Categories Of Victims Research Articles

Cyberspace as a generator of changes in the aggressive-victim role

The interaction of adolescents’ presential and cyberspace contexts accentuates the emergence of the aggressive-victim role. This profile takes on new dimensions as a result of the many combinations involved in the co-existence of bullying and cyberbullying. The twofold object of the present work was to: (i) determine the prevalence of victim-aggressive in the various forms that this role might be found in the context of bullying and cyberbullying; and (ii) explore the synergistic relationship established between the type and frequency of the abuse suffered and the type and frequency of the aggression perpetrated. The sample consisted of 1648 adolescents of from 12 to 16years in age. The instrument used to acquire the data was a questionnaire. The results revealed the existence of four categories of aggressive victims: traditional aggressive-victims, aggressivecybervictims, cyberaggresive-victims, and cyberaggresive-cybervictims. The types of bullying suffered and perpetrated were found to be directly related and the frequencies of these two classes of attack were positively correlated. This allows one to predict the cyberspace and presential behaviour that will be displayed by adolescents who are being subjected to certain types of bullying and cyberbullying.

A Crime of Identity: Rape and Its Neglected Victims

While rape is often theorized as an act and expression of the rapist's power over the victim, this article seeks to offer a new, victim-centered conceptualization of rape. Focused specifically on war rape, it submits that rape constitutes a crime of identity that attacks the victim's very sense of self. To develop this argument, the article centers on two particular, neglected categories of victims—namely male victims of rape and children who are born as a result of rape. Examining these two categories of victims together is not only original but also enlightening, permitting deeper insights into who is affected by the crime of rape (directly and indirectly) and illuminating the significant identity dynamics that underpin this heinous crime. In short, while male rape often robs the victim of everything that he believes to be the essence of his male identity, thus emasculating him, the child born of rape frequently acquires a superimposed identity—inextricably linked to that of the rapist—that impedes the development of his/her own personal identity. Rape, in other words, is not only a sexual and physical violation but it is also a fundamental violation of the self.

Structural Liberalism and Anti-Bullying Legislation

This article investigates the legal, semantic, and material implications of Massachusetts’ anti-bullying law through an analytic framework of structural liberalism. Specifically, this article asks how the law produces categories of fit and unfit subjects of the state through raced and gendered practices of individualism, paternalism, meliorism, and neutrality. Ultimately, this article suggests that the liberal law draws on and entrenches existing racial categories of victim and perpetrator, making non-dominant dimensions of LGBTQ identity and collectivity in schools legally and ideologically unrecognizable.

Exploring Victims' Experiences of Workplace Bullying: A Grounded Theory Approach

Despite considerable research on workplace bullying, trying to identify causal relationships and measurements of specific constructs, there is a need to draw from the experiences and feelings of the targets of workplace bullying. The current study explores the victims' experiences from an interpretive perspective in the context of Information Technology organizations in India. The qualitative data were collected through in-depth interviews with the victims of workplace bullying. The analysis using grounded theory approach resulted in a conceptual model, which explains the antecedents, bullying behaviours, consequences, and self-coping methods of the victims. Job demands, leadership and management styles of the supervisor, and interpersonal conflict emerged as the major antecedents of workplace bullying. The victims' inability to adapt to changes was found as a personality factor that stimulated workplace bullying in the presence of other antecedents. The study reveals that although the victims experienced negative bullying behaviours in their daily life, most of them were unaware of the phenomenon. Some of the new bullying behaviours identified from the current study are taking ownership of others'work without giving due credit, grabbing others' challenging assignments, and repeated borrowing of money without returning. The victims experienced various negative emotions as the initial reaction to bullying behaviours. As the bullying behaviours prolonged, the participants experienced various personal and work-related consequences. The self-coping mechanisms identified in the study were sharing emotional experiences with friends and family, having an easy-going attitude, voicing the issues, and perceived organizational support (POS). POS was considered to be important for having an influence on employee turnover intention and organizational commitment. Based on the POS, three categories of victims were identified — Leavers, Survivors, and Loyals. The paper contributes to the body of knowledge as it brings out the experiences and feelings of the targets of workplace bullying. The detailed knowledge of the phenomenon helps the organization to either intervene or prevent the relevant processes. The study suggests that the victims need to be empowered with awareness programmes and organizational support to reduce the effects of workplace bullying.

Victimization and polyvictimization of Spanish children and youth: Results from a community sample

Most research into adolescent victimization and polyvictimization has been carried out in the United States and in northern European countries. The present study aims to determine the prevalence of victimization and polyvictimization in a community sample of Spanish adolescents. The sample consisted of 1,107 youth (M=14.52, SD=1.76), 590 males and 517 females, randomly recruited from 7 secondary schools in a north-eastern region in Spain. The Spanish version of the Juvenile Victimization Questionnaire was applied, assessing 6 aggregate categories of childhood victimization (conventional crimes, caregiver, peer and sibling, witnessed and indirect, sexual, and electronic victimization). A total of 83% of adolescents reported at least 1 type of victimization during their lives, and 68.6% during the last year. Boys were generally more exposed to conventional crimes (68.0%), and girls to emotional abuse by caregivers (23.0%) and to sexual (13.9%) and electronic (17.6%) victimization during their lifetime. Age differences obtained in victimization rates for the past year confirmed that peer and sibling victimization peak in early adolescence (33.9%). Witnessing community violence was more frequent in older adolescents (34.7%). Almost 20% of the sample were considered as polyvictims (i.e., experienced victimization in 7 or more forms of victimization). Adolescent polyvictims experienced victimization in 4 or more domains during their lifetime. This study adds new information on the epidemiology of victimization in the international context and is the first to do so from the perspective of a country in south-western Europe. It illustrates that Spanish youth experience a higher level of victimization than official records suggest, and that gender and age should be taken into account when analyzing this complex area of study.

Relationship between the police and crime victims: An analysis of the process and the level of satisfaction with police work

The task of this study was to investigate the level of satisfaction of various categories of crime victims with various aspects of police work and behavior. The aim of this research was to examine whether the police treat all victims of crime equally responsibly, or whether there is a significant difference in the satisfaction of various categories of crime victims with various aspects of police work and behavior. On an occasional sample of 150 examinees, we analyzed the level of satisfaction of crime victims in relation to the expectations of the police regarding the reported criminal offenses and then the level of satisfaction towards different aspects of work and conduct of the police, such as reporting crime to the police, environmental conditions of interview and human compassion/empathy of police officers. The results indicate a significant difference in the satisfaction of specified aspects of police work among different categories of victims. Most dissatisfaction was expressed by members of the LGBT community and convicted persons when they appear in the role of victims. The research makes recommendations for improving the quality of the work and behavior of the police towards victims of crime.

Lifetime Prevalence of Multiple Victimizations and Its Impact on Children’s Mental Health

This study sought to document lifetime experiences of individual categories of victimizations and polyvictimization using the Juvenile Victimization Questionnaire among children from the province of Quebec (Canada) to examine whether polyvictimization predicts mental health symptoms and to assess whether categories of victimization still contribute to mental health symptoms after considering polyvictimization. Polyvictimization accounted for the most variability in scores for depression, anxiety, and anger/aggression compared with individual victimization categories. None of the individual categories of victimization made an independent contribution to the prediction of trauma scores, once polyvictimization was considered.

In the Eyes of the Beholder: Border enforcement, suspect travellers and trafficking victims

Over the past decade, the border and border policing has figured as central to identifying and responding to trafficking. This article draws on original research into immigration officers’ decision-making — both at the border and within the nation — to identify the persistent preoccupation with suspect travellers. Examining research in Australia and Thailand that spans seven years, the article brings together research that demonstrates the predominance of the binary category of victim of trafficking/unlawful migrant worker and highlights the ambiguity of daily decision-making processes that categorise women who come into contact with immigration authorities. While the policy rhetoric is based on categories and risk profiles for identifying suspected victims of trafficking or those deemed at risk, we contribute to the growing body of work that has highlighted the presence of gendered and racialised stereotypes in immigration decision-making and consider implications this may have on women’s mobility across and within borders.

VICTIMS OF BULLYING: WHOM THEY SEEK HELP FROM AND WHY: AN AUSTRALIAN SAMPLE

It is critically important to understand why victims of bullying decide to seek help when they do, particularly from adults, because this reduces the probability of being victimized in the future. This study sought to understand more clearly the patterns of help‐seeking by students who reported being victims of bullying. Participants were students in Years 5 and 6 from six different schools in a large Australian city (N = 259). Data were collected using a self‐report questionnaire. Several factors were explored, including victim category, source of help, and the victim's goals. The results indicated that victims of bullying perceived different sources of help to be related to achieving different goals. Furthermore, the results showed that students who self‐identified as victims of bullying perceived informal sources of help to be easier to talk to about being bullied. Victims also realized that teachers were concerned about them being bullied, but this was not related to being able to ask them for help. Help‐seeking is a complex process involving conflicting goals. The results highlighted several avenues for future research as well as some practical implications.

Fausses victimes de persécutions nazies. Entre imposture et littérature

A new category of false victims has recently surfaced. Such is the case of alleged Jews who described the persecution they suffered during their childhood. Two examples of such fictional stories which brought celebrity to their authors are here summed-up. A link is thus assumed with a new literary type: self-fiction.

ON SОME QUESTIONS OF ORGANIZATION OF THE MEDICAL SERVICE IN GOMEL REGION DURING A MILITARY CONFLICT (literature review)

Modern local military conflicts are characterized by a probability of simultaneous occurrence of extreme situations on potentially-dangerous objects and battle losses among militarized formations as a result of active armed resistance. It compels bodies and institutions of the Ministry of Health to render medical aid in mass arrival of victims to medical prophylactic institutions. Several categories of victims among the peace population, search-and-rescue services and military men are formed. The system of training of physicians, paramedical personnel and population as a whole needs perfection in the matters concerning rendering assistance according to the victims` demands.

Interactional justice, coping and the legal system

Secondary victimization refers to re-victimization by society, including the response of the criminal justice system. One form of secondary victimization is interactional injustice. The concept of interactional justice posits that people are concerned about their treatment by others during conflict resolution procedures. Proper treatment by legal authorities refers to receiving adequate information about the procedure (known as informational justice) and being treated in a respectful and dignified manner (known as interpersonal justice). One’s ability to cope with the crime may also be influenced by the criminal justice system. Particularly for vulnerable victims, there appears to be a special need for proper treatment and attention to the victim’s ability to cope. Female victims of violence, namely sexual and domestic violence, are one example of vulnerable victims. This victimization often consists of immensely violating and sometimes chronic repeated behaviour. The perceptions of interpersonal justice, informational justice and the procedure’s effect on the victim’s ability to cope for three categories of victims (domestic violence victims, victims of sexual abuse and victims of other serious crimes) in the Netherlands are compared. Multiple regression analyses indicate that there are in fact differences between groups. Victims of sexual assault perceived interpersonal justice as significantly lower than did victims of other serious crimes. The procedural effect on one’s ability to cope was experienced to the least extent by victims of domestic violence. Informational justice did not differ among groups.

Treating the Psychological Sequelae of Proactive Drug-Facilitated Sexual Assault: Knowledge Building Through Systematic Case Based Research

Drug-facilitated sexual assault (DFSA) has emerged as a distinct category of sexual victimization and precipitates posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Few studies have examined the distinct psychological aspects of PTSD caused by DFSA. Gauntlett-Gilbert, Keegan and Petrak (2004) represent a notable exception and draw on cases, from their clinical experience, treated using Ehlers and Clarks' (2000) cognitive therapy (CT). This paper aims to further develop and refine clinical knowledge on CT for PTSD arising from DFSA and advance the findings of Gauntlett-Gilbert et al. (2004). Systematic case based research was used to investigate the applicability of CT for PTSD related to DFSA. Three survivors were treated with CT within the South African context. The case series corroborated existing findings but also documented the presence of somatic and visual intrusions among survivors with partial or complete amnesia for rape and illustrated the utility of imagery interventions in targeting intrusions. The study highlighted the role of physical paralysis in DFSA in compounding helplessness/powerlessness and the necessity of enhancing physical agency and building social support. Distinctive aspects of PTSD related to DFSA can be effectively treated by adapting CT to suit this population group.

Trafficking Romanian Children in EU

Trafficking in human beings is a complex process because it involves several steps with additional activities. By its position, at the crossroads between Eastern and Western Europe, North and South, Romania was included in the Balkan Route of illegal immigration, then connected to trafficking networks.Even if it violates human rights and produces serious economic and social consequences, this phenomenon is constantly rising.Trafficking of minors aged 15-18 years old involves the lowest risks for traffickers because their papers can be easily falsified by changing the age. Also this category of victims bring the biggest gains for traffickers.

Tracing Theory on the Body of the "Walking Dead": Der Muselmann and the Course of Holocaust Studies

The history of philosophical positions about the meaning of Holocaust victim experience can be organized around three general stances identified by the moral implications that follow: the "redemptive," "nihilistic," and "narcissistic" positions. Further, each stance includes a distinct view of the muselmann—that category of Holocaust victim generally referred to as the "walking dead"—that serves to confirm its larger theoretical claims. These categories have served as a helpful pedagogical tool when teaching a wide variety of texts in the field of Holocaust studies, and students can identify the limitations of each position in terms of the caricature of the muselmann on which it rests. Lastly, organizing a syllabus around these three positions encourages a certain intellectual progression from moral judgment, to moral uncertainty, to renewed engagement with the world.

The Gendered Suspect: Women at the Canada-U.S. Border after September 11

Crossing the border is a gendered and racialized act. Considering the experiences of South Asian women at the border deemed "Suspect," this article examines the ways that discourses of "saving Muslim women" get mobilized at the border. While much has been written on the racial profiling that happens to South Asian men, for South Asian women there is a corresponding phenomenon that draws on popular images of "Other" women. At the border, categories of "victim" and "terrorist" become mutually constitutive and importantly gendered. This article is based on ethnographic fieldwork conducted in Toronto, Canada and Lahore and Karachi Pakistan between 2002 and 2010.

Victimization and Violent Offending

The purpose of this article is to evaluate the victim-offender overlap among a nationally representative sample of Native American adolescents and young adults. Data for this study were obtained from 338 Native American youth who participated in the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (Add Health) Waves I-IV. Group-based trajectory modeling was used to estimate trajectories of violence and victimization separately. Bivariate tests were used to assess the overlap between victimization and violent trajectory groups. Multinomial regression procedures were used to assess the predictors of victimization, offending, and the overlap category of both victimization and offending. Three trajectory groups were found for violence (nonviolent, escalators, and desistors) and victimization (nonvictim, decreasing victimization, and increasing victimization). We found substantial evidence of an overlap between victimization and offending among Native Americans, as 27.5% of the sample reported both victimization and offending. Those in the overlap group had greater number of risk factors present at baseline. These results suggest that the victim-offender overlap is present in Native American adolescents. Explanations and implications are discussed.

Part 3. Multivariate road safety models: Future research orientations and current use to forecast performance

The third part of the state-of-the-art focuses on the future of road safety modeling and on conjectures concerning the evolution of national safety indicators. In the absence of econometric developments specific to road safety modeling, the research future must rely on pre-existing statistical procedures of econometrics applied to discrete/count and to aggregate data. In terms of contents, growing interest in the heterogeneity of road accident outcomes by category of victims could lead to treatments of this issue across research streams, say by top-down and bottom-up developments, but this speculation does not rest on extant adequate formulations of the issue of road user class and victim analysis. But understanding the time profile of aggregate national performance indicators is quite another matter.Concerning forecasting, a key question in countries where the absolute maximum of fatalities is still to come is that of its occurrence, but the answer requires a yet missing explanation of “the mystery of 1972–1973”, here hypothesized to result from the passing demographic wave (see Part 1). This ignorance affects the corresponding answer, in countries for which the maximum is long past, as to whether current performance is heading toward a minimum or toward a constant level: such a forecast can hardly be made if the maximum remains unexplained. In addition, it matters whether any envisaged asymptotic limit amounts to a natural rate combined with a random component, or includes more. It is conjectured that a regression component that would include speed, traffic density and vehicle occupancy rates could explain both the peak of 1972–1973 and the current evolution, notably of fatalities.In the absence of a certain explanation of the Meadow/Matterhorn/Cervin peak profile of the past maximum, forecasts can only combine random terms and known explanatory factors in the notion of Conditional Expected Safety Performance, which includes that of (Conditional) Expected Maximum Insecurity (EMI) and seems preferable to Vision Zero or to alternatives based on analogs of the natural rate of unemployment. Conditional expectations do not skirt the issue of the “level of the tide” by assuming the presence of an unexplained trend level and manually changing it by shifts due to well understood specific safety measures.Forecasts of explanatory variables require views on the political market (notably on the identity of the future median voter), on the workings of individual risk compensation, on the role of economic activity and on the chances of decoupling growth from transport demand, a weak prospect where communications appear more as gross complements than substitutes.

“Slum-Pups No More”: Rescuing India's Slum Children

Indian poverty is often portrayed abroad in a manner that upholds imperialist frameworks of Orientalist deviance, while simultaneously endorsing a White interventionist rhetoric. Third-world children constitute an especially vulnerable victim category. This study compares Indian and international news coverage of two child stars in the blockbuster Slumdog Millionaire who were living in a slum during production, taken to Hollywood for the Academy Awards, and then returned to the slum. Findings reveal that although Indian coverage focused on the two children's stardom at the cost of ignoring other slum children's contributions, Western coverage promoted an interventionist rhetoric that emphasized the spectacle of poverty.

Examining the Boundaries of Hate Crime Policy

The emergence of hate crime legislation in Great Britain and the United States has generated public debate and has increasingly been the focus of academic work. Relatively little research has examined how and why certain victim categories might be considered and then dismissed from the hate crime policy domain. Drawing on original qualitative research, this article aims to fill that gap by focusing specifically on the exclusion of age and gender from hate crime policy in Britain by exploring the ways in which decisions are made about the characteristics of hate crime victim groups by policy makers and activists. This article asks important questions about how different forms of violence are conceptualized and understood by practitioners and theorists alike. It also addresses how claims for victims’ rights are framed to make changes to the criminal justice system.