Cassava Foliage Silage Research Articles

Cassava Foliage Effects on Antioxidant Capacity, Growth, Immunity, and Ruminal Microbial Metabolism in Hainan Black Goats.

Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) foliage is a byproduct of cassava production characterized by high biomass and nutrient content. In this study, we investigated the effects of cassava foliage on antioxidant capacity, growth performance, and immunity status in goats, as well as rumen fermentation and microbial metabolism. Twenty-five Hainan black goats were randomly divided into five groups (n = 5 per group) and accepted five treatments: 0% (T1), 25% (T2), 50% (T3), 75% (T4), and 100% (T5) of the cassava foliage silage replaced king grass, respectively. The feeding experiment lasted for 70 d (including 10 d adaptation period and 60 d treatment period). Feeding a diet containing 50% cassava foliage resulted in beneficial effects for goat growth and health, as reflected by the higher average daily feed intake (ADFI), average daily gain (ADG) and better feed conversion rate (FCR), as well as by the reduced serum levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), creatinine (CRE), and triglycerides (TG). Meanwhile, cassava foliage improved antioxidant activity by increasing the level of glutathion peroxidase (GSH-Px), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) and lowering malondialdehyde (MDA). Moreover, feeding cassava foliage was also beneficial to immunity status by enhancing complement 3 (C3), complement 4 (C4), immunoglobulin A (IgA), immunoglobulin G (IgG), and immunoglobulin M (IgM). Furthermore, the addition of dietary cassava foliage also altered rumen fermentation, rumen bacterial community composition, and metabolism. The abundance of Butyrivibrio_2 and Prevotella_1 was elevated, as were the concentrations of beneficial metabolites such as butyric acid; there was a concomitant decline in metabolites that hindered nutrient metabolism and harmed host health. In summary, goats fed a diet containing 50% cassava foliage silage demonstrated a greater abundance of Butyrivibrio_2, which enhanced the production of butyric acid; these changes led to greater antioxidant capacity, growth performance, and immunity in the goats.

Physico-chemical Characteristics of Ensiled Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) and Sweetpotato (Ipomoea batatas L. (Lam.)) Foliage, and Fermentation Kinetics of Cassava Silage

This study was conducted to determine the physico-chemical characteristics of ensiled cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) and sweetpotato (Ipomoea batatas L. (Lam.)) foliage with or without additives molasses and rice bran. Six treatment combinations were from two crop species (cassava and sweetpotato) and three additives (without additive, 10% molasses, and 10% rice bran). The physical (color, odor, texture) and chemical characteristics (pH, total soluble sugars, Flieg point, dry matter, organic matter, ash, crude protein, NDF, ADF, hemicellulose) of the samples were evaluated following standard procedures. Fermentation kinetics of cassava foliage silage and ruminal in situ DM degradability of cassava foliage silage were evaluated for 3, 6, 12, 24, 48, and 72 h using cannulated cattle. Results showed that cassava foliage (CF) and sweetpotato foliage (SF) silages with molasses had the lowest pH of 3.82 and 3.80, respectively due to high TSS values of the samples. CF had the highest crude protein (19.06%) compared to SF silage (11.61%). Moreover, CF had low fiber fractions (NDF and ADF) resulting in a high effective dry matter degradability (74.73%) of the silage. Results on silage quality, nutritive value, and dry matter degradability evaluation proved the potential of cassava foliage silage with molasses as an alternative high protein feed for ruminants.

Effect of lactic acid bacteria, molasses, and their combination on the fermentation quality and bacterial community of cassava foliage silage.

This study investigated the effects of LAB inoculants (L) and molasses (M) on the microbial community and fermentation quality of cassava foliage (CF). The small segments (about 2-3 cm) CF were ensiled in plastic bags and incubated at normal temperature (25°C). Four treatments were carried out as follows: control (no additives, CK), LAB inoculants (Lactobacillus plantarum, L), molasses (M), and LAB in combination with molasses (LM). The LAB and molasses obviously altered the bacterial community structure of the CF silage and enhanced the fermentation quality. The combination addition could increase the abundance of Lactobacillus and reduce the Pseudomonas. The LAB and molasses also significantly elevated the lactic acid concentration (P < 0.001) and decreased the pH (P < 0.001), as well as the concentrations of acetic acid, propionic acid, butyric acid, and ammonia-N (P < 0.05). In addition, the combination treatment displayed more effective results on silage fermentation. The LAB and molasses improved the fermentation quality of the CF silage by altering the bacterial community structure. Furthermore, the bacterial community was significantly correlated with fermentation indexes.

Impacts of Citric Acid and Malic Acid on Fermentation Quality and Bacterial Community of Cassava Foliage Silage.

The microbiota and fermentation quality of cassava foliage (CF) ensiled in the absence of additive (CK), or the presence of citric acid (CA), malic acid (MA), and their combination with a Lactobacillus plantarum strain (CAL and MAL)were investigated. These additives reduced (P < 0.05) the pH, butyric acid, and ammonia-N contents but increased (P < 0.05) the lactic acid content, and CAL and MAL showed similar remarkable effects. Paenibacillus (mean, 27.81%) and Bacillus (mean, 16.04%) were the predominant strains in CF silage. The addition of CA or MAL increased the abundance of Paenibacillus (25.81–52.28% and 47.97%, respectively), and the addition of MA increased the abundance of Bacillus (15.76–32.48%) compared with the CK group. Moreover, CAL and MAL increased the abundances of the potentially desirable bacteria Cellulosimicrobium (CAL 0–12.73%), Hyphomicrobium (0–7.90% and 8.94%), and Oceanobacillus (0–8.37% and 3.08%) compared with the CK group. These findings suggested that CA and MA could enhance the silage quality of CF, and their combinations with Lactobacillus plantarum were more effective.

Silage fermentation, chemical composition and ruminal degradation of king grass, cassava foliage and their mixture

AbstractIn order to improve the fermentation quality and nutritional value of king grass (KG) by using available local feed resources, silages were prepared using KG, KG supplemented with 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50% fresh cassava foliage (CF), and CF. Their fermentation quality, chemical composition and ruminal degradation were examined after 30 days of ensiling. The results showed that CF silage contained 22.67% crude protein (CP) and 41.19% neutral detergent fiber (NDF) per dry matter (DM), while KG silage contained 8.36% CP and 60.44% NDF, indicating that KG silage had poor fermentation quality and low ruminal degradability. In addition, silage prepared with increased CF content had increased lactic acid, ether extract (EE), CP contents and relative feed value (p &lt; 0.05), decreased butyric acid, NDF and acid detergent fiber (ADF) contents (p &lt; 0.05) and increased ruminal degradability of DM, CP, NDF and ADF (p &lt; 0.05). The results confirmed that CF supplementation could improve fermentation quality, chemical composition and ruminal degradation of mixed silage, and the optimal ratio of CF to KG for mixed silage was 50:50.

Effects of ensiling treatment for tuber crop forages and grain source on carbohydrate digestion, nitrogen utilization, and urea metabolism in sheep

This study investigated the effects of formic acid (FA) treatment for ensiling cassava foliage (CF) and sweet potato vine (SPV) with corn or barley grains on ruminal and total tract nutrient digestion, nitrogen (N) utilization, and urea metabolism in sheep. Four wethers fitted with ruminal and duodenal cannulae were assigned to a 4 × 4 Latin square design with a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement with ensiling treatment and grain source as the main effects. Sheep were fed four mixed diets containing the untreated CF and SPV silages with rolled barley or steam- flaked corn, or the FA-treated silages with rolled barley or steam-flaked corn. All experimental diets were formulated to contain 600 g forage (CF silage:SPV silage:oat hay, 150:150:300) and 400 g concentrate per kg dry matter (DM). The diets (120 g crude protein/kg DM; 10.6 and 11.2 MJ metabolizable energy/kg DM for the barley- and corn-based diets, respectively) were provided at 22 g/kg of body weight on a DM basis. The dietary treatments did not affect DM intake, but the total tract DM digestibility was higher for the corn-based diets than for the barley-based diets. The ruminal digestion of non-fiber carbohydrate (NFC) was higher (P < 0.01) for the corn-based diets than for the barley-based diets, and tended to be higher (P = 0.08) for the FA-treated silage diets than for the untreated silage diets, which reflected higher NFC content in the FA-treated CF silage than in the untreated silage. The ruminal digestion of neutral detergent fiber was lower (P < 0.05) for the corn-based diets than for the barley-based diets, but was not affected by the ensiling treatment. Ruminal pH and total volatile fatty acid concentration did not differ among the diets, but the ruminal ammonia-N concentration was lower (P < 0.01) for the FA-treated silage diets than for the untreated silage diets. The intake and total digestion of N were higher (P < 0.01) for the corn-based diets than for the barley-based diets, but net ruminal N loss and ruminal microbial N synthesis were similar among the treatments. The urea-N production, determined by constant intravenous infusion of [15N2]urea, was lower (P < 0.05) for the barley-based diets than for the corn-based diets. In conclusion, the use of FA-treated tuber crop silages may increase ruminal NFC digestion and reduce the ruminal ammonia-N concentration. However, the changes in carbohydrate digestion from the FA-treated silages and grain sources had little effect on ruminal microbial N synthesis or ruminal N digestion in sheep.

Effect of replacing alfalfa hay with a mixture of cassava foliage silage and sweet potato vine silage on ruminal and intestinal digestion in sheep.

This study aimed to investigate the effects of replacing alfalfa hay (AH) with a mixture of cassava foliage silage and sweet potato vine silage (CSP) (1:1 on a dry matter (DM) basis) on ruminal and intestinal nutrient digestion in sheep. Four wethers were fed a control diet containing 35% of AH and two treatment diets containing 15% and 30% of the CSP as substitute for AH at 1.5 times the metabolizable energy required for maintenance. Replacing AH with the CSP silage did not affect DM intake, whereas it linearly increased (P<0.05) the intake of ether extract and acid detergent insoluble nitrogen (ADIN). Increasing the CSP substitution linearly decreased (P<0.05) ruminal DM and neutral detergent fiber (aNDFom) digestibility; however, it did not affect total tract aNDFom digestibility. The CSP substitution did not affect nitrogen (N) intake and duodenal total N flow, whereas it linearly increased duodenal ADIN flow (P<0.01) and decreased ruminal ammonia-N concentration (P<0.01), and intestinal (P=0.08) and total N digestibility (P<0.01). These results indicate that replacing AH with the CSP reduced the ruminal N degradation as well as the digestion of ruminal aNDFom and intestinal N.

Replacement of corn silage with cassava foliage silage in the diet of lactating dairy cows: milk composition and economic evaluation

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of corn silage (CS) replacement by cassava's foliage silage (CFS) on the production and quality of milk. Twelve lactating dairy cows were used in a randomized block experimental design with four treatments and three repetitions per block. CS was replaced by CFS at the levels of 0, 20, 40, and 60%. The replacement of CS by different levels of CFS had very low effect on the variables studied. Milk density decreased when the replacement level was increased. Fatty acids 4:0 and 6:0 presented a quadratic behavior, while fat acids 8:0, 10:0, and 15:0 presented a linear behavior as their concentrations fell when CFS diet content was increased. The CS replacement by 20% until 60% CFS resulted a significant decrease in the feeding costs. The results suggested that CFS was a good replacement of CS for dairy cows.

Inclusão de silagem de rama de mandioca em substituição à pastagem na alimentação de vacas em lactação: produção, qualidade do leite e da gordura

Avaliou-se o efeito da substituição da pastagem pela silagem de rama de mandioca (SRM) sobre a produção e constituintes do leite e sobre a qualidade da gordura do leite de vacas da raça Holandesa. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi um duplo quadrado latino 4x4, e para o fator níveis de suplementação, foi usado regressão. A dieta-controle foi 50% concentrado e 50% volumoso, e as proporções de substituição do volumoso foram 0, 20, 40 e 60% com base na matéria seca. Todas as dietas eram isoprotéicas. Foram analisados: produção de leite (PL), PL corrigida a 4% (PLC), acidez, gordura (%), densidade, proteína, lactose, sólidos totais, contagem de células somáticas (CCS), ureia e perfil dos ácidos graxos da gordura do leite. Houve efeito linear decrescente da substituição do volumoso pela SRM sobre a PL, PLC e ureia no leite, e efeito (P&lt;0,05) linear crescente sobre a concentração de ácido gama linolênico e ácido palmítico. A acidez, densidade, proteína, gordura, lactose, sólidos totais, CCS e demais ácidos graxos da gordura do leite permaneceram inalterados com a incorporação da SRM na dieta.

Consumo, digestibilidade e parâmetros ruminais em vacas gestantes alimentadas com silagem de rama de mandioca

O experimento foi conduzido para estudar os efeitos da substituição da silagem de milho pela silagem da rama de mandioca para vacas gestantes não-lactantes. Os níveis de substituição da silagem de milho pela silagem da rama de mandioca foram 0, 20, 40 e 60%. Foram avaliados o consumo e as digestibilidades de matéria seca (MS), matéria orgânica (MO), proteína bruta (PB), fibra em detergente neutro (FDN), carboidratos totais (CT) e carboidratos não-fibrosos (CNF), o pH e o nitrogênio amoniacal ruminal antes e 2, 4, 6 e 8 horas depois da alimentação da manhã. Foram utilizadas quatro vacas da raça Holandesa não-lactantes e no terço final de gestação, canuladas no rúmen, distribuídas em um quadrado latino 4 × 4. Não foi observado efeito do nível de substituição da silagem de milho pela silagem da rama de mandioca sobre o consumo, a digestibilidade dos nutrientes e os parâmetros ruminais, exceto a digestibilidade aparente de proteína bruta e as concentrações de nitrogênio amoniacal. Verificou-se efeito linear negativo para digestibilidade aparente da proteína à medida que a silagem de milho foi substituída pela de rama de mandioca. Também para o nitrogênio amoniacal foi observado efeito linear negativo 8 horas pós-prandial. A substituição da silagem de milho pela silagem da rama de mandioca, em todos níveis estudados, pode ser feita na alimentação de vacas gestantes não-lactantes, pois não modifica o consumo, os parâmetros ruminais e a digestibilidade da matéria seca e dos nutrientes, exceto proteína bruta e nitrogênio amoniacal no tempo de 8 horas pós-prandial.

Substituição da silagem de milho pela silagem de rama de mandioca na alimentação de vacas leiteiras: consumo e digestibilidade dos nutrientes

The objective of the experiment was to study the effects of replacing corn silage (CS) with cassava foliage silage (CFS) – using the upper third of the foliage – on intake and nutrient digestibility. Twelve lactating dairy cows were used in a randomized block design to evaluated intake and digestibility. The levels of replacement of CS with CFS were 0, 20, 40 and 60%. The parameters studied were: dry matter intake (DMI), organic matter intake (OMI), neutral detergent fiber intake (NDFI), indigestible neutral detergent fiber intake (INDFI), apparent digestibility of dry matter (ADDM), apparent digestibility of organic matter (ADOM), apparent digestibility of crude protein (ADCP), apparent digestibility of neutral detergent fiber (ADNDF), apparent digestibility of total carbohydrates (ADTC) and apparent digestibility of non-fiber carbohydrates (ADNFC). The replacement of CS with different levels of the upper third of cassava foliage silage (CFS) had no effect in practically any of evaluated variables (p > 0.05). However, ADCP (p < 0.01) decreased as the levels of replacement were increased. The inclusion of CFS did not alter the intake or digestibility of nutrients, except for ADCP. In spite of the negative effect on the apparent digestibility of protein, CFS can partially replace CS in the diet of lactating dairy cows.

Inclusão de silagem de rama de mandioca na alimentação de vacas em lactação, mantidas em pasto de &lt;em&gt;Cynodon&lt;/em&gt;: consumo e digestibilidade

The aim of the experiment was to evaluate the intake and digestibility of Holsteins dairy cow fed with Cynodon graze and inclusion levels (0, 10, 20 e 30%) of superior third of cassava foliage silage (STCFS). Eight lactating dairy cow were used in a square design 4x4 and to inclusion levels, regression was used. The following aspects were analyzed: organic matter intake (OMI), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), crude protein (CP), total carbohydrate (TC), nonfiber carbohydrate (NFC); apparent digestibility of organic matter (ADOM), crude protein (ADCP), neutral detergent fiber (ADNDF), total carbohydrate (ADTC), nonfiber carbohydrate (ADNFC). The inclusion levels of STCFS had an increasing effect (p < 0.05) to total OMI, STCFS + concentrate DOI, STCFS + concentrate NDF, total CP, total TC, total NFC in kg/day and total OMI and total % live weight. The ADCP had decreasing effect (p < 0.05) with the increase of inclusion levels of STCFS.

Caracterização químico-bromatológica da silagem do terço superior da rama de mandioca

Aiming to characterize the cassava foliage silage, samples were collected in eight different periods according to their silage use. They were analyzed by chemical composition, quantifying fractions of nitrogen and carbohydrates compositions, and estimating parameters of the digestive kinetics of carbohydrates, through in vitro technique of gas production. The total digestible nutrients were also considered. The obtained data were described statistically. The average values found for dry matter (DM) were 25.2%, organic matter 92.6% DM, crude protein 19.5 DM, ether extract 4.3% DM, neutral detergent fiber 50.8% DM, acid detergent fiber 40.9% DM, non fibrous carbohydrate 68.9% DM, calcium 0.88% and phosphorus 0.22%. Results showed that the superior third of cassava foliage silage varied in chemical composition.

Utilização de fezes (eqüina ou bovina) em substituição ao líquido ruminal como fonte de inóculo para determinação da digestibilidade in vitro de alimentos para ruminantes

The goal of work was to evaluate the utilization of equine (EF) and bovine feces (BF), obtained from the rectum, as the source of alternative inoculum to ruminal liquor (RL), for determinate the in vitro dry matter digestibility according to the technique described by Tilley and Terry, adapted to ruminal fermentation (DAISYII/ ANKOM&reg; . One Holstein cow, donor of ruminal liquor and feces, and one Percheron mare with donor of feces were used, receiving concentrated ration and with access to a Cynodon dactylon sward. The completely randomized experimental designer was used with three treatments and four replications. Seven feedstuffs were used: corn ground (CGR), triticale ground (TTG), soybean hulls (SBH), superior third of cassava foliage silage (CFS), alfalfa hay (AFH), Tifton 85 hay (TFH) and Coast-cross hay (CCH). The inoculum prepared with feces presented ability of degradation, however with less efficiency related to the ruminal liquor.