Catalyst For Transesterification Reaction Research Articles

Preparation of CaO@CeO2 Solid Base Catalysts Used for Biodiesel Production

The study investigated the use of CeO2 extracted from monazite with calcium oxide (CaO) as a solid catalyst for biodiesel production. The wet impregnation method was used to produce CaO@CeO2 mixed-oxide catalysts with 0–50 wt.% CaO. X-ray diffraction (XRD), Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) surface area analysis, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and a Fourier transform infrared spectrometer (FTIR) was used to characterize the catalysts. In order to determine the optimal preparation conditions, the effect of different CaO compositions on the performance of CaO@CeO2 mixed-oxide catalysts was examined. The catalytic activity of the CaO@CeO2 catalyst for the transesterification reaction of palm oil to produce biodiesel was studied. The results show that the optimum yield of biodiesel can reach 97% fatty acid methyl ester over the 30CaO@CeO2 catalyst at the reaction conditions of 5 wt.% catalysts, methanol-to-oil molar ratio of 9:1, with a reaction temperature of 65 °C within 30 min. The results show that the high catalytic activity and stability of the CaO@CeO2 catalyst make it a promising candidate for industrial-scale biodiesel production. Further study is needed to improve the stability and efficiency of catalysts in transesterification reactions to achieve a high FAME yield using long-life-span catalysts. Moreover, it is necessary to investigate the economic feasibility of this process for application in large-scale biodiesel production.

Construction of stable heterogeneous catalysts with alkali metals loaded on weakly alkaline carbon-nitrogen materials for transesterification

It is important to enhance the basicity of solid catalysts for the application of heterogeneous catalysts in the synthesis of dimethyl carbonate. Notably, the role of the carrier in the supported solid base catalyst cannot be ignored. Herein, the catalyst (named 1.0Ca/g-C3N4 (M)), prepared by one-step thermal polymerization, achieved a yield of 68.4 % and a selectivity of 96.8 % for DMC and maintained its performance after four consecutive cycles at 130 °C. It could be seen from the characterization that the amino group on the surface of the carrier, as an electron pushing group, endowed the Ca connected at its end with more abundant valence electrons, so that the catalyst exhibited a higher alkalinity. This study provides a new reference for the development of multiphase catalysts in transesterification reactions.

CaO ADSORBENT FOR REDUCING METAL CONTENT OF Fe, Mn, AND Zn FROM PET-SET WASTE-WATER

Primary Effluent Treatment-Secondary Effluent Treatment (PET-SET) is refinery waste-water. PET-SET waste contains hazardous substances, namely Fe, Mn and Zn metal ions. The novelty of this research is that it looks at the CaO adsorbent to reduce the metal content of Fe, Mn, and Zn from PET-SET Waste-water. This research’s aimed to reduce the metal content of Fe, Mn, and Zn using CaO adsorbent. CaO was prepared from the golden snail shell by previous researchers. Concentration of Fe, Mn, and Zn from PET-SET waste before treatment were 8.6 mg/L, 8.52 mg/L and 9.28 mg/L. This research was conducted through the adsorption method by variating the adsorbent mass and contact time to determine the optimum condition in the absorption of Fe, Mn, and Zn metal ions that analyzed using the ICP-OES instrument. This instrument was quite well used for multielement analysis. In this study, CaO was applied to adsorb previously treated PET-SET waste samples which previous reasearcher used CaO from golden snail shell as a catalyst for transesterification reaction. It was reported that the optimum condition to absorb Fe, Mn, and Zn metal ions was 0.2 g for 20 minutes with an absorption effectiveness of 100% .

Performance of Citric Acid as a Catalyst and Support Catalyst When Synthesized with NaOH and CaO in Transesterification of Biodiesel from Black Soldier Fly Larvae Fed on Kitchen Waste

Current research and development to lower the production cost of biodiesel by utilizing feedstock derived from waste motivates the quest for developing catalysts with high performance in transesterification. This study investigates the performance of citric acid as a catalyst and support catalyst in transesterification of oil from black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) larvae fed on organic kitchen waste. Two catalysts were prepared by synthesizing citric acid with NaOH and CaO by a co-precipitation and an impregnation method, respectively. The design of the experiment adopted response surface methodology for the optimization of biodiesel productivity by varying: the percentage loading weight of citric acid, the impregnation temperature, the calcinating temperature and the calcinating time. The characteristic activity and reuse of the synthesized catalysts in transesterification reactions were investigated. The morphology, chemical composition and structure of the catalysts were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, X-ray fluorescence (XRF) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). High citric acid loading on NaOH and a small amount of citric acid on CaO resulted in improved dispersion and refinement of the particle sizes. Increasing citric acid loading on NaOH improved the CaO and SiO2 composition of the modified catalyst resulting in higher biodiesel yield compared to the modified CaO catalyst. A maximum biodiesel yield of 93.08%, ±1.31, was obtained when NaOH was synthesized with a 130% weight of citric acid at 80 °C and calcinated at 600 °C for 240 min. Comparatively, a maximum biodiesel yield of 90.35%, ±1.99, was obtained when CaO was synthesized with a 3% weight of citric acid, impregnated at 140 °C and calcinated at 900 °C for 240 min. The two modified catalysts could be recycled four times while maintaining a biodiesel yield of more than 70%.

Analysis of The Ratio Catalys Promoters BaO/CaO to Methyl Ester Content and Yield in Biodiesel Using Electrocatalytic Reactor

The efficiency of biodiesel production from vegetable oils needs to be developed. The process of transesterification using heterogeneous catalysts has been widely studied to replace the role of homogeneous catalysts. The use of BaO promoters into metal oxides increases the activity of heterogeneous catalysts in transesterification reactions. This study was conducted to provide information about the effect of BaO concentrations that are filtered into calcium oxide (CaO) on the transesterification reaction of tofu pulp oil into methyl ester using electrocatalytic methods. The study was conducted at room temperature with a voltage of 18.5 Volts and a reaction time of 120 minutes. Methanol ratio: tofu oil is used at 10:1 with Tetra Hydro Furan (THF) as a co-solvent. The electrocatalytic process is carried out using graphite electrodes. The research variables are the concentration of BaO promoters used at 2%, 4%, and 8%. The parameter of the test is methyl ester content obtained from the results of transesterification reactions with chromatography gas analysis (GC-MS). In this study, the BaO/CaO catalyst was impregnated by wet method and calcined at 450oC for 180 minutes. From the experiments conducted the highest methyl ester yield was obtained in bao / cao catalyst 2% with a yield of 99.99% and biodiesel yield of 94%.

Metal Oxide Doped Egg Shell-Fly Ash Composite: An Effective Catalyst for Transesterification of Waste Oil

Biodiesel is a promising alternative for fossil fuels as it is a renewable source of energy and is considered a green fuel. Generally used method for preparation of biodiesel is catalytic transesterification. Fly ash, an inorganic waste, is a major environmental contaminant. The utilization and safe management of this material is the need of the hour. In this short communication, we report a composite of fly ash and eggshell modified with zinc oxide (ZEF) as a low-cost, efficient, and reusable heterogeneous base catalyst for transesterification reaction of waste cooking oil. The catalyst was prepared by the wet impregnation method and was characterized by FT-IR, XRD, and SEM techniques. Catalytic performance was checked in biodiesel preparation. Conditions like catalyst loading, oil: methanol ratio, temperature, and time were optimized. Product formation was confirmed by the GC analysis.

Biodiesel production from waste cooking oil using a new heterogeneous catalyst SrO doped CaO nanoparticles

Biodiesel production from waste palm cooking oil (WPCO) was studied. Calcium oxide with a strontium ion additive (Sr-CaO) was employed as a catalyst in transesterification reaction of used palm oil with methanol. The Sr-CaO was synthesized by co-precipitation method between SrCl2 and Ca(NO3)2, then calcined at 900°C for 5 h. The catalyst was characterized by using thermo-gravimetric analysis (TGA), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Scanning electron microscope (SEM), and Fourier transform infrared spectrometer (FT-IR). The morphology and elements content of Sr and Ca in the catalyst were confirmed by SEM-EDX. The approximate catalyst diameter is 12.6±5.9 µm. The highest conversion was 99.33% (the reaction time 3 h, 5%w/w catalyst, methanol to oil molar ratio 9:1 and reaction temperature 80°C). The catalyst can be used up to the sixth cycles with a good yield. The synthesized biodiesel meet the requirement of standard biodiesel (EN 14103 and ASTM D445). These findings suggest that calcium oxide with a strontium ion additive (Sr-CaO) is an effective renewable biodiesel catalyst.

Optimizing the production of biodiesel from palm olein (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) using a strong basic anionic resin as a heterogeneous catalyst

In this study, the performance of the Purolite A503S anion exchange resin as a heterogeneous catalyst in the transesterification reaction of palm olein (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) for ethyl biodiesel production was investigated, and the independent variables were optimized based on the maximum conversion to fatty acid ethyl esters. The response surface methodology (RSM) coupled to a factorial design (2³) with a central composite rotatable design (CCRD) was used for optimization. The effects of temperature, catalyst percentage, palm olein:ethanol molar ratio, and their interactions were evaluated. A reaction time of 10 h was established relating conversion versus time, and the stirring speed was determined by assessing the conversion potential ranging from 250 to 1000 rpm. The reactions were performed in a jacketed reactor coupled to a thermostatic bath. The mixtures of triacylglycerols (TAG), diacylglycerols (DAG), monoacylglycerols (MAG), fatty acid ethyl esters (FAEE), and ethanol were quantified by high-pressure size exclusion chromatography (HPSEC), and glycerol content was determined by stoichiometry. A second-order model was adjusted to explain the experimental data from the 18 factorial design trials. A conversion of approximately 98.10 % in ethyl esters was obtained from the optimised variables using a 17.6 % catalyst, palm olein:ethanol molar ratio of 1:12.85 at 49.4 °C. Despite the long reaction time, the Purolite A503S resin is a potential heterogeneous catalyst in transesterification reactions.

The Influence of Si/Al Ratio on the Physicochemical and Catalytic Properties of MgO/ZSM-5 Catalyst in Transesterification Reaction of Rapeseed Oil

This work presents the comparative physicochemical and catalytic studies of metal oxide MgO catalysts in a transesterification reaction. The influence of the Si/Al ratio in the catalytic material on their catalytic properties in the studied process was extensively evaluated. In addition, the effect of the type of zeolite ZSM-5 form on the catalytic reactivity of MgO based catalysts was investigated. In order to achieve the main goals of this work, a series of MgO/ZSM-5 catalysts were prepared via the impregnation method. Their physicochemical properties were studied using X-ray diffraction (XRD), BET, FTIR and TPD-CO2 methods. The highest activity in the studied process exhibited MgO catalyst supported on ZSM-5 characterized by the highest ratio between silica and alumina. The most active catalyst system in the transesterification reaction was 10% MgO/ZSM-5 (Si/Al = 280), which showed the highest value of higher fatty acid methyl esters (94.6%) and high yield of triglyceride conversion (92.9%). The high activity of this system is explained by the alkalinity, sorption properties in relation to methanol and its high specific surface area compared to the rest of the investigated MgO based catalysts.

Highly crystalline Ca loaded montmorillonite material for effective biodiesel synthesis

Abstract Clay with chemical modification is significant due to their versatile catalytic properties in a sustainable way for many organic synthesis and transformations. Montmorillonite clay is modified with calcium ions loading by varying the calcium content for screening of transesterification oil for production of biodiesel over various catalytic parameters were analyzed by gas chromatography. The Ca loaded MT catalysts were characterized using XRD, BET, CO2-TPD to evaluate the effect of loading on crystallinity, surface area with porosity and basicity of the catalytic materials. The characterisation of prepared catalyst showed that the surface area and pore volume of modified clay reduced but the morphology of clay was observed as the same after calcium modification. The results showed that prepared Ca/MT-40 is highly active catalyst for transesterification reaction under the optimum conditions. The maximum conversion of triglyceride was noted 98% after 4 h of reaction at 80 °C with a 10:1 M ratio of methanol to oil and 4 wt% of the prepared catalyst.

Effect of K-Silica heterogeneous catalyst in transesterification reaction of crude palm oil

Crude Palm Oil (CPO) is a raw material form of vegetable oil that cannot be consumed anymore and where the availability is very large. The purpose of this study was to observe the use of crude palm oil in the manufacturing of biodiesel by using a catalyst of bamboo ash leaves catalyst impregnated with KOH to get in the best yield of various reaction variables performed. The transesterification process reacted oil and methanol to produce methyl esters and glycerol. The methyl ester was produced at the top layer and it was separated from the glycerol and then washed. The effects of various process variables such as the type of the catalyst, the amount of catalyst, and time of reaction were observed in this experiment. The properties of biodiesel such as ester content, density, and kinematic viscosity, were evaluated and compared with Standard Nasional Indonesia (SNI). Under the best conditions, the maximum yield of biodiesel was 92.58% and 99.76% FAME methyl ester was 99.76% obtained using a molar ratio of oil: methanol of 1: 9 at 65°C with a reaction time of 2 hours and 4% catalyst. The results obtained in this study indicated that the K-Silica catalyst of KOH impregnated ash bamboo leaves is suitable as a catalyst to produce biodiesel.

The Effect of the ZrO2 Loading in SiO2@ZrO2-CaO Catalysts for Transesterification Reaction.

The effect of the ZrO2 loading was studied on spherical SiO2@ZrO2-CaO structures synthetized by a simple route that combines the Stöber and sol-gel methods. The texture of these materials was determined using SBET by N2 adsorption, where the increment in SiO2 spheres’ surface areas was reached with the incorporation of ZrO2. Combined the characterization techniques of using different alcoholic dissolutions of zirconium (VI) butoxide 0.04 M, 0.06 M, and 0.08 M, we obtained SiO2@ZrO2 materials with 5.7, 20.2, and 25.2 wt % of Zr. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis also uncovered the shape and reproducibility of the SiO2 spheres. The presence of Zr and Ca in the core–shell was also determined by TEM. X-ray diffraction (XRD) profiles showed that the c-ZrO2 phase changed in to m-ZrO2 by incorporating calcium, which was confirmed by Raman spectroscopy. The purity of the SiO2 spheres, as well as the presence of Zr and Ca in the core–shell, was assessed by the Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) method. CO2 temperature programmed desorption (TPD-CO2) measurements confirmed the increment in the amount of the basic sites and strength of these basic sites due to calcium incorporation. The catalyst reuse in FAME production from canola oil transesterification allowed confirmation that these calcium core@shell catalysts turn out to be actives and stables for this reaction.

The synthesis of sulfonated polyethersulfone (SPES) and the preparation of its membranes as matrix in the immobilization of Candida antarctica lipase B (Cal-B)

The immobilization of lipases is often used in biotechnology to improve the performance, reusability, and stability of the enzyme. Candida antarctica lipase B (Cal-B) has been used as a catalyst in trans-esterification reaction. To improve the utilization of Cal-B, therefore the immobilization of Cal-B onto a polymer matrix became crucial. In this study, polyethersulfone (PES) and sulfonated polyethersulfone (SPES) membranes were used as matrices of Cal-B immobilization. SPES was previously synthesized by modifying PES using chlorosulfonic acid (ClSO3H) to improve the immobilization of Cal-B. SPES-PSf (polysulfone) blended membranes were also successfully prepared by blending SPES, PSf, and PEG in N-methylpyrrolidone (NMP) as the solvent using phase-inversion method. The attenuated total reflectance (ATR)–FTIR spectrum showed characteristic peaks of the immobilized Cal-B on the matrix at peak 3184.03 cm−1 (–N–H bonds) and 1683.49 cm−1 (–CH deformation bonds). The Raman spectroscopy of the PES-based membranes before and after sulfonation reaction showed the deviations from the symmetrical structure of PES, with specific Raman shifts at 784.11 cm−1, 1150.95 cm−1, and 1588.9 cm−1. Cal-B was successfully immobilized and loaded onto SPES membrane. By Lowry assay, it was detected that 140.3 μg/cm2 enzyme was successfully loaded into the 17.3 cm2 of membrane. The value was one and a half times higher than PES (91.0 μg/cm2 in 17.3 cm2). However, the hydrolytic activity of Cal-B immobilized onto SPES membrane (17.0 p-NP/min/cm2) was five times lower than Cal-B immobilized onto PES membrane (80.4 p-NP/min/cm2).

The Use of Super Base CaO from Eggshells as a Catalyst in the Process of Biodiesel Production

The use of heterogeneous catalysts in the biodiesel production process provides advantages because it is easier in the catalyst separation process. One type of heterogeneous catalyst that can be used is CaO. The raw materials for CaO are abundant in nature and can be obtained from various sources including agricultural waste such as eggshells. The alkalinity level of CaO can be increased to super baser CaO through the activation process of CaO by using an ammonium carbonate solution. Super base CaO which is used as a catalyst for transesterification reaction in the production of biodiesel made from palm oil. This research was carried out by varying the reaction time starting from 1, 2 and 3 hours. The highest yield was obtained at 3 hours reaction time of 93.92%. The results of the analysis of the physical properties of biodiesel obtained density in the range 853-854 kg/m3, kinematic viscosity 3.24-3.26 mm2/s (cSt), saponification number 193-201 mg-KOH/g biodiesel and acid number 0.3-0.7 mg-KOH/g. These characteristics meet the biodiesel quality standards based on Indonesian National Standard (SNI) 04-7182-2015. Thus the use of super base CaO from eggshells can be used as a catalyst in the process of biodiesel production.

INFLUENCE OF CARBONATION AND REHYDRATION ON CAO DERIVED FROM CALCINING CHICKEN EGGSHELLS IN THE CATALYTIC PROCESS OF SOYBEAN OIL TRANSESTERIFICATION

CaO is the most used heterogeneous catalyst in transesterification reactions due to its high catalytic activity, low solubility in methanol, non-toxicity, and low cost. One of the greatest disadvantages of using CaO is its predisposition to react with H2O and CO2 present in the atmosphere forming Ca(OH)2 and CaCO3, respectively. Therefore, the objective of this study is to investigate the catalytic capacity of the catalyst derived from calcined chicken eggshells on different days after calcination. The catalyst used was produced under a temperature of 800 °C during a period of 160 minutes. The catalytic solid was characterized on days 1, 2, 3, 4, and 15 after calcination by X-ray fluorescence (XRF), X-ray diffraction (XRD); thermogravimetric analysis (TGA); transmission electron microscopy (TEM); Brunauer, Emmett, and Teller isotherm (BET); and Hammett analysis techniques. The reaction occurred at a temperature of 65 °C, had a molar ratio of 12:1 alcohol/oil, used 6% catalyst, and was carried over a period of 3 hours. The results showed that the rehydration and carbonation processes did not significantly affect the CaO

Biodiesel Production via Transesterification of Low Grade Cooking Oil over Heterostructure Nano Particles of Ni/Mg/Al2O3 Catalyst

Biodiesel which were synthesis from transesterification reaction in the present of heterogeneous base catalyst has been intensively studied over the last decades. This catalyst has an excellent result in producing high percentage conversions of biodiesel without further purification and cleaning process which contribute to the water pollution and high water content in biodiesel product. So, this study was conducted to synthesize and characterize series of heterostructure Ni/Mg/Al2O3 catalysts with different parameters to test their effectiveness towards the catalytic transesterification reaction. Series of Ni/Mg/Al2O3 catalysts were synthesized by wetness impregnation method supported on γ-alumina beads. Three parameters were studied include calcination temperatures, dopant ratios to based and numbers of alumina coating. The activity of the catalyst in transesterification reaction was evaluated at 65oC of reaction temperature, 3 hours of reaction time, 6% w/w of catalyst loading and 1:24 molar ratio of oil to methanol. The potential catalyst was characterized by N2 Adsorption Analysis, TEM (BIO-TEM) and CO2-TPD. Meanwhile, the performance of the catalyst was evaluated using GC-FID. From the data obtained, Ni/Mg(20:80)/Al2O3 catalyst calcined at 800°C and three times alumina coating have the highest weak and moderate basic sites that contribute to the highest percentage conversion of low grade palm oil to biodiesel compared to others. Besides that, BIO-TEM result shows that the particle was unhomogeneous shape with a mixture of square sheet and one dimensional heterostructure nano-rod particles was observed. The data obtained from CO2-TPD and N2 Adsorption Analysis (NAA) prove that high basicity of the Ni/Mg(20:80)/Al2O3 catalyst (2.80389 mmol/g) and high surface area (125 m2/g) had lead to the 78.53% of biodiesel conversion.

A Kinetic Investigation of Triacetin Methanolysis and Assessment of the Stability of a Sulfated Zirconium Oxide Catalyst

AbstractIn this work, the activity and stability of a sulfated zirconium catalyst in transesterification reactions of triacetin, a model molecule, were investigated. This catalyst has Lewis and Brønsted acid sites and has shown to be highly active in reactions converting triacetin into methyl esters. This catalyst was synthesized using the impregnation method, and systematically characterized using the techniques of x‐rays diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform‐infrared spectroscopy (FT‐IR), Brunauer, Emmett, and Teller, and thermal gravimetry analysis (TGA). Kinetic studies were carried out to determine the activation energy as well as the reaction order. The effects of the main reaction parameters, such as temperature, the molar ratio, and the catalyst content, were evaluated. The reuse and possible leaching of the catalyst were also investigated. The highest efficiency (ca. 99% of methyl esters) was achieved in the sulfated zirconium oxide‐catalyzed transesterification reaction.

Kolanut pod husk as a biobase catalyst for fatty acid methyl ester production using Thevetia peruviana (Yellow oleander) seed oil

The potential of kolanut pod husk as a biobase catalyst for the conversion of Thevetia peruviana (yellow oleander) seed oil to fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) in transesterification reactions was investigated. Oil was extracted from Thevetia peruviana (yellow oleander) seeds and a yield of 60 % was obtained. Kolanut pod husk was ashed in a muffle furnace at 600 °C and characterized. In producing the FAME, three concentrations (0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 wt %) of kolanut pod husk ash (KPHA) were investigated in transesterification reactions. Methanol to oil ratio was kept constant at 6:1 while temperature and time were varied at 40-60 °C and 60-120 min respectively. The design of experiments was used in the transesterification step to determine the effects of process variables on the yield of Thevetia peruviana methyl esters (TPME). The result showed the TPME was consistent with ASTM specifications for biodiesel. The best yield of 84.50 % was obtained for 1.5 wt % KHPA at a temperature of 60 °C and a time of 90 min. XRD and elemental analysis indicated that the catalytic effect of KHPA resulted from the presence of potassium and the microstructural formation from calcination at 600 °C. The study highlights the possibility of reducing the cost of production for FAME by using non edible vegetable oil and kolanut pod husk, an agricultural waste as a biobase catalyst in transesterification reactions.

The Application of Modified Marlstones in Biofuel Technology

Nowadays, researchers have made attempts to seek for cost-effective and eco-friendly catalyst for transesterification reaction. One possible way to reduce the costs of the catalysts is to use biomass or industrial waste as catalytic materials. The use of waste materials as catalysts also reduces the cost of waste handling and disposal. The objective of this study was to investigate the potential of the low cost, environmentally friendly calcined marlstones to be a viable catalyst in the transesterification of Jatropha seed oil. The calcination of marlstones was conducted at 900 °C for 4 h, and then the modification of calcined marlstones via hydration-dehydration treatment. The effects of different preparation conditions on biodiesel yield were investigated. The solid catalyst was characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), and the Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) method. The highest biodiesel yield of 97.56% for modified calcium oxide (CaO) catalyst was obtained under the optimum condition (reaction time 5 min, microwave power 600 W, methanol/oil molar ratio 9:1, and catalyst dosage 7 wt%). It was showing potential applications of novel catalyst in biodiesel industry.

Effect of barium loading on CaO derived from waste egg shell heterogeneous catalyst for canola oil biodiesel

The purpose of this research was to investigate the catalytic activity of Ba loading on calcium oxide (CaO) catalyst by varying the amount of barium added during the synthesis: 5-15 wt%. The waste egg shells were utilized as a CaO heterogeneous catalyst by calcined at 900 °C for 2 h. The Ba/CaO catalysts were prepared by impregnation method and were used as a catalyst in transesterification reaction of canola oil via microwave irradiation under microwave power 300 W. The characterization of catalyst and FAME composition of biodiesel were determined by X-ray fluorescence (XRF), scanning electron microscope (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectrometer (FTIR), and gas chromatography (GC-FID). The conditions of biodiesel production were operated at 60 °C, 3 wt% of catalyst loading, 9:1 methanol-to-canola oil ratio, and microwave irradiation power was 300W for 2 min. The experimental results found that, the waste egg shells consist mainly of CaCO3, which was decomposed to CaO more than 88 wt% after cacination step. The 15 wt% Ba/CaO catalysts exhibited the best catalytic performance with the FAME conversion higher than 97.68%.