgical care in the conditions of inpatient and intensive care. The most informative diagnostic method is ECG.

Crisis сommunication in social work during the war

The article analyzes the concepts of crisis and crisis communication in social work. The author notes the relevance of the need for the scientific development of algorithms and programs of crisis communications in social work during the war. Crisis communication in social work is defined as the establishment of sustainable interaction between local governments, civil society institutions, social institutions, churches, business representatives, and contact audiences (community residents, internally displaced persons, families of fallen soldiers, and other categories of victims of warfare) about existing problems and needs, their prompt resolution by all participants of the interaction. The following key properties of crisis communication in social work are identified by the author: flexibility and adaptability of methods of interaction between subjects; strengthening the informal means of reception and transmission of information; reduction of centralism in the communication process; promptness of the situational response to emerging problems. Crisis communication in social work is a sequence of actions that form a сеrtain communication strategy. The article determines the requirements for the development of a communication strategy during martial law in Ukraine and measures for its implementation, namely: identification of all possible contact audiences expecting information about further actions; reporting only verified and confirmed information; establishment of channels for receiving feedback from the contact audiences, as well as systematicity of two-way interaction of the subjects; assessment of the strengths and weaknesses of the communication activities carried out in order to avoid mistakes in crisis communication in the future. The author emphasizes that the crisis contains both potential threats and the danger of loss, as well as new renewal and transformation opportunities for society, creating new modern approaches to interaction after a crisis period. Crisis phenomena in society will contribute to the emergence of new or modification of existing social practices, and cause a reaction to them from the public. As a result, new behavioral and communication practices and new subjects of interaction will emerge.

PREVENTION OF BULLYING IN EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS

The phenomenon of bullying in educational institutions represents a threat to the entire educational endeavor and can manifest itself both physically and verbally, socially or online. The protagonists of bullying are: the aggressor, the victim and the observer. The typical profile of the aggressor is that of an irritable person, with poor self-control, vindictive, rigid, and the typical profile of the victim is that of a vulnerable, silent, solitary, insecure person, there being the submissive and defiant victim category. The effective prevention of bullying actions is possible in a multidisciplinary team effort, and the process must take place on multiple levels: individual, family, school, class, relational, curricular, by involving all professional and civil organizations, interest groups and companies that have a relationship with the school and students, including social services and organizations dealing with health and crime.

Constructing victims: Suffering and status in modern world order

AbstractWhat is the basis of status in world order? Status is assumed to come from strength, even if strength is reconfigured to be social and normative, not just material. Status, however, can also come from perceived weakness – it is conferred to those recognised as ‘victims’. We make four theoretical contributions to the scholarship on status in world affairs. First, we examine how the category of victim is produced. Two, we expand the possible sources of status in world affairs by adding the category of victim. Three, focus on victimhood status further demonstrates that status is independent of material power. Lastly, victimhood as status exhibits the paradox that power depends on perceived powerlessness. We illustrate these arguments with three features of victim status in modern international politics: the changing desirability of victim status in Israel, the gendered construction of ideal victim in the Congo, and the hierarchy of victimhood in Bosnia.

The Ritualistic Crimes and Criminal Code of Albania

Albania continues to be a high risk country in ritualistic criminal activities, due to absence of appropriate legislation to fully and institutionally react with proper measures to condemn the perpetrators. Enforcement agencies are facing serious challenges regarding efforts to combat this phenomenon, due to lack of trainings and information. Investigators are having many difficulties to identify and professionally prevent, investigate or reveal the core scopes of these criminal acts. The crimes committed in fulfillment of the rituals of secret cults, abusing vulnerable persons until the loss of their lives, have been unknown until recent years to the Albanian reality. In the US and Europe there is a long history and criminological studies, which have subsequently dictated the legal and institutional reforms of the respective states. Regarding cruelty and danger in public security elements, this kind of activities has been reported continuously with high level of concern by media outlet and civil society, which repeatedly emphasize the risks of deterioration of this illegal activity. In 2020-2021, according to media reports and official statements of the State Police, 4 people lost their lives in mysterious circumstances, where the collected evidence raised strong doubts about the application of rituals by secret sects. All four victims were attached to alternative rituals and beliefs, and esoteric items and signs were found, proving their participation in certain circumstances. By the end of this year, Albania is planning to adopt new criminal code with new relevant articles in order to improve national anti-crime strategies. In the above context, the new legislation and the amendments on this regards, are very important to track, denounce and punishes such ritualistic activities toward human beings and animal as well. This paper aims to analyze the current situation and to point out the challenges that Albania is facing to combat the ritualistic organized criminal activity, focusing mainly on legislation amendments and other institutional or education reforms. During these analyses, will be given other European and western in comparative way, in order to explore the best system adaptable to our national security necessities. This paper will analyze also the notion of occult criminology, including their reasoning and definition, raising some questions as follows: What is the cause of these crimes in Albania? What are the categories of victims who lose their lives from these rituals and what is their victimlogy profiling? What is the profile of the perpetrators and the ideology they follow for committing these crimes? At the end of this paper, in addition to the general conclusions that have been presented, a special part is preserved to figure out some recommendations, which should be taken into account by law enforcement agencies in order to intensify the activity and improve legislation to prevent this kind of criminal activity in Albania. This paper aims also to realize and identify the damage caused by occult crimes, their main causes in the Albanian reality and the measures that must be taken to prevent them in the future. The subjects of these crimes are different and their division and identification enables the development of an appropriate strategy for their prevention. The typology of crimes will be analyzed through legal proposals and statistics of recent years related to this typology of crime. The dynamics of these crimes will also be taken into account in the analysis. Another importance is the increase of awareness for occult crimes, which is another goal of this paper.
 
 Received: 10 September 2022 / Accepted: 21 October 2022 / Published: 30 November 2022