Detailed Categories Research Articles

Episodic Autobiographical Memory in Adults With Autism Spectrum Disorder: An Exploration With the Autobiographical Interview.

Introduction: The literature has provided contradictory results regarding the status of episodic memory in autism spectrum disorder (ASD). This might be explained by methodological differences across studies. In the present one, the well-recommended Autobiographical Interview was used in which important aspects of episodic memory were assessed, namely, the number and richness of phenomenological memory details, before and after a retrieval support.Method: Twenty-five well-documented adults with ASD without Intellectual Disability (nine women) and 25 control participants were included and asked to recall six specific autobiographical events. The number and richness of details were assessed globally and for five categories of details (perceptual/sensory, temporal, contextual, emotional, and cognitive), firstly before and then after a specific cueing phase consisting in a series of specific questions to elicit more precise memory details.Results: Cumulatively, from the spontaneous recall to the cueing phase, the number of internal details was lower in ASD individuals compared to controls, but this difference was relevant only after the specific cueing procedure and observed only for contextual details. In contrast, no relevant group difference was observed during spontaneous recall. The detail richness was not impaired in ASD throughout the Autobiographical Interview procedure.Conclusion: Our results speak against a clear impairment of episodicity of autobiographical memory in ASD individuals. They thus challenge previous ones showing both a reduced specificity and episodicity of autobiographical memory in this population and call for further studies to get a better understanding on the status of episodic autobiographical memory in ASD.

Comparing the ICD-11 chronic pain classification with ICD-10: how can the new coding system make chronic pain visible? A study in a tertiary care pain clinic setting.

Pain is a frequent reason for patients to ask for medical services. However, systematic information about the extent and impact of pain, especially in developing countries, has not been available up to now. We evaluated whether the 11th edition of the International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (ICD) can fill this gap by coding all electronic out-patient medical records of the pain clinic at Siriraj Hospital in Thailand in 2019 (8714 visits), using the ICD-10 and ICD-11 browsers referenced on the WHO websites. The 3 most frequent pain-related codes in ICD-10 were R52.2 "other chronic pain" (29%), M54.5 "low back pain" (18%), and M79.6 "pain in limb" (13%). In ICD-11, the 3 most frequent codes were MG30.31 "chronic secondary musculoskeletal pain associated with structural changes" (28%), MG30.51 "chronic peripheral neuropathic pain" (26%), and MG30.10 "chronic cancer pain" (23%). Thus, using the currently valid ICD-10 system, roughly one-third of patient encounters were coded as "other chronic pain," and the next 2 were specifying the pain region rather than any underlying cause. By contrast, ICD-11 coding of the same patients identified underlying causes (bones and joints, somatosensory nervous system, cancer, or surgery), which provide guidance towards differential patient management. In our pain clinic, most patients suffered from chronic cancer pain, chronic neuropathic pain, and chronic secondary musculoskeletal pain, which were poorly defined or nonexistent in the current ICD-10 coding system. Compared with the ICD-10, the ICD-11 provides more detailed diagnostic categories and is more informative for clinical use, research, and resource allocation for pain-related conditions.

Experimental and Numerical Investigation of Stress Concentration at Rib-to-Crossbeam Joint

In orthotropic steel decks (OSDs), the rib-to-crossbeam joint is the most vulnerable detail that has not been drawn enough attention. The failure mode of cracks initiate from the lower weld end on rib wall is governing its fatigue performance. However, relevant detail categories are still missing in prevailing codes. This paper mainly focuses on the stress concentrations at the rib-to-crossbeam joint induced by rib distortions. A series of static load tests were first performed on a full-scale OSD specimen with different weld length between the ribs and the crossbeam. Then, corresponding numerical simulations were finished. Several possibilities that may cause the differences between the measurements and the calculations are investigated. At last, fatigue assessments based on influence lines of structural hot spot stress (SHSS) are completed. Research results reveal that the measurement results of reference points for SHSS method would be very sensitive to the exact location of strain gauges. Due to the manual welding, the deviation of strain gauge positions induced by the irregular weld shape is thought to be the main reason that causes the differences between measurements and calculations. Raising the location of cope hole terminations would decrease distortional stresses. However, the influence of this parameter on fatigue lives is rather small. The fatigue lives of points along the lower weld toe are very close. Hence, the point at the middle plane of crossbeam could be used as the reference point for fatigue assessments. Meanwhile, the center between ribs could be used as the reference transverse load position for fatigue assessments of this joint.

Households' joint consumption spending and home production responses to retirement in the US.

We analyze the effect of retirement on households' joint consumption spending and home production decisions using a micro panel with detailed spending and time use categories of US households. For causal identification, we use panel data regressions. Our results suggest that the spending drop at retirement is partially compensated by increases in home production of the retiring household member. Home production can particularly make up for losses in spending categories that are well-substitutable by home production, although only about 12% of total pre-retirement consumption spending, but there is no evidence that households fully replace consumption spending at retirement. In a Life-Cycle Model, we find no empirical evidence for full consumption smoothing at retirement.

A Semi-Supervised Deep Rule-Based Approach for Complex Satellite Sensor Image Analysis.

Large-scale (large-area), fine spatial resolution satellite sensor images are valuable data sources for Earth observation while not yet fully exploited by research communities for practical applications. Often, such images exhibit highly complex geometrical structures and spatial patterns, and distinctive characteristics of multiple land-use categories may appear at the same region. Autonomous information extraction from these images is essential in the field of pattern recognition within remote sensing, but this task is extremely challenging due to the spectral and spatial complexity captured in satellite sensor imagery. In this research, a semi-supervised deep rule-based approach for satellite sensor image analysis (SeRBIA) is proposed, where large-scale satellite sensor images are analysed autonomously and classified into detailed land-use categories. Using an ensemble feature descriptor derived from pre-trained AlexNet and VGG-VD-16 models, SeRBIA is capable of learning continuously from both labelled and unlabelled images through self-adaptation without human involvement or intervention. Extensive numerical experiments were conducted on both benchmark datasets and real-world satellite sensor images to comprehensively test the validity and effectiveness of the proposed method. The novel information mining technique developed here can be applied to analyse large-scale satellite sensor images with high accuracy and interpretability, across a wide range of real-world applications.

Analysis of fatigue test data to reassess EN 1993‐1‐9 detail categories

StahlbauVolume 89, Issue 12 p. 1002-1002 Empfehlungen der Redaktion Analysis of fatigue test data to reassess EN 1993-1-9 detail categories First published: 07 December 2020 https://doi.org/10.1002/stab.202071204Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article. Volume89, Issue12December 2020Pages 1002-1002 RelatedInformation

The Shadow Margins of Labor Market Slack

AbstractWe use a mix of new and existing data to develop the Aggregate Hours Gap (AHG), a novel measure of labor market underutilization. Our measure differentiates individuals by detailed categories of labor market participation and uses data on their desired work hours as a measure of their potential labor supply. We show that desired hours vary widely by demographics and detailed labor force status, and that the gap between desired and actual work hours is strongly positively correlated with reported search effort. The AHG suggests a more sluggish labor market recovery since the Great Recession than either the official unemployment rate or alternative measures of labor market underutilization. Modest amounts of underutilization among the part‐time employed and a substantial degree of underutilization among those out of the labor force account for the disparity. The AHG also does well in accounting for wage movements over our sample period.

Are all mutuals the same? Evidence from CEO turnover in the US property–casualty insurance industry

Organizational form in insurance has been widely studied in the prior literature. Although researchers have recognized sub-types of stock insurers, mutuals have always been considered as a single homogeneous category. To the extent that mutual sub-types behave differently, considering all mutuals the same can result in misleading conclusions. The present study aims to remedy this gap in the literature by considering the full range of mutual firm types. Mutuals are classified as family-controlled, association-controlled, and pure mutuals with various sub-types within each group. We analyze corporate governance among mutual sub-types in the U.S. property–casualty (P–C) insurance industry by studying CEO turnover, particularly nonroutine turnover. Multinomial probit analysis is used to test for relationships between mutual sub-types and turnover. The principal finding is that all mutuals are not the same. The probability of nonroutine CEO turnover is lowest for family-controlled, non-association mutuals and highest for association-controlled mutuals. Non-association mutuals with family-member CEOs have the lowest turnover rates among all ownership types. Thus, future research should utilize more detailed organizational form categories than the traditional literature.

Gentrification and social classes in Paris, 1982-2008

ABSTRACT This paper explores the articulation between gentrification and social class, in the context of the debate that opposes the notions of replacement and displacement of the working class. Working from Marxist sociological analyses of the professional-managerial class, this social geography study reviews statistical data spanning over three decades to demonstrate the magnitude of gentrification in Paris, both on the scale of the city and on that of its metropolitan area. The author examines detailed socio-economic categories from French population censuses and focuses on the household population rather than on the sole working population, from the early 1980s onward: through this methodology, the author intends to prove that, contrary to Préteceille’s assessment, gentrification is indeed the main factor of socio-spatial transformation in inner Paris and contributes to the diverse forms of social upgrading that affect the metropolitan area as a whole. This process has brought about a shift in the scale of segregation, which has increasingly acquired a micro-local dimension.

Analysis of fatigue test data to reassess EN 1993‐1‐9 detail categories

AbstractThis paper addresses the assessment of fatigue details according to EN 1993‐1‐9, which form the basis of the most important fatigue verification, the nominal stress approach. First of all, a suitable statistical methodology had to be defined for consistent detail classification. A structured database on the MySQL platform serves as a basis for the evaluation of the detail categories. In addition to fatigue test data documented in the background document to EN 1993‐1‐9, this database also includes new test data provided by the authors. After selecting the most meaningful test data, important details, such as longitudinal welds, were reassessed. In addition, the authors carried out fatigue tests in connection with numerical simulations in order to be able to evaluate the fatigue strength with better accuracy. The results so far show that the details analysed often prove to have a higher fatigue strength than currently documented in EN 1993‐1‐9.

A cohort projection method to follow deb-structured populations with periodic, synchronized and iteroparous reproduction

The need to follow structured populations, as opposed to unstructured ones, is well-recognized. The most detailed category of population models are the individual-based population models (IBMs), also called agent-based population models (ABMs). Their analysis is generally by simulation in time followed by statistical analysis of the numerical results. A less detailed method is the physiologically structured population model approach (PSPMs) leading originally to continuous-time partial differential equations (pdes) for the p(opulation)-states such as number(-density) with respect to time and i(ndividual)-state such as age and/or size and later to a delay equation formulation. Their mathematical analysis and computational methods are generally complex. Discrete-time matrix population models (MPMs) are much simpler to analyse in all respects, but the applicability is limited due to stringent modelling assumptions made. We discuss here a class of models we call the Cohort Projection Models (CPMs), which were formerly introduced as a special case of PSPMs with pulsed reproduction. CPMs follow cohorts of identical individuals in a Lagrangian way of which the changes of their i-states such as, size, energy reserves and maturity, are described by age dependent ordinary differential equations (ode)s from DEB theory. Simultaneously the p-states, such as number of individuals are described by time dependent odes obeying conservation laws. The population is subdivided in generations on the assumption that seasonal cycles synchronize reproduction events among cohorts and all eggs that are produced by different generations are the same. Feedback from the environment can be included via specification of food dynamics that accommodates competition. Temperature follows a specified periodic trajectory in time. This allows for the definition of a projection map of i-states and p-states, from one reproduction event to the next. The projection interval is typically one year for seasonal variability. The properties of the map can be studied using nonlinear dynamical system theory, such as existence and stability of fixed points and, thereby, the long-term dynamics of the food-population system. We demonstrate this using deb parameter values from the Add-my-Pet (AmP) collection for over 2000 animal species, which were estimated from empirical data. CPMs are meant to match the relative simplicity of the analysis of MPMs with the realism of the deb models for the dynamics of the population individuals.

EFFICIENT BUILDING CATEGORY CLASSIFICATION WITH FAÇADE INFORMATION FROM OBLIQUE AERIAL IMAGES

Abstract. Building category refereed to categorizing structures based on their usage is useful for urban design and management and can provide indexes of population, resource and environment related problems. Currently, the statistics are mainly collected by manual from street data or roughly extracted from remote sensing data which are either laborious or too coarse. With remote sensing data (e.g. satellite and aerial images), buildings can be automatically identified from the top-view, but the detailed categories of single buildings are not recognized. Façade from oblique-view image can greatly help us to identify the categories of buildings, for example, balcony usually exist in resident buildings. Hence, in this paper, we propose an efficient way to classify building categories with the façade information. Firstly, following the texture mapping procedure, each building’s façade textures are cropped from oblique images via a perspective transformation. Then, the average colour, the stander deviation in R, G, B channel, and the rectangle Haar-like features are extracted and feed to a further random forest classifier for their category identifications. In the experiment, we manually selected 262 building façades that can be classified into four functional types as: 1) regular residence ; 2) educational building; 3) office ; 4) condominium. The results shows that, with 30% data as training samples, the classification accuracy can reach 0.6 which is promising in real applications and we believe with more sophisticated feature descriptors and classifiers, e.g., neuronal networks, the accuracy can be much higher.

Moxifloxacin based axially swept wide-field fluorescence microscopy for high-speed imaging of conjunctival goblet cells.

Goblet cells (GCs) in the conjunctiva are specialized epithelial cells producing mucins on the ocular surface. GCs play important roles in maintaining homeostasis of the ocular surface, and GC dysfunction is associated with various complications including dry eye diseases. Current GC examination methods, which are conjunctival impression cytology and confocal reflection microscopy, have limitations for routine examination. Fluorescence microscopy using moxifloxacin was recently introduced as a non-invasive and high-contrast imaging method, but further development is needed to be used for GC examination. Here we developed a non-invasive high-speed high-contrast GC imaging method, called moxifloxacin based axially swept wide-field fluorescence microscopy (MBAS-WFFM). This method acquired multiple fluorescence images with the axial sweeping of the focal plane to capture moxifloxacin labeled GCs on the tilted conjunctival surface in focus and generated all-in-focus images by combining the acquired images. The imaging field of view and imaging speed were increased to 1.6 mm × 1.6 mm and 30 fps. An image processing method was developed for the analysis of GC density. MBAS-WFFM was applied to alkali burn mouse models and detected GC damage and recovery via longitudinal imaging. MBAS-WFFM could assess the status of GCs rapidly and non-invasively. We anticipate MBAS-WFFM to be a starting point for non-invasive GC examination and the diagnosis of GC associated diseases. For example, MBAS-WFFM could be used to classify dry eye diseases into detail categories for effective treatment.

A Multi-Class Classification Model for Technology Evaluation

This paper proposes a multi-class classification model for technology evaluation (TE) using patent documents. TE is defined as converting technology quality to its present value; it supports efficient research and development using intellectual property rights–research & development (IP–R&D) and decision-making by companies. Through IP–R&D, companies create their patent portfolios and develop technology management strategies. They protect core patents and use those patents to cooperate with other companies. In modern society, as conversion technology has been rapidly developed, previous TE methods became difficult to apply to technology. This is because they relied on expert-based qualitative methods. Qualitative results are difficult to use to guarantee objectivity. Many previous studies have proposed models for evaluating technology based on patent data to address these limitations. However, those models can lose contextual information during the preprocessing of bibliographic information and require a lexical analyzer suitable for processing terminology in patents. This study uses a lexical analyzer produced using a deep learning structure to overcome this limitation. Furthermore, the proposed method uses quantitative information and bibliographic information of patents as explanatory variables and classifies the technology into multiple classes. The multi-class classification is conducted by sequentially evaluating the value of a technology. This method returns multiple classes in order, enabling class comparison. Moreover, it is model-agnostic, enabling diverse algorithms to be used. We conducted experiments using actual patent data to examine the practical applicability of the proposed methodology. Based on the experiment results, the proposed method was able to classify actual patents into an ordered multi-class. In addition, it was possible to guarantee the objectivity of the results. This is because our model used the information in the patent specification. Furthermore, the model using both quantitative and bibliographic information exhibited higher classification performance than the model using only quantitative information. Therefore, the proposed model can contribute to the sustainable growth of companies by classifying the value of technology into more detailed categories.

Religious Diversity Reconsidered: Local Religious Contexts and Individual Religiosity

AbstractThis study examines how the religious composition of a local U.S. population shapes an individual’s religious involvement. We reconsider Berger’s plausibility thesis and unpack its theoretical mechanisms by (1) conceptualizing religious diversity from each religious group’s perspective, because a specific local religious environment has different implications depending on one’s religion; (2) decomposing the diversity of the population into the religious outgroup’s share and diversity; and (3) including non-affiliated as part of local religious contexts. Furthermore, we adjust for the detailed categories of religious family in a multilevel framework, which addresses the problem of non-substantive correlation and potential heterogeneity among religious groups. Focusing on Protestants, Catholics, and non-affiliated, the analysis reveals that although religious diversity, especially the share of the religious outgroup, tends to be associated negatively with an individual’s religious involvement, there are important differences in how religious diversity is related to religiosity among different religious groups including Protestants and Catholics.

Fatigue analysis of welds and bolts in end plate connections of I-girders

End plate connections with prestressed bolts represent economical joints in steel construction. However, the fatigue resistance of these connections is currently insufficiently covered in Eurocode 3-1-9 [1]. The weld and bolt stresses during fatigue loading of end plate connections have been examined in detail. To this end, fatigue tests have been carried out on component and small-scale specimens. In a subsequent numerical investigation, FE-models have been validated by the experimental results. Second, geometric influences were investigated. The fatigue strength of the welds has been assessed by the effective notch stress concept. Finally, a detail category recommendation is given.

Links between autobiographical memory richness and temporal discounting in older adults

When making choices between smaller, sooner rewards and larger, later ones, people tend to discount future outcomes. Individual differences in temporal discounting in older adults have been associated with episodic memory abilities and entorhinal cortical thickness. The cause of this association between better memory and more future-oriented choice remains unclear, however. One possibility is that people with perceptually richer recollections are more patient because they also imagine the future more vividly. Alternatively, perhaps people whose memories focus more on the meaning of events (i.e., are more “gist-based”) show reduced temporal discounting, since imagining the future depends on interactions between semantic and episodic memory. We examined which categories of episodic details – perception-based or gist-based – are associated with temporal discounting in older adults. Older adults whose autobiographical memories were richer in perception-based details showed reduced temporal discounting. Furthermore, in an exploratory neuroanatomical analysis, both discount rates and perception-based details correlated with entorhinal cortical thickness. Retrieving autobiographical memories before choice did not affect temporal discounting, however, suggesting that activating episodic memory circuitry at the time of choice is insufficient to alter discounting in older adults. These findings elucidate the role of episodic memory in decision making, which will inform interventions to nudge intertemporal choices.

High-Cycle Fatigue Behavior of a Self-tapping Timber Screw Under Axial Tensile Loading

The high-cycle fatigue behavior of a self-tapping timber screw is examined for axial tensile loading with R = 0.1. Based on 71 fatigue tests in the finite-life and long-life regime, Wöhler curves are derived for the failure modes thread area failure and head tear off. Comparisons with existing results of similar tests show equal behavior in the long-life regime and slight differences in the finite-life regime which cannot convincingly be attributed exclusively to either varying testing conditions or differences in the examined population. The fatigue verification according to EN 1993-1-9, detail category 50, is found to be highly conservative, whereas detail category 100 is shown to overestimate the observed fatigue behavior in the finite-life regime. Adding to existing observations on the fatigue behavior of a self-tapping screw, a first assessment of the decisiveness of geometrical and procedural differences in the screws can be made.

Testing of oxyacetylene weld strength

A testing program is reported to evaluate the capacity of oxyacetylene fillet welds in a fatigue prone detail. Historical context is provided to evaluate the oxyacetylene weld performance and past structural applications. This test program showed that fillet welds exceeded the static design capacities based on current weld design practice. In addition, fatigue testing of these welds in a Category E detail demonstrated very consistent fatigue capacity and significantly exceeded the predicted life for a fatigue prone detail (Category E) for cycles exceeding 200,000. Based on these results, the authors propose that oxyacetylene welds could be considered as a viable alternative to arc weld processes when appropriate, subject to qualification testing. This may be relevant in the case of emergency repairs, welding in remote areas or where electrical sources are not present.

Incidence of Cardiovascular Disease and Mortality in Underweight Individuals

BACKGROUND: Few studies have evaluated the association between being underweight and cardiovascular disease in the general population. We investigated the incidence of stroke, myocardial infarction (MI), and all-cause mortality according to detailed underweight categories in a large population cohort. METHODS: We included 4,164,364 individuals who underwent a health examination provided by the Korean National Health Insurance Service between January 2009 and December 2012 and followed them up to determine the incidence of stroke, MI, and total mortality until December 31, 2016. The study population was categorized according to the body mass index into normal (18·50–22·99), mild (17·00–18·49), moderate (16·00–16·99), and severe underweight categories (<16·00). Cox proportional hazards analyses were performed to calculate the hazard ratio (HR) for stroke, MI, and mortality according to the severity of underweight with reference to the normal weight. We adjusted for age, sex, lifestyle, economic status, comorbidity, blood pressure, glucose, lipid level, and waist circumference. FINDINGS: Overall, 46,728 stroke, 30,074 MI, and 121,080 death occurred during 27,449,902 person-years. The incidence of stroke, MI, and total mortality increased proportionally to the severity of underweight in multivariate model. This proportional association became more evident after further adjusting for the WC. The respective HRs (95% confidence intervals) associated with mild, moderate, and severe underweight were 1·10 (1·06–1·15), 1·11 (1·02–1·20), and 1·38 (1·24–1·53) for stroke; 1·19 (1·14–1·25), 1·40 (1·27–1·53), and 1·86 (1·64–2·11) for MI; and 1·63 (1·60–1·67), 2·10 (2·02–2·17), and 2·98 (2·85–3·11) for total mortality. INTERPRETATION: The severity of underweight was associated with higher risk of stroke, MI, and all-cause mortality. The underlying mechanism might be related to a low lean body mass, rather than a low fat mass. FUNDING STATEMENT: The authors received no financial support for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article. DECLARATION OF INTERESTS: The authors declare no competing interests. ETHICS APPROVAL STATEMENT: The Seoul National University Hospital (Seoul, South Korea) institutional review board approved this study (IRB no. E-1809-073-973). The requirement for written informed consent was waived by the review board because anonymous and de-identified information was used for analysis.