Catalyst For Biodiesel Production Research Articles

Utilization of ladle furnace slag for fabrication of geopolymer: Its application as catalyst for biodiesel production

This study focuses on recycling of ladle furnace slag for fabrication of geopolymer. Moreover, its application as a catalyst for biodiesel production is the main goal of this study. Several batches of geopolymer were prepared from ladle furnace slag and metakaolin in the existence of alkali activator. Phase identification of prepared geopolymers was inspected by x-ray diffraction and FT-IR while the physical properties (bulk density and apparent porosity) were examined giving the Archimedes' rule. Furthermore, the compressive strength was also tested. An attempt for application of prepared geopolymers as catalyst for biodiesel production was conducted using geopolymer fine powders (calcined at different temperatures) and soybean oil in presence of methanol. To evaluate the efficiency of prepared biodiesel, its density, Kinematic viscosity and flash point were determined. The results revealed that geopolymer bulk materials were successfully prepared from ladle furnace slag and kaolin. The prepared geopolymers have good physical and compressive strength. The best compressive strength (21 MPa) of prepared geopolymer was obtained for the batch composed of 60% ladle furnace slag and 40% metakaolin. Also, the results of density, viscosity and flash point of produced biodiesel were in the standard range, i.e. 0.848–0.885 g/cm3, 2.8–5.1 mm2/s and 90–135 °C, respectively.

Application of nano hydrophobic sulfated mordenite as a novel catalyst for biodiesel production from neem seed-derived oil by electrochemical method

The sulfated mordenite catalyst was prepared using the impregnation method and underwent modification via sulfation. The hydrophobic sulfated mordenite as a novel catalyst was applied for biodiesel production from neem seed-derived oil (NSDO) by electrochemical method. The impact of various degrees of sulfation and operational parameters were examined, and it was found that Mordenite-0.5 M Sulfated, exhibited the most outstanding performance and was deemed the most suitable catalyst. In this way, the produced catalyst, with its hydrophobic property, caused the polar molecules of methanol and especially water to move away from its surface, and instead by bringing the free fatty acids (FFA) molecules closer to its surface. The catalyst's excellent efficiency resulted in a satisfactory outcome for the reaction under gentle circumstances. The highest efficiency of the process was obtained at 0.85 % with operating conditions of 6 wt% of the catalyst, potential of 10 V, MeOH/NSDO molar ratio of 10:1, and reaction duration of 1 h. The catalyst displayed remarkable performance and reusability, with a mere 15 % decrease in the reaction yield after five consecutive cycles. XRD, BET, FT-IR, EDX-Mapping, and NH3-TPD analyses examined the structure and acidity of the synthesized catalyst. Furthermore, to examine the quality of the biodiesel produced, physicochemical analyses were conducted following the standards set by ASTM. The obtained results were found to be entirely in line with the quality attributes of diesel fuel.

Production and Characterization of Biodiesel from Castor Seed Oil Using Cocoa Pod Ash as Catalyst

AbstractA major problem retarding the commercialization of biodiesel is the derivation of catalysts and feedstocks from high‐cost materials. Hence, the following proposal is being put forward to mitigate this challenge: Extract and characterize castor oil, synthesize and characterize cocoa pod ash as the base catalyst, and apply the base catalyst for biodiesel production. Cocoa pods were heated at 600 °C for 35 min in a muffle furnace and the product sieved to obtain ash with uniform size distribution. The yield of castor oil extracted was 42 %, and the synthesized catalyst was capable of transesterifying the extracted oil. Castor oil was converted to biodiesel with cocoa pod ash as catalyst. A biodiesel yield of 88 % was obtained. The catalyst was characterized by various methods to confirm the presence of active sites. The physicochemical properties of the biodiesel product are consistent with literature values.

A scientometric analysis and recent advances of emerging chitosan-based biomaterials as potential catalyst for biodiesel production: A review

Chitosan is a widely available polymer with a reasonably high abundance, as well as a sustainable, biodegradable, and biocompatible material with different functional groups that are used in a wide range of operations. Chitosan is frequently employed in widespread applications such as environmental remediation, adsorption, catalysts, and drug formulation. The goal of this review is to discuss the potential applications of chitosan and its chemically modified solids as a catalyst in biodiesel production. The existing manuscripts are integrated based on the nature of materials used as chitosan and its modifications. A short overview of chitosan's structural characteristics, properties, and some ideal methods to be considered in catalysis activities are addressed. This article includes an analysis of a chitosan-based scientometric conducted between 1975 and 2023 using VOS viewer 1.6.19. To identify developments and technological advances in chitosan research, the significant scientometric features of yearly publication results, documents country network, co-authorship network, documents funding sponsor, documents institution network, and documents category in domain analysis were examined. This review covers a variety of organic transformations and their effects, including chitosan reactions against acids, bases, metals, metal oxides, organic compounds, lipases, and Knoevenagel condensation. The catalytic capabilities of chitosan and its modified structures for producing biodiesel through transesterification reactions are explored in depth.

Argan Cake Oil Transesterification Kinetics and an Optimized Choice of a High-Performance Catalyst for Biodiesel Production

Argan Cake Oil Transesterification Kinetics and an Optimized Choice of a High-Performance Catalyst for Biodiesel Production

Synthesis of nano-crystal PVMo2W9@[Cu6O(TZI)3(H2O)6]4⋅nH2O for catalytically biodiesel preparation

To develop efficient and reusable catalysts for biodiesel production, quaternary heteropolyacid H4PVMo2W9O40 (PVMo2W9) was effectively wrapped inside rht-MOF-1 {rht-MOF-1 = [Cu6O(TZI)3(H2O)6]4⋅nH2O}, affording a crystalline H4PVMo2W9O40@rht-MOF-1 (1) by one-pot hydrothermal method. The identification of the crystal structure of 1 was achieved through the utilization of X-ray crystallography. Nano-size crystals of 1 (n-1) were prepared with the assistance of surfactant Tween 20. Notably, crystal n-1 was of cube shape grown along {100} facets rather than octahedral shape for 1. When n-1 was applied as the catalyst for the esterification reactions, high conversion rates were achieved. E. g. about 97 % conversion for oleic acid to the corresponding monoalkyl esters and about 87 % for rapeseed oil to biodiesel. The catalyst was heterogeneous and recyclable 7 times without obvious attenuation. Further, the correlation between the catalytic activity and structure of n-1 was investigated in terms of the distribution of active sites, various pores in rht-MOF-1, and the accessibility of catalytic sites on the {100} facets.

Transesterification of Microalgae from Food Waste via Acid Catalyst for Biodiesel Production

Recently, numerous studies have presented the potential of various feedstock of biodiesel catalysed with acid catalysts and its performance. This study examines the potential of microalgae from food waste for biodiesel production by a homogeneous acid catalyst in a transesterification reaction. Initially, lipid was extracted from the microalgae using the microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) method. Then, the lipid was transesterified using a sulphuric acid catalyst under different conditions to decide the optimum condition. About 50% of the lipid was extracted from the microalgae when 400 W of microwave power was used for 15 minutes. The biodiesel yield of 76% has been attained from transesterifying the extracted lipid with methanol using 9:1 of methanol to oil molar ratio, 2.5 wt% of catalyst dosage for 3 hours at 65°C. Overall, this study has shown the potential of microalgae from food waste as one of the options for biodiesel’s feedstock catalysed by acid.
 Keywords: Biodiesel, food waste, microalgae, transesterification, acid catalyst, microwave assisted extraction (MAE)

Novel dragon fruit peel ash-derived solid catalyst for biodiesel production and PET waste recycling

The present protocol demonstrates the development of an affordable methodology for synthesizing biodiesel and depolymerizing PET waste using dragon fruit (Hylocereus costaricensis or Hylocereus polyrhizus) peel ash derived solid catalyst. The reported catalytic process yielded 99 % biodiesel at room temperature in 5 h with 8 wt% catalyst amounts and 12 M equivalents of methanol, while requiring just 20 min of run time at an elevated temperature (65 °C). The reaction was found to be endothermic pseudo-first order reaction having activation energy of 56.36 kJ mol−1. Meanwhile, PET waste was depolymerized to bis(2-hydroxyethyl) terephthalate (BHET) in 1.5 h at 190 °C with 16 equivalents of ethylene glycol and 4 wt% of the catalyst, giving 84 % of the desired monomer. The developed catalyst and the resultant products are thoroughly characterized using a variety of techniques to determine the catalyst's chemical composition and to confirm the formation of the desired products.

Biochar-based bi-functional catalyst derived from rubber seed shell and eggshell for biodiesel production from waste cooking oil

The application of biomass-based sources for energy generation has attracted much interest in recent times due to theirenvironmental benefits. In this study, the potential use of rubber seed shells and eggshells in the synthesis of bi-functional catalysts for biodiesel production has been investigated. The catalyst was produced in a sequence of steps that includedcarbonization, sulfonation, calcination, and impregnation. The catalyst was characterized using Scanning electron microscopy, X-ray fluorescence spectrophotometry, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller analysis. The catalysts’ performance was assessed throughthe simultaneous esterification and transesterification of waste cooking oil with a free fatty acid content of 2.9 %. Response surface methodology based on central composite design was employed to model and optimize the process. The factors investigated included methanol/oil ratio (4:1 – 20:1), catalyst concentration (1 – 5 wt%), reaction temperature (50 – 70 °C), and time (1 – 5 h). The catalyst was found to have a specific surface area of 241.0 m2/g, a pore volume of 0.189 cc/g, and a pore size of 1.132 nm. A methanol/oil molar ratio of 14.2:1, catalyst concentration of 2.0 wt%, temperature of 62.5 °C, and reaction time of 2.3 h were the optimum reaction conditions required to achieve an optimum average biodiesel yield of 89.4 % and FFA conversion of 91.8 %. Also, the leaching of the catalysts wasinsignificant, and the catalysts demonstrated good reusability, producing a biodiesel yield of 81.9 % after the fifth cycle. The physicochemical properties of the produced biodiesel fall within the ranges of the recommended ASTM 6751 and EN14214 international standards. The utilization of rubber seeds and eggshells for catalyst synthesis offers a promising, cost-effective, and eco-friendly way to produce biodiesel.

Using calcined waste fish bones as a green solid catalyst for biodiesel production from date seed oil

Abstract Since biodiesels are widely considered more environmentally friendly and ecologically sustainable than fuels derived from petroleum – as well as producing greener energy at a lower price – this belief has encouraged the growth of the bio-economy. The primary objective of this work was to investigate the use of a novel non-edible feedstock obtained from date seed oil for the production of environmentally friendly biodiesel. This was achieved via the application of creative and different hydroxyapatite (HAPT) heterogeneous catalysts. These catalysts were obtained from discarded fish bones that were synthesized from dried fish bone and subjected to calcination at different temperatures. This study used several analytical methods, including transmission electron microscopy, Brunauer–Emmett–Teller analysis, X-ray diffraction (XRD), and thermogravimetric analysis, to investigate the properties of a cost-effective and environmentally sustainable catalyst derived from waste fish bones. HAPT is the key component of calcined catalysts, and this was confirmed using XRD analysis. The findings revealed that the transesterification activity was optimal when the catalyst was calcined at 900°C. Moreover, this produced a maximum yield of 89% fatty acid ethyl esters (FAMEs) when optimal reaction conditions were achieved (3-h reaction time, 9:1 ethanol/oil molar ratio, and catalyst amount of 4.5 wt%). Additionally, the catalyst was found to be durable and reusable throughout the biodiesel production process. The confirmation of FAME production was achieved using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. This approach could facilitate the production of low-cost, environmentally friendly technology. Additionally, it was established that the characteristics of the biodiesel complied with ASTM D6571, an American fuel regulation. Green energy approaches can also be beneficial for the environment, which could ultimately improve societal and economic development for the biodiesel business on a larger scale.

Innovative magnetic catalyst facilitates biodiesel production via transesterification of sunflower and waste cooking oils

ABSTRACT The surging global demand for biofuels, precipitated by concerns regarding fossil fuel limitations and their associated environmental consequences has thrust biodiesel into the spotlight as a promising alternative of energy source. In this research endeavor, a novel magnetic catalyst, denoted as K compounds/Fe3O4, was developed by incorporating potassium into the magnetite structure via sol–gel method. This catalyst was applied in the transesterification reaction to convert sunflower and waste cooking oils to biodiesel. It was found that the most effective catalyst for biodiesel production was synthesized by using potassium nitrate at a concentration of 1 M and calcination temperature of 550°C in the catalyst preparation stage. The K compounds/Fe3O4 catalyst was characterized by XRD, XRF, FTIR, SEM, ASAP, and VSM techniques. SEM images demonstrated the porous structure of the catalyst. The GC-mass analysis confirmed the formation of fatty acid methyl esters. The effects of the operating conditions including reactor temperature (55 to 75°C), catalyst dosage (2.5 to 12.5 wt.%), methanol to oil molar ratio (9:1 to 18:1), time (4 to 14 h) were investigated. The best operating conditions were selected inclusive of temperature 65°C, catalyst dosage 5 wt.%, methanol-to-oil ratio 12:1, and time 8 h, and at these operating conditions, biodiesel production efficiencies of 96.28% and 84.05% were obtained for sunflower and waste cooking oils, respectively. The reusability and regeneration of the K compounds/Fe3O4 were studied for five cycles.

Synthesis of Cu-1,4-Benzene Dicarboxylate Metal-Organic Frameworks (Cu-BDC MOFs) from Plastic Waste and Its Application as Catalyst in Biodiesel Production

The increasing of PET plastic waste causes various environmental problems because decomposing it is difficult to compose. This study aims to utilize PET plastic waste as a source of terephthalic acid organic linker in the solvothermal synthesis of Cu-1,4-Benzene Dicarboxylate metal-organic frameworks (Cu-BDC MOFs). Cu-BDC MOFs were characterized using FTIR, XRD, and SEM-EDX. The characterization results showed that the crystals of Cu-BDC MOFs had an irregular cubic morphology with an average crystal size of 67.96 nm. Furthermore, Cu-BDC MOFs were applied as catalysts for the esterification reaction to produce biodiesel from coconut oil. The conversion percentage of free fatty acids in the esterification process was 43.75 %, while in the transesterification process, it was 68.90 %. Analysis using GC-MS showed the presence of 8 peaks, with the largest percentage of areas identified as fatty acid methyl esters. The major components were methyl laurate (31.17 %), methyl myristate (18.77 %), methyl palmitate (12.50 %), methyl caprylate (10.76 %), methyl elaidate (10.07 %), methyl caprate (7.34 %), methyl stearate (5.67 %), and methyl linoleate (2.26 %). The quality of the biodiesel was tested, and the results were as follows: The density parameter was measured at 842.5 kg/m3, the viscosity measurement showed 2.9572 cSt, and the water content was found to be 0.09 %. Additionally, the acid number parameter was determined to be 0.2799 mg-KOH/g. HIGHLIGHTS Cu-BDC MOFs are produced through the hydrolysis of PET waste using a solvothermal mixture of distilled water, ethanol, and DMF at 85 °C for 24 h. The micrograph of the synthesized Cu-BDC MOFs reveals a clustered topography of Cu-BDC MOFs crystals with irregular cubic (hexahedral) shapes. FTIR analysis of biodiesel displays distinctive peaks corresponding to the -C-H, -C=O, -CH2, -CH3, and -C-O functional groups. The GC-MS analysis of biodiesel from coconut oil shows the presence of 8 major peaks, namely methyl caprylate, methyl caprate, methyl laurate, methyl myristate, methyl palmitate, methyl linoleate, methyl elaidate, and methyl stearate, with the largest percent area. The quality test results of biodiesel indicate a density parameter of 842.5 kg/m3, a biodiesel viscosity measurement of 2.9572 cSt, a water content of 0.0898 %, and an acid number of 0.2799 mg-KOH/g. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

Biodiesel production through the transesterification of rapeseed oil over CaO‐MgO/SBA‐15 catalysts

AbstractDesigning a cost‐effective and environmentally friendly heterogeneous catalyst for biodiesel production is essential. To achieve this, new 0.3‐CaO‐MgO/SBA‐15 and 0.8‐CaO‐MgO/SBA‐15 catalysts were prepared by the impregnation method. The new 0.3‐CaO‐MgO/SBA‐15 catalyst had higher purity, larger surface area, and pore volume than 0.8‐CaO‐MgO/SBA‐15, resulting in great catalytic activity for biodiesel production by transesterification of rapeseed oil with methanol. A biodiesel yield of 97.8 wt % was attained under the optimal reaction conditions of 5 wt % catalyst concentration, 15:1 methanol/oil molar ratio, 95°C reaction temperature, and reaction time of 4 h. Most of the parameters and properties of the obtained biodiesel correspond to the EN 14212 standard. The 0.3‐CaO‐MgO/SBA‐15 catalyst could be considered a potential candidate for biodiesel production on industrial level application attributed to intriguing properties like cost‐effectiveness, ease of synthesis, and environmental greenness.

Process optimization and kinetic studies of Musa glauca catalyzed biodiesel production

In this study, a novel biomass catalyst was developed from Musa glauca stem ash as a clean catalyst for biodiesel production. For the first time, the potential of calcined Musa glauca stem ash was investigated as a heterogeneous catalyst for biodiesel production using soybean oil as a feedstock. The activity of both burnt and calcined Musa glauca catalysts in transesterification was studied. Calcination increased the catalytic activity more than open burning. The catalyst obtained by calcining Musa glauca stem at 500 °C was used as the optimum catalyst. This catalyst was exhaustively characterized using FT-IR, XRD, XPS, XRF, SEM, and BET surface area analyzer. The biodiesel production was optimized using response surface methodology (RSM) studies. A maximum of 96.7% biodiesel was produced using optimum reaction conditions of methanol to soybean molar ratio of 24:1, catalyst loading of 8 wt % (with respect to soybean oil) for 3 h at room temperature. The produced biodiesel was analyzed using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and gas chromatography (GC) studies. The catalyst was reused and showed satisfactory reusability producing 80% of biodiesel in the 5th reaction cycle. The activation energy for the reaction was determined to be 27.71 kJ mol-1 from the kinetic study.

Sustainable biodiesel production from waste cooking oil using banana peel biochar-Fe2O3/Fe2K6O5 magnetic catalyst

Addressing environmental challenges and energy resource scarcity, this study focuses on biodiesel production through the transesterification of waste cooking oil with methanol. To facilitate the reaction, a novel heterogeneous catalyst, derived from waste banana peels and composed of biochar-Fe2O3/Fe2K6O5, was employed. The magnetic acid–base catalyst was prepared by carbonating banana peel residue with Fe(III) and potassium hydroxide activator under N2 gas at 700 °C for 2 h. Extensive analysis of the physical and chemical properties of the biochar-based catalyst, including electron microscope analysis, X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform spectroscopy, thermal analysis, and vibration magnetometer techniques, was conducted. The study also explored the influence of crucial parameters on biodiesel yield from waste cooking oil using the biochar-Fe2O3/Fe2K6O5 catalyst. These parameters included the molar ratio of methanol to oil (ranging from 5 to 9 mol/mol), catalyst amount (2–6 wt%), temperature (40–80 °C), and reaction time (1–5 h). Results indicated that optimal conditions for achieving a biodiesel yield of 88.83% were a methanol to oil molar ratio of 7:1, a catalyst amount of 4 wt% for a reaction time of 3 h at 60 °C. The resulting biodiesel exhibited promising properties, including a density of 0.883 g/cm3, a kinematic viscosity of 4.37 mm2/s, and a flash point of 147 °C. The findings of this study highlight the substantial implications and practical benefits of employing rational engineering techniques in the utilization of biochar-Fe2O3/Fe2K6O5 as an exceptionally efficient, stable, and readily recoverable catalyst for the sustainable production of biodiesel from waste oil.

Molecular Dynamic Studies of the Transesterification Process Using Strontium Oxide as an Effective Catalyst for Biodiesel Production

Molecular Dynamic Studies of the Transesterification Process Using Strontium Oxide as an Effective Catalyst for Biodiesel Production

Optimization of Biodiesel Production from Waste Cooking Oil Using Nano Calcium Oxide Catalyst

AbstractThe use of nano calcium oxide as a catalyst in biodiesel production has gained attention due to its high catalytic activity, low cost, and environmental friendliness. It efficiently converts triglycerides to fatty acids and methyl esters. In the present study, nano CaO was prepared by precipitation and characterized by various techniques. The results showed that the nano CaO has high purity, nanoscale crystal size, good thermal stability, and high specific surface area. Biodiesel was produced by transesterification from waste cooking oil, methanol, and the nano catalyst. Response surface methodology was applied to predict the optimum parameters for the production of the biodiesel based on its yield. The produced biodiesel was characterized by FTIR spectroscopy and GC‐MS and evaluated according to ASTM D6571.

Hetero-Alkali Catalyst for Production of Biodiesel from Domesticated Waste: (Used Waste oil)

Biodiesel, a fuel derived from renewable sources, has garnered significant attention from energy researchers over the past two decades as a clean alternative to diesel fuel. This increased interest can be attributed to the alarming impact of climate change caused by the use of traditional diesel fuel. This paper focuses on showcasing the qualities of biodiesel produced from used waste oil and the positive impact on the alarming change in climate today. The observable characteristics of used waste oil for the synthesis of biodiesel in the presence of an ethanolic CaO-K2 O-SiO2 base catalyst created from leftover palm kernel empty bunches was rigorously explored in this study. The catalyst obtained from Palm Kernel Bunch Stem (PKBS) was characterized using Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Extended Range Spectroscopy - Flame Photometry (XRS-FP), Brunauer-Emmett-Teller analyzer (BET) isothermal adsorption and qualitative analysis. Reusability of catalyst and economic evaluation of the synthesized biodiesel were also evaluated. The quality of the Oil was identified through standard techniques by examining its physicochemical characteristics as well as other elements. According to the findings, the improved Used Waste Oil (UWO) characteristics met the specifications for oil required to produce biodiesel. The Used Waste Oil’s physicochemical properties included the oil’s physical condition as liquid/dark brownish at 28, acid value of 0.96 (mg KOH/g oil), FFA (% oleic acid), 0.48, iodine value of 152.00 (I2g/100g), and peroxide value of 5.1 milli-equivalent of peroxide/kg of oil, among others. The obtained catalyst demonstrated high basic strength with potassium oxide (61.63 wt/%) being the predominant component. At run 5 with 98.52 (%wt /wt), 65 minutes reaction time, 4.0 (%wt) catalyst amount, reaction temperature of 70 , and a 7:1 ethanol to oil ratio produced the highest biodiesel yield. The study concluded that, UWO can possibly be utilized as an economically benign feedstock for the production of biodiesel, and the resultant catalyst could potentially be employed in industries as bio-base.

Bentonite functioned by potassium compounds as a solid catalyst for biodiesel production

Bentonite functioned by potassium compounds as a solid catalyst for biodiesel production

Facile Preparation of Bimetallic MOF-derived Supported Tungstophosphoric Acid Composites for Biodiesel Production

In this work, the novel TPA@C-NiZr-MOF catalyst is synthesized by the impregnation of tungstophosphoric acid (TPA) on the NiZr-based metal-organic framework (NiZr-MOF) followed by calcination up to 300 °C. The as-prepared catalyst materials were structurally, morphologically, and texturally characterized by XRD, FTIR, temperature programmed desorption of NH3 ( TPD-NH3 ), N2 physisorption, SEM, TEM, and XPS. The prepared catalyst can be used as an efficient heterogeneous catalyst for biodiesel production from oleic acid (OA) with methanol. The results indicated that, in comparison to TPA@NiZr-MOF, the TPA@C-NiZr-MOF catalyst calcined at 300 °C exhibits excellent catalytic performance probably owing to the synergistic effect between TPA and metal oxide skeletons, high acidity, as well as larger surface area and pore size. Additionally, the TPA@C-NiZr-MOF catalyst can be reused in up to six cycles with an acceptable conversion. This study showed that the bimetallic MOF-derived composite materials can be used as an alternative potential heterogeneous catalyst toward biorefinery applications.