Catalyst For Biodiesel Production Research Articles

Synthesis and Characterization of K2O/ACT Catalyst for Biodiesel Production from Beef Fat Waste

The increasing use of petroleum as fuel has depleted fuel, so alternative fuels such as biodiesel are needed because they are environmentally friendly and come from vegetable and animal sources. Therefore, this article presents biodiesel production from beef fat using a K2O/ACT heterogeneous base catalyst derived from egg shells. The Eggshell becomes a CaO catalyst after 3 hours of calcination at 900°C. The K2O/ACT catalyst was synthesized by impregnating CaO with KOH and characterized using XRD and BET. The K2O/ACT catalyst was compared to the CaO catalyst for transesterification activity under appropriate conditions (reaction temperature 65°C, catalyst loading 3% by weight, oil to methanol molar ratio 1:12, and reaction time 3 hours). The catalytic activity of the catalyst was determined to be 98.40% Fatty Acid Methyl Ester (FAME). The insertion of K2O into the CaO catalyst increases the basicity characteristics, thereby increasing the catalytic activity of transesterification.

Metal-Organic Framework-Derived Solid Catalyst for Biodiesel Production from Jatropha curcas Oil: Kinetic Study and Process Optimization Using Response Surface Methodology

Jatropha curcas oil (JCO) is a promising source for the manufacturing of biodiesel and has gained a lot of attention due to its environmental friendliness and availability in many parts of the world as a result of the rising need for energy. In this study, JCO was converted to biodiesel using a heterogeneous CaO-ZrO2 catalyst made from biomass and MOFs. The central composite design of response surface technique was used to change the transesterification parameters to enhance JCO conversion. After optimization using RSM, the reaction parameters were set to a catalyst loading of 6.34 wt%, a reaction time of 68 minutes, a temperature of 92.9°C, and a methanol-to-oil molar ratio of 18 : 1; then, the yield of biodiesel was found to be 97.12±0.4%. Using various analytical techniques, the chemical composition, texture, and its morphology have been examined by FT-IR, SEM-EDS, XRD, TGA, and BET. Moreover, 1H NMR, 13C NMR, and GC-MS have all been used to describe the biodiesel that has been created. While the catalyst’s activity reduced, it was found that, after being washed with hexane and dried by calcination, it could still be used up to the fifth cycle.

The potential of biochar derived from banana peel/Fe3O4/ZIF-67@K2CO3 as magnetic nanocatalyst for biodiesel production from waste cooking oils

Using biomass-based catalysts in biodiesel production can make the process more economical and environmentally friendly. In this study, a new magnetic nanocatalyst was developed using banana peel biochar, ZIF-67, Fe3O4, and K2CO3, and then utilized in a catalytic transesterification process to convert waste cooking oils (WCO) into biodiesel. The level of free fatty acids of the treated WCO (WCOT) was reduced to generate a biodiesel with more suitable characteristics. The physicochemical aspects of the magnetic nanocatalyst were characterized by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) and map techniques. In the transesterification process, the effect of temperature, methanol-to-oil ratio, process time, and nanocatalyst weight on the potential of nanocatalyst to produce biodiesel from WCO and WCOT was explored. The highest yield of biodiesel from WCO (96.82%) and WCOT (99.18%) was attained at 65 °C, nanocatalyst weight of 3 wt %, methanol-to-oil ratio of 19:1, a processing time of 3 h, and a mixing rate of 600 rpm. Based on thermodynamic studies, the biodiesel production process was endothermic and non-spontaneous. The regeneration of the nanocatalyst was studied using various solvents and n-hexane had a good ability to recover the catalyst (90% up to 5 stages). The results of the 1H NMR test revealed that the desired nanocatalyst had a high potential to generate biodiesel from WCO and WCOT. The properties of produced biodiesel met ASTM D6751 and EN 14214 standards.

Marigold (Tagetes) petals as a novel green bio-based heterogeneous catalyst for biodiesel production from palm oil

ABSTRACT Heterogeneous catalysts have an edge over homogeneous catalysts for the production of biodiesel due to limitations like nonrenewable nature, reusability, separation, saponification, equipment corrosion, and washing. The potential of marigold petals as an excellent bio-based catalyst was derived and utilized in the present study to produce sustainable palm oil methyl ester. The dried marigold petals are burned to produce ash, then calcined (800°C, 2 h) to prepare the catalyst. SEM, EDX, XRD, FTIR, TGA, and BET characterized the prepared calcined catalyst. The reported catalyst consists of a high percentage of potassium oxide and calcium oxide with a basic strength within 12.1<H_<18.4, and a surface area of 7.095 m2/g. The catalyst efficiency has shown effective conversion of palm oil into biodiesel with 96% yield under the optimum condition of 10:1 methanol to oil ratio, 6 wt.% catalysts, and temperature of 65°C in 180 min reaction time. GC-MS and 1H NMR methods verified the biodiesel. The obtained biodiesel meets the ASTM standards. The catalyst was utilized for four cycles without a significant decline in activity. The study revealed the potentiality of the novel green solid catalyst from marigold petals for biodiesel production with the capability to minimize overall production expenses.

Evaluating the Scale-Up Potential of Biogenic Heterogeneous Catalyst for Biodiesel Production

Evaluating the Scale-Up Potential of Biogenic Heterogeneous Catalyst for Biodiesel Production

A Study of Green Synthesis of Nano-TiO2 Catalyst by Gossypium Leaf Extract and Its Nanocatalysis in the Synthesis of Biofuel from Gossypium Seed Oil

Synthesis of TiO2 nanoparticles by aqueous leaf extract of Gossypium (Gossypiumarboretum) leaves on meta titanic acid [TiO(OH)2]. Rutile tetragonal TiO2 nanoparticles were characterized by XRD, SEM and TEM studies and their particle size was calculated, which was below 100 nm. The Obtained TiO2NPs were used as catalysts in the transesterification of Gossypium seed oil, which enhanced the rate of reaction. Thus, it is a very attractive catalyst for biodiesel production from Gossypium seed oil. The effect of the amount of nano-TiO2 catalyst and microwave heating was studied. In this study, the preparation of both catalyst and biodiesel from the parts of the same Gossypium plant and the feasibility of carrying out the microwave-assisted transesterification (green process) of Gossypium seed oil by using biogenic nanoTiO2 catalyst was explored. They improve the efficiency of transesterification. The used catalyst can be recycled by simple filtration and reused without reduction in its activity. It is a green method (affords nontoxic and noncorrosive medium), clean reaction, simple experimental, isolation procedures, gives high yield and the properties of synthesized biodiesel are in good agreement with that of diesel oil. So, it may be used alone or by blending with diesel.

Manufacturing Biodiesel from Cooking Oil Teaching Factory Products Using Bentonite Catalyst with Non-Alcohol Route Method

This research investigates an eco-friendly approach to biodiesel production through non-alcoholic pathways using heterogeneous catalysts. The study examines various ratios of methyl acetate to cooking oil and temperatures, revealing that the optimal conditions for biodiesel production are a 1:4 ratio, utilizing a bentonite catalyst (0.75 g), operating at 60°C for 120 minutes. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis confirms the presence of ester groups, the primary component of biodiesel. Most biodiesel characteristics align with quality standards, including density (0.8844 kg/m3), cetane number (61.9), and acid number. However, the biodiesel flash point falls below the minimum standard, suggesting a potential area for improvement. This research underscores the potential of using methyl acetate as a heterogeneous catalyst for biodiesel production, with most biodiesel characteristics meeting established quality standards, although further work may be needed to address the flash point issue.

Utilizing Cs-TPA/Ce-KIT-6 solid-acid catalyst for enhanced biodiesel production from almond and amla oil feedstocks

This study focuses on the synthesis and characterization of Cs-tungstophosphoric acid/Ce-KIT-6 (Cs-TPA/CK), Cs-silicotungstic acid/Ce-KIT-6 (Cs-STA/CK), and Ni-Zn/Ce-KIT-6 (Ni-Zn/CK) catalysts for biodiesel production from almond and amla oil feedstocks. The synthesized catalysts underwent comprehensive characterization utilizing XRD, BET surface area analysis, SEM, and TEM techniques, confirming the successful incorporation of Ce3+, Cs-TPA, Cs-STA, and Ni-Zn units into the KIT-6 framework. Among the catalysts tested, Cs-TPA/CK exhibited the highest biodiesel conversion rates, reaching 98% for oleic acid and 96–98% for non-edible oils (almond and amla oil). Additionally, the recyclability of the catalysts was evaluated, demonstrating sustained catalytic activity for up to five cycles. These findings underscore the potential of Cs-TPA/CK as a highly efficient catalyst for biodiesel production from both edible and non-edible oil sources, with promising implications for sustainable energy production.

A biobased mixed metal oxide catalyst for biodiesel production from waste cooking oil: reaction conditions modeling, optimization and sensitivity analysis study

This study assessed the utilization of a heterogeneous catalyst derived from waste marble tiles and cow horn for waste cooking oil-derived biodiesel synthesis. The synthesized composite catalyst was prepared from waste marble tiles and cow horn through sequential calcination and wet impregnation. The catalyst and its precursors were characterized to analyze their composition, structural, and surface properties. The biodiesel production process was modeled and optimized via the response surface methodology (RSM) and artificial neural networks (ANN). Characterization of waste cooking oil revealed its suitability in biodiesel production. The catalyst had a surface area of 301.510 m2/g, while the pore volume and pore diameter were 0.165 cm3/g and 2.110 nm respectively, which contributed to the optimum biodiesel yield of 98% at a reaction time of 119.92 min, a catalyst concentration of 5.12 wt%, a reaction temperature of 74.86 °C, and methanol-to-oil ratio of 11.43:1. The catalyst was reusable for up to seven cycles while retaining significant activity. The optimized biodiesel sample had properties that met standards. RSM and ANN demonstrated adequate representation of the biodiesel yield as shown by their high R2 values although ANN was superior since it had higher R2 (0.9993) and adjusted R2 (0.9977) values. Global sensitivity analysis results showed reaction temperature as the most important input variable. This work has provided insights into the valorization of waste cooking oil for sustainable biodiesel production through heterogeneous catalysis.

Hematite-Gamma Alumina-based Solid Catalyst Development for Biodiesel Production from Palm Oil

This research investigated the performance of hematite-gamma alumina (Fe2O3/γ-Al2O3) catalyst in biodiesel production from palm oil. A full factorial experimental design was utilized to analyze the effect of hematite content, catalyst loading, and methanol-to-oil ratio on catalyst performance. From the experiment, biodiesel in the range of 73.6 to 87.6% FAME content was obtained. It was concluded that the catalyst composition, the methanol-to-oil ratio, and the catalyst loading have a significant effect on the FAME content of the biodiesel. Hematite has strong affinity for fatty acids, so a larger hematite surface area will result in a higher fatty acid absorption capacity. The addition of excess methanol can reduce the contact inhibition between the reactants and the active site of the catalyst, thereby increasing the conversion rate of the reaction. Moreover, a higher amount of catalyst loading can result in an increase in the FAME content when accompanied by an increase in the hematite content of the catalyst.

In silico design of multipoint mutants for enhanced performance of Thermomyces lanuginosus lipase for efficient biodiesel production

BackgroundBiodiesel, an emerging sustainable and renewable clean energy, has garnered considerable attention as an alternative to fossil fuels. Although lipases are promising catalysts for biodiesel production, their efficiency in industrial-scale application still requires improvement.ResultsIn this study, a novel strategy for multi-site mutagenesis in the binding pocket was developed via FuncLib (for mutant enzyme design) and Rosetta Cartesian_ddg (for free energy calculation) to improve the reaction rate and yield of lipase-catalyzed biodiesel production. Thermomyces lanuginosus lipase (TLL) with high activity and thermostability was obtained using the Pichia pastoris expression system. The specific activities of the mutants M11 and M21 (each with 5 and 4 mutations) were 1.50- and 3.10-fold higher, respectively, than those of the wild-type (wt–TLL). Their corresponding melting temperature profiles increased by 10.53 and 6.01 °C, T5015\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$T_{50}^{15}$$\\end{document} (the temperature at which the activity is reduced to 50% after 15 min incubation) increased from 60.88 to 68.46 °C and 66.30 °C, and the optimum temperatures shifted from 45 to 50 °C. After incubation in 60% methanol for 1 h, the mutants M11 and M21 retained more than 60% activity, and 45% higher activity than that of wt–TLL. Molecular dynamics simulations indicated that the increase in thermostability could be explained by reduced atomic fluctuation, and the improved catalytic properties were attributed to a reduced binding free energy and newly formed hydrophobic interaction. Yields of biodiesel production catalyzed by mutants M11 and M21 for 48 h at an elevated temperature (50 °C) were 94.03% and 98.56%, respectively, markedly higher than that of the wt–TLL (88.56%) at its optimal temperature (45 °C) by transesterification of soybean oil.ConclusionsAn integrating strategy was first adopted to realize the co-evolution of catalytic efficiency and thermostability of lipase. Two promising mutants M11 and M21 with excellent properties exhibited great potential for practical applications for in biodiesel production.

Zno Loaded Singgora Roof Tiles as Heterogeneous Catalyst for Waste Cooking Oil Biodiesel

This study aimed to utilize the waste cooking oil (WCO) into biodiesel using a novel waste Singgora roof tiles wet impregnated with zinc oxide (ZnO) as a heterogeneous catalyst. The motivation behind this choice stems from the non-recyclable nature of Singgora roof tiles and their potential applicability in biodiesel synthesis. The catalyst was characterized by X-ray Fluorescence (XRF) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with energy-dispersive X-ray diffractometer (EDX). A two-step transesterification method was employed to reduce the concentration of free fatty acids (FFA) in the WCO. The process started by treating the WCO with sulfuric acid (H2SO4) to diminish the levels of free fatty acid (FFA), followed by the utilization of the Singgora roof tiles catalyst in the subsequent step. A maximum yield of 96.96% biodiesel was obtained under the optimal conditions, which included a methanol-to- oil ratio of 12:1, a catalyst concentration of 1 wt.%, a reaction temperature of 65 °C, and a 2-hour reaction time. The quality of the biodiesel produced was analyzed according to biodiesel standards specified in the ASTM D6751, EN 14214, and AOCS, and were within the ranges. The study demonstrates the potential of using Singgora roof tiles as a heterogeneous catalyst in biodiesel production, offering a promising approach to repurposing non-recyclable materials and advancing sustainable biodiesel production methods.

The Regeneration of Dolomite as a Heterogeneous Catalyst for Biodiesel Production

Dolomite as a heterogeneous catalyst can be used in biodiesel synthesis. Process material costs can be reduced by regenerating and reusing the catalyst. Two methods of regeneration of dolomite were studied: (1) washing for 30 min with methanol, filtration, and washing for 30 min with hexane and (2) calcination at high temperature. Catalytic efficiency and catalyst changes after 1–6 cycles were evaluated. X-ray, FTIR, and SEM studies were performed. Calcination has been found to be a more effective method of catalyst regeneration than washing with solvents. The catalytic effectiveness of dolomite only slightly decreased over six application cycles. The results of the instrumental analysis showed that the structure and composition of the dolomite do not change during calcination after three cycles, while obvious changes in the structure of dolomite during catalyst washing were observed.

Magnetic graphene oxide supported tin oxide (SnO) nanocomposite as a heterogeneous catalyst for biodiesel production from soybean oil

In this study, the MGO@SnO as a new nanocatalyst with diverse chemical/physical properties was generated by the combination of graphene oxide covered with magnetic iron oxide (MGO) and tin oxide (SnO(x)) nanoparticles used for biodiesel production from soybean oil. Before GC-FID analysis, the nanostructured MGO@SnO was successfully employed to transesterify soybean oil to FAMEs (biodiesel). The proposed material was characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometer (EDX), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM). Given the acidic-alkaline nature of the proposed catalyst, it has a strong probability of creating carbocation ions to attack with methanol and subsequently converting the triglycerides to methyl ester (FAMEs). In further experiments, it was found that the ideal reaction parameters were a ratio of MGO to SnO of 1:0.5, a molar ratio of soybean oil to methanol (MeOH) of 1:10, a reaction period of 180 min, and a reaction temperature of 120 °C. Furthermore, the MGO@SnO catalyst demonstrated adequate catalytic performance (>88 %) for transforming the triglycerides of soybean oil to FAMEs (biodiesel) as compared to pure SnO NPs (74 %) and plain MGO (69 %) at similar conditions.

ZnO–Doped CaO Binary Core–Shell Catalysts for Biodiesel Production via Mexican Palm Oil Transesterification

This work investigates biodiesel production via transesterification of Mexican palm oil with methanol catalyzed by binary solid base core–shell catalysts with improved catalytic stability. A series of CaO–ZnO mixed solids were prepared using an inexpensive co–precipitation method by varying ZnO content from 5 to 20 mol%. Several factors, such as surface basicity, ZnO content, phase compositions, and thermal treatment of the catalysts, were all proven to be crucial for the production of biodiesel with good quality. Thermal treatment could effectively remove the surface adsorbed water and impurities and improved the catalytic activity. The addition of ZnO to CaO significantly enhanced the catalysts’ stability; however, it led to lower surface basicity and slightly diminished catalytic activity. ZnO doping inhibited the formation of surface Ca(OH)2 and promoted the formation of Ca–Zn–O or CaZn2(OH)6 phase as the core and a surface CaCO3 shell, which effectively decreased Ca2+ leaching by approximately 74% in methanol and 65% in a methanol–glycerol (4:1) mixture. A combined method of separation and purification for obtaining clean biodiesel with high quality was proposed. The biodiesel obtained under the control conditions exhibited properties which satisfied the corresponding standards well.

A Review on Metal–Organic Framework as a Promising Catalyst for Biodiesel Production

A Review on Metal–Organic Framework as a Promising Catalyst for Biodiesel Production

Green synthesis of iron oxide nanoparticles from Calotropis procera latex: an eco-friendly catalyst for biodiesel production from Calotropis procera seed oil

Green synthesis of iron oxide nanoparticles from Calotropis procera latex: an eco-friendly catalyst for biodiesel production from Calotropis procera seed oil

Application of waste derived magnetic acid-base bifunctional CoFe/biochar/CaO as an efficient catalyst for biodiesel production from waste cooking oil

The loss of active components, weak acid resistance, and low recover efficiency of common Ca-based catalysts limited its further development and application. In this study, to effectively produce biodiesel from waste cooking oil (WCO), a green and recyclable magnetic acid-base bifunctional CoFe/biochar/CaO catalyst was prepared from sargassum and river snail shell waste via hydrothermal method. The catalysts' structure and properties were investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), CO2/NH3 temperature programmed desorption (CO2/NH3 TPD), etc., The prepared catalyst mainly consisted of the carbon skeleton, CoFe alloy, and CaO. CoFe alloy provided catalyst's ferromagnetism for magnetic separation as well as acid sites for transesterification of WCO. Ca and other metal species with nanoscale (∼5.64 nm) were dispersively anchored on sargassum biochar surface, thereby leading to good catalytic activity (99.21% biodiesel yield) and stability (91.70% biodiesel yield after the 5th cycle). In addition, response surface methodology-Box-Behnken design (RSM-BBD) revealed the optimal operational conditions were 16:1 methanol/oil molar ratio, 3 wt% catalyst dosage, 73 °C for 157 min. The maximum biodiesel yield predicted value was 98.29% and the experimental value was 99.21%, indicating good satisfaction of the established model. Moreover, the quality of WCO biodiesel met the ASTM D6751 standards. This study benefits magnetic waste-derived acid-base bifunctional catalysts for the disposal of WCO towards sustainable biodiesel production.

Microwave-assisted transesterification of waste cooking oil using zinc ferrite catalyst for biodiesel production

Microwave-assisted transesterification of waste cooking oil using zinc ferrite catalyst for biodiesel production

Sheet-like Superparamagnetic Biochar-based Acid Catalyst for Biodiesel Production: Process Optimization, Kinetics, Thermodynamics, and Life Cycle Cost Analysis

Sheet-like Superparamagnetic Biochar-based Acid Catalyst for Biodiesel Production: Process Optimization, Kinetics, Thermodynamics, and Life Cycle Cost Analysis