Votes Cast Research Articles

Privacy Preserved E-Voting System Using Blockchain

In modern world, elections are important however society doesn't trust their election system that may be a major concern for world. Even today, we still suffer from a blemished voting technique. Electronic balloting has been utilized in various forms since the nineteen seventies with basic edges. They have gained much more attention to improve quality and growing interests with different technologies. Among these technologies Blockchain is newer technology which can also be used in e-voting system. The Blockchain technology, introduced by Satoshi Nakamoto using the cryptologic currency Bitcoin in 2008 developing a secure, clear and redistributed system with the absence of a 3rd party for access and management, within the election procedure of casting and counting of votes. Blockchain is secure public ledgers for protective transaction information and also permits transparent transaction verification. To implement in a large number, it needs the addressing issues regarding the protection and responsibility of system. This process is implemented to reduce major problems like hacking of EVM, recasting, etc. The blockchain is said as rising technology that guarantees for boosting totally different aspects of the many industries. Increasing e-voting into blockchain technology may be the answer to reduce the current issues in e-voting system. Smart contract makes blockchain a strong tool and lots of options that overcomes ancient systems. The system should be trustworthy for candidate. Because of its stability, extensive use, and facilities of smart contracts logic.

Eye Movements Predict Large-Scale Voting Decisions

More than 100 countries allow people to vote directly on policies in direct democracy elections (e.g., 2016 Brexit referendum). Politicians are often responsible for writing ballot language, and voters frequently encounter ballot measures that are difficult to understand. We examined whether eye movements from a small group of individuals can predict the consequences of ballot language on large-scale voting decisions. Across two preregistered studies (Study 1: N = 120 registered voters, Study 2: N = 120 registered voters), we monitored laboratory participants’ eye movements as they read real ballot measures. We found that eye-movement responses associated with difficulties in language comprehension predicted aggregate voting decisions to abstain from voting and vote against ballot measures in U.S. elections (total number of votes cast = 137,661,232). Eye movements predicted voting decisions beyond what was accounted for by widely used measures of language difficulty. This finding demonstrates a new way of linking eye movements to out-of-sample aggregate-level behaviors.

A HOMOMORPHIC ENCRYPTION BASED ON-LINE VOTING SYSTEM

This paper developed for the risk free and person oriented Online Voting System. The Online Voting gadget is made for the humans of the united states living round the world and needs to vote for their representative. The election can be carried out in two methods the paper ballot election and the computerized ballot elections. The automatic ballot elections are referred to as the digital voting. The on line vote casting device is rather developed and the on-line polling machine can be changed through precisely and at once vote casting on line and on the spot results. The on line balloting gadget is completed by using the net so it can be known as the Internet Voting. The gadget proceeds the on-line vote casting machine in a new approach known as Homomorphic Encryption . Homogeneous encryption is the form of encryption, which lets the computer generate encrypted end results in ciphertexts, as though they were performed in a plaintext, when decrypted, which matches the end result of the operations. In this paper we have a digital voting device based on homomorphic encryption to make sure that the vote is confidential. The benefits of multi-homorphic encryption systems are all presented in our suggestion. The proposed electoral system is suitable for elections that include non-partial votes and for multi-candidate elections. For outsourced storage and counting, homomorphic encryption can be used.

RELATIONSHIP AMONG SOCIAL MEDIA USES, INTERNET MEDIATION AND POLITICAL PARTICIPATION IN PAKISTAN

Purpose of the study: This study explores the relationship between internet connectivity, social media usage, and political participation. Besides, assess the connection between political participation and vote casting behaviour on social media.
 Methodology: The researchers used the Uses and Gratification theory and adopted a quantitative method to collect people's views. A designed questionnaire disseminates among 375 male and female Gujrat and Chi-Square analyses conducted on respondents' data.
 Main Findings: The study's demographic findings reveal that most of the respondents belong to age 18-30 with BA/MA education. Students with single marital status use Facebook most of the time to get political information. The study results reveal that those who use social media platforms actively participate in political activities.
 Applications of this study: Pakistani people frequently use social media applications like Facebook and Twitter daily to discuss political information. Active social media participants play an important role in political activities and provoke others to participate in the voting process.
 Novelty/Originality of this study: Investigating the function of information technology in political practice will reinforce new democratic processes in economically developing countries such as Pakistan. The democratic system in Pakistan is not robust. Social media is experimenting with voter self-promotion and mobilisation to influence voters to change power dynamics in a politically motivated way.

The Role of Notary in Resolution of Company's Share Ownership Issues by Two People Based on Act No. 40 of 2007 regarding Limited Liability Companies

Article 88 paragraph (1) of Act No. 40 of 2007 states that RUPS to amend the articles of association can be held if at the meeting at least 2/3 (two thirds) of the total shares with voting rights are present or represented in the RUPS and the decision is valid if it is approved at least 2/3 (two thirds) of the number of votes cast, which causes problems if the Limited Liability Company only has two shareholders with the same percentage of share ownership. The purpose of this study is to determine the impact of Limited Liability Company ownership by two people with the same share percentage and to find out the role of a notary in solving the problem of limited liability company share ownership by two people with the same percentage. The method used in this research is sociological juridical method, the specification in this research is descriptive analytic, the data used are primary data and secondary data, using data collection by interview and literature study, qualitative data analysis, problems analyzed by theory, legal certainty, and Justice Theory. The results of this study indicate that the ownership of PT shares owned by 2 (two) shareholders with balanced share ownership can certainly cause losses to the PT, especially causing difficulties in decision making at the implementation of the AGM. Where if during the RUPS, one of the parties does not approve the results of the RUPS, so the decision cannot be taken because the quorum is not fulfilled. The RUPS is an organ of the Company which has the remaining authority which is not given to the Board of Directors and the Board of Commissioners. The RUPS represents the will of the shareholders as a whole, either as a result of a decision by deliberation or a decision as a result of voting results that are in accordance with and in line with the provisions of the Association and or the Company Law. So it can be said that the RUPS is a meeting held by shareholders in their position as the owner of the company, which has the authority that neither the board of directors nor the board of commissioners have.

E-Voting System Using Homomorphic Encryption Technique

The main objective of this project is to develop a safe Electronic voting System Software using Fingerprint Authentication method. i.e., e-voting system. Initially, fingerprints are collected and stored in a large database which will be created by the admins. During the elections, a valid authentication can be done through finger vein sensing. This authentication system is highly reliable and will facilitate casting of votes by the voters. In many democratic countries, elections have become a huge matter of concern. An election is seen as a system that basically creates the formal structure of a nation. It is an opportunity to elect the right leader and contribute towards the development of the nation. In addition, security and authenticity of these elections have become a major concern for the authorities. Although we use advanced electronic voting machines, the problem of rigging often arises. This e-voting software provides solution to rigging and also facilitates high authenticity and reliability. Depending on the particular implementation, e-voting may use standalone electronic voting machines (also called EVM) or computers connected to the Internet. It may encompass a range of Internet services, from basic transmission of tabulated results to full-function online voting through common connectable household devices. The data collected from the election will directly be transferred to the nearest database centers on real time basis using Zigbee systems and applications of cryptography.

Taiwanese voter surveys on restrictions of food imports from five prefectures near fukushima, japan: an empirical analysis

ABSTRACT After the Fukushima nuclear accident in 2011, Taiwan restricted food imports from the five prefectures around Fukushima, Japan. The purpose of this study is to assess the influence of Taiwanese politics on the 2018 import restriction referendum. In this study, we conducted a telephone survey two months after the referendum to examine the difference between the votes cast and the real opinions using cross analysis. After controlling for individual attribute variables such as age, education level, gender, region, and family composition, we found that party support has a significant effect on attitudes toward food imports from Fukushima. In addition, familiarity with Japanese food also influences attitudes. Thus, in this referendum vote, Kuomintang (KMT) supporters mirrored the party’s support for the import ban while Democratic Progressive Party (DPP) supporters had lower voter intention, although their real opinions may have been in favor of open imports. We conclude that efforts to remove food import restrictions should not only emphasize food-safety policy responses but also domestic politics.

Ideological cross-pressures or random error? An analysis of spatially inconsistent voting in the US House and US Senate

ABSTRACT Theoretical and empirical models of congressional voting assume that legislators vote with the sole purpose to move policy closer to their ideologically ideal point. While NOMINATE correctly classifies most votes cast by members of Congress, a significant number of votes are misclassified and coded as spatial error. The literature on congressional voting assumes this error to be random and idiosyncratic across members. We argue that spatial errors are systematic across members, with spatial error being more likely on roll-call votes tackling salient policy issues and among members representing constituencies with greater ideological divergence between the median voter and the member's primary election constituency. Using Aldrich-McKelvey scaling to place legislators and constituencies in the same ideological space, we find support for our theory. We attribute this finding to the electoral uncertainty faced by members of both the House and Senate representing constituencies with greater ideological divergence between these key electoral principals.

Breast Cancer Image Multi-Classification Using Random Patch Aggregation and Depth-Wise Convolution based Deep-Net Model

Adapting the profound, deep convolutional neural network models for large image classification can result in the layout of network architectures with a large number of learnable parameters and tuning of those varied parameters can considerably grow the complexity of the model. To address this problem a convolutional Deep-Net Model based on the extraction of random patches and enforcing depth-wise convolutions is proposed for training and classification of widely known benchmark Breast Cancer histopathology images. The classification result of these patches is aggregated using majority vote casting in deciding the final image classification type. It has been observed that the proposed Deep-Net model implementation results when compared with classification results of the VGG Net(16 layers) learned features, outclasses in terms of accuracy when applied to breast tumor Histopathology images. The objective of this work is to examine and comprehensively analyze the sub-class classification performance of the proposed model across all optical magnification frontiers.

Novel technique to detect network error or modification of votes during transmission in online voting system

Major obstacles in deploying online voting system (OVS) are its susceptibility and vulnerability to attack and incompatibility to voting fundamental. Various security risks like attacks on communication network, viruses and similar attacks on voting terminals, chances of coercion etc. are associated with OVS. Trapping the electronic ballots from communication network during transmission is also an identified security problem in OVS. Attackers may try to change votes in favor of particular candidates or may try random modifications to disrupt the whole system. Errors may automatically get introduced in the communication channel too. This paper proposes a solution using “dummy voting to detect error” in electronic ballot during transmission in communication network or modification by attackers. This error and modification detection technique will assist legitimate election authorities in making decisions such as cancelling the whole or part of votes cast or approving them to be legitimate.

English Pharmacy Board election 2021 results

The final counting of votes for the Royal Pharmaceutical Society elections 2021 took place immediately following the close of poll at 17:00 on 13 May 2021. A breakdown of the result and turnout for England is included below: Electorate Number of individuals eligible to vote 19,400 Total number of individuals who voted 2,284 Votes cast […]

Spherical Linear Diophantine Fuzzy Sets with Modeling Uncertainties in MCDM

The existing concepts of picture fuzzy sets (PFS), spherical fuzzy sets (SFSs), T-spherical fuzzy sets (T-SFSs) and neutrosophic sets (NSs) have numerous applications in decision-making problems, but they have various strict limitations for their satisfaction, dissatisfaction, abstain or refusal grades. To relax these strict constraints, we introduce the concept of spherical linear Diophantine fuzzy sets (SLDFSs) with the inclusion of reference or control parameters. A SLDFS with parameterizations process is very helpful for modeling uncertainties in the multi-criteria decision making (MCDM) process. SLDFSs can classify a physical system with the help of reference parameters. We discuss various real-life applications of SLDFSs towards digital image processing, network systems, vote casting, electrical engineering, medication, and selection of optimal choice. We show some drawbacks of operations of picture fuzzy sets and their corresponding aggregation operators. Some new operations on picture fuzzy sets are also introduced. Some fundamental operations on SLDFSs and different types of score functions of spherical linear Diophantine fuzzy numbers (SLDFNs) are proposed. New aggregation operators named spherical linear Diophantine fuzzy weighted geometric aggregation (SLDFWGA) and spherical linear Diophantine fuzzy weighted average aggregation (SLDFWAA) operators are developed for a robust MCDM approach. An application of the proposed methodology with SLDF information is illustrated. The comparison analysis of the final ranking is also given to demonstrate the validity, feasibility, and efficiency of the proposed MCDM approach.

Nueva propuesta de financiamiento público a partidos políticos en México

Public financing to political parties is one of the issues that generate controversy and discussion among citizens, specifically in the Mexican electorate (population of study in this research, period 2008-2020). The actual system of Mexican administration, ignores some important elements to reach an equitable treatment between the diversity of political parties, such as the threshold of resources' distribution for the political parties. The main objective of this research is to propose a methodology for the estimation and distribution public financing to Mexican political parties. The proposed methodology uses the Weighted Moving Average Model to estimate the Total Vote Cast. Additionally, it is proposed a new function to estimate the threshold of resources' distribution for political parties.  It is determined that the vote cast is around 55%, granting generally to political parties 45% more resources that they should have obtained, taking into account the number of votes earned by each of these. It is also concluded that the proposal would generate over 50% savings in the public spending.

O Fim do Voto de Qualidade e o Problema da Deliberação Racional

The research problem addressed in this article is the deliberative rationality of the project that puts an end to the CARF casting vote from the point of view of discourse theory. The work is divided into four parts: (i) the propaedeutic description of doctrinal aspects; (ii) criticisms of the casting vote; (iii) the re-action of specialists to legislative changes; and (iv) criticism of deliberative rationality.

An efficient vote casting system with Aadhar verification through blockchain

An efficient vote casting system with Aadhar verification through blockchain

Effects of Media on General Elections Turn-out in Pakistan

This research is a struggle to explore the role of media in election turn-out. In history a state was based on free judiciary, legislature and executive power but in 21st century 4th pillar of the state was appeared and this is media (free media). As time passed media turn into more and more influential and significant. This research was conducted in Bahawalpur City that was titled the princely state in history and now became a major city of southern Punjab. Using survey method, data has been collected from 500 respondents as sample technique of available and convenient, selected 250 respondents from urban areas and 250 from rural areas. Respondent's age is 26 years to onwards for both male and female. Questionnaire was based on 23 close ended questions. Current research conducted in the light of "Agenda Setting Theory" and "Gate Keeping Theory" which conclude that media has played an important role in enhancing the turnout in general election 2013. In general election of 2013, media aware public to cast vote for their country and for the progress and to strengthen the democracy in Pakistan. People of urban areas especially educated people attract more to media for political awareness as compare to rural area's people. Moreover, talk shows during electioneering period and live transmission during elections appeal to the people for vote casting. Research also concludes that biradriism, peer group, political party policy and opinion leaders also plays positive role to enhance the turn-out in general election of 2013.

Fearing Brexit: The Changing Face of Europeanization in the Borderlands of Northern Ireland

In the United Kingdom’s “Brexit” referendum in 2016 the majority of votes cast in Northern Ireland were in favor of the UK staying a member state of the European Union. This support was strong, and remains so, in the Northern Ireland borderlands, where ethnographic research shows particularly widespread identification with Europe among Irish nationalists. This article explores ways that Northern Ireland borderlanders see their relatively strong association with the Europe of the EU within the context of the Brexit process that has engulfed all of the people of the British and Irish isles since 2016. Borderlanders fear that Brexit may bring back a “hard border,” which would subvert over twenty years of peace, reconciliation and cross-border economic and political development.

A Mathematical Analysis of an Election System Proposed by Gottlob Frege

In 1998 a long-lost proposal for an election law by Gottlob Frege (1848–1925) was rediscovered in the Thüringer Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek in Jena, Germany. The method that Frege proposed for the election of representatives of a constituency features a remarkable concern for the representation of minorities. Its core idea is that votes cast for unelected candidates are carried over to the next election, while elected candidates incur a cost of winning. We prove that this sensitivity to past elections guarantees a proportional representation of political opinions in the long run. We find that through a slight modification of Frege’s original method even stronger proportionality guarantees can be achieved. This modified version of Frege’s method also provides a novel solution to the apportionment problem, which is distinct from all of the best-known apportionment methods, while still possessing noteworthy proportionality properties.

Does Cohesion Policy reduce EU discontent and Euroscepticism?

ABSTRACT Some regions in Europe that have been heavily supported by the European Union’s Cohesion Policy have recently opted for parties with a strong Eurosceptic orientation. The results at the ballot box have been put forward as evidence that Cohesion Policy is ineffective for tackling the rising, European-wide wave of discontent. However, the evidence to support this view is scarce and often contradictory. This paper analyses the link between Cohesion Policy and the vote for Eurosceptic parties. It uses the share of votes cast for Eurosceptic parties in more than 63,000 electoral districts in national legislative elections in the EU-28 to assess whether Cohesion Policy investment since the year 2000 has made a difference for the electoral support for parties opposed to European integration. The results indicate that Cohesion Policy investment is linked to a lower anti-EU vote. This result is robust to employing different econometric approaches, to considering the variety of European development funds, to different periods of investment, to different policy domains, to shifts in the unit of analysis and to different levels of opposition by parties to the European project.

Reconsidering Lost Votes by Mail

A ‘lost vote’ occurs when a voter does all that is asked of her, and yet her vote is uncounted in the final tally. Estimating the magnitude of lost votes in American presidential elections has followed the work of the Caltech/MIT Voting Technology Project, which initially estimated the magnitude of lost votes in the 2000 presidential election, due to failures of voter registration, polling-place management, and voting technologies, to be between four and six million out of 107 million cast that year. Because of data and conceptual limitations, lost vote estimates have tended to focus on in-person voting, ignoring lost votes due to mail voting. This article revisits the one previous effort to estimate lost votes, by considering data available from the 2016 presidential election. Conceptually, the article highlights how differing mail-ballot legal regimes produce lost mail votes in different ways, and at different rates, on account of differing laws, regulations, and practices. Empirically, the article reviews the availability of data that could put hard numbers on the extent of the problem of lost votes by mail. The most reliable data is administrative, and documents that nearly 377,000 ballots were rejected for counting in 2016—1.1% of mail ballots and 0.33% of all votes cast. Less reliable is data that would clarify lost ballots because of problems with the postal service and other difficult-to-measure administrative processes. Nonetheless, the rate of ballot rejections is relevant in light of efforts to expand mail balloting in the 2020 presidential election. States that will be expanding the use of mail ballots had higher rates of ballot rejections in 2016 than those that mailed ballots to all voters. If these states that are new to expanded vote-by-mail do not lower their rejection rates, the number of rejected ballots in 2020 could triple, compared to 2016. This expanded number of rejected ballots will be especially significant should a recount be required to determine the winner of the election.