Cassava By-products Research Articles

Comparing and Contrasting Three Cultural Food Customs from Nigeria and Analyzing the Nutrient Content of Diets from These Cultures with the Aim of Proffering Nutritional Intervention

Nigeria is a multicultural country with a diverse cultural food. Most Nigerians' cultural diet is based on staple food accompanied by stew. In the South West and Eastern region (where Yorubas and Igbos are the dominant ethnic groups), staple foods are yam and cassava by-product (garri, fufu and lafun) with vegetables prepared as stew, often over cooked, thereby losing essential micronutrients. In Northern Nigeria (where the Hausas and Fulanis are the dominant ethnic groups), grains such as sorghum, millet form the main diet; these are served with palm oil based soup made with tomatoes and okra. Meat is sometimes added. Among the Hausas, meat is usually reserved for special occasions. Various types of malnutrition prevalent in developing countries such as Nigeria are iron deficiency anemia (ID/A), protein–energy malnutrition (PEM), Vitamin A deficiency (VAD), iodine deficiency disorder (IDD). The proposed long-term measure by the Federal government of Nigeria for the resolution of these various types of malnutrition is dietary diversification. A review of the literature on Nigerian cultural diets identified gaps in knowledge with respect to the nutritional values of Nigerian ethnic diets.

Avaliação de dieta formulada com subprodutos de mandioca na produção de sêmen de coelhos

Avaliaram-se as características quantitativas e qualitativas do sêmen de coelhos alimentados com uma ração referência e outra ração formulada com 79,83% de subprodutos de mandioca. Utilizaram-se 20 reprodutores da raça Nova Zelândia Branco, com idade média inicial de sete meses, alojados individualmente em gaiolas e distribuídos em delineamento experimental inteiramente ao acaso, com duas dietas e dez repetições. Realizaram-se dez colheitas de sêmen por animal durante seis meses. Avaliaram-se o volume de sêmen sem gel e volume de gel, cor do sêmen, pH, motilidade espermática progressiva, vigor espermático, concentração espermática, número de espermatozoides no ejaculado, espermatozoides normais, anormais e anormalidades primárias e secundárias. O volume de sêmen sem gel, o índice de normalidade, as anormalidades primárias e secundárias foram iguais (P>0,05) para os animais alimentados com a ração referência e a com subprodutos de mandioca. Os demais parâmetros do sêmen foram melhores (P<0,05) nos animais tratados com a ração com subprodutos de mandioca. Os resultados das características quali-quantitativas do sêmen dos coelhos da Raça Nova Zelândia Branco demonstram que é possível utilizar ração com 79,83% do volume da formulação com subprodutos de mandioca, na dieta de reprodutores, sem prejuízos nas características do sêmen, desde que observados os níveis reduzidos de taninos e ácido cianídrico.

Sustainable use of cassava (Manihot esculenta) roots as raw material for biocomposites development

This work is focused on the use of cassava roots peel and bagasse as natural fillers of TPS materials based on cassava starch. A deep insight into biocomposites microstructure was performed in order to support mechanical and barrier properties of the final materials. Cassava byproducts chemical composition and particle size distribution helped to explain TPS SEM morphology, mechanical and barrier properties modifications. Processing conditions favored starch-filler interactions leading to lower mixing energy requirements. The matrix-filler compatibility was demonstrated by FTIR and thermal analysis of TPS composites. Filler addition increased UV-barrier capacity and opacity of TPS materials, though water vapor permeability was maintained. Both byproducts reinforce TPS matrices even though low filler concentrations were used. Bagasse addition (1.5%) increased 260% elastic modulus and 128% maximum tensile stress of TPS composites, being the most efficient reinforcing agent due to its high residual starch content and lower proportion of smaller particles.

Ultrasound Assisted Extraction for Preparation Dietary Fiber from Cassava Pulp

Dietary fiber is one of value added products from cassava pulp, byproduct of cassava starch industry. It could be produced by enzymatic digestion in which the optimal condition was studied. The three independent variables are heating temperature (°C) after adding α-amylase concentration (%v/v) and amyloglucosidase concentration (%v/v) regarding of two responses solid percentage yield and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) in the digested sample. The experimental design was based on central composite design. The highest solid percentage yield and NDF of cassava byproduct could get from enzymatic digestion condition at heating temperature at 90 °C, α-amylase concentration of 0.3 % (v/v), and amyloglucosidase concentration of 0.5 % (v/v). For ultrasound-assisted preparation was investigated at the optimum condition of enzymatic digestion. Ultrasound condition was control power of 140% and a frequency of 40 kHz for 15 min. The ultrasound was applied at pre-treatment condition (before adding α-amylase, PU) collocated with intermediate condition (before adding amyloglucosidase, IU) higher NDF yield than optimal condition at 18.78%. In addition, this ultrasound assisted technique give the highest solid percentage.

Rice straw, cassava by-products and tree legumes provide enough energy and nitrogen for liveweight maintenance of Brahman (Bos indicus) cows in Indonesia

The aim of this experiment was to test the effectiveness of two diets in increasing liveweight (LW) and body condition score (BCS) of Brahman cows in Indonesia. Diets were based on rice straw, with additional energy and nitrogen (N) provided in the form of onggok (a cassava by-product) plus urea or a tree legume. Thirty mature, non-pregnant, non-lactating Brahman crossbred cows (288 kg LW, BCS 2/5) were allocated to one of two treatment groups. Cows were kept in individual pens for 21 weeks and offered one of two diets; (1) urea-supplemented rice straw ad libitum plus 10 g onggok DM/kg LW.day, or (2) untreated rice straw ad libitum plus 5 g onggok DM/kg LW.day and 5 g Gliricidia sepium DM/kg LW.day. The urea supplement provided no advantages over using locally available N sources such as gliricidia, with both supplement types meeting the rumen-degradable N requirements of the cows. Cows on both diets gained weight at a similar rate (0.19 kg/day) for the first 15 weeks of the experiment. Liveweight gain in Weeks 16–21 was only 0.04 kg/day, despite an increase in total feed intake and energy content of the diets compared with Weeks 1–15. Liveweight of cows stabilised during Weeks 16–21 at 304 kg, BCS 2.2. While our results demonstrate that Brahman cows can maintain LW on rice straw-based diets, they may not be able to maintain a BCS sufficient for good reproduction rates (i.e. BCS 3 or higher on 1–5 scale). Better quality diets containing higher levels of energy are required for cows to gain and maintain a suitable BCS.

Intake, digestibility, rumen characteristics and microbial protein synthesis efficiency in bovine and bubaline fed sugar cane silage with additives

Intake and total and ruminal digestibility, ruminal characteristics and microbial synthesis efficiency in bovine and bubaline fed sugar cane silages treated with microbial additive Lactobacillus buchneri (inoculate) and the addition of: cassava byproduct meal at 250 g/kg; soybean hulls at 250 g/kg; and urea at 33 g/kg, in natural matter were evaluated. The forage:concentrate ratio was 600:400 g/kg. Bubaline body weight (BW) was 403±49 kg and bovine BW was 492±10 kg. The experimental design consisted of two 4 × 4 Latin squares in a 4 × 2 factorial arrangement. The average DM intake did not differ between species, and the diet with urea showed lowest intake (13 g/kg BW). Among the diets, the one with soybean hulls addition increased the total digestibility of DM, organic matter (OM) and neutral detergent fiber (NDF), while addition of urea reduced the DM, OM and non-fibrous carbohydrates (NFC) total digestibility in both species. Bovines have higher ruminal digestibility of NFC in the diet with addition of inoculate, inoculate + soybean meal and inoculate + urea diets than bubaline. Ruminal liquid pH was higher for bubaline (6.61) than bovines (6.48). Diets with addition of cassava byproduct and soybean hulls presented higher ruminal short chain fatty acids concentrations. Ruminal ammonia concentration (N-NH3) did not differ between species and the treatment with urea presented the highest value of N-NH3 (17.25 mg/100 mL). Liquid passage rate was higher for bubaline (12.9%/h) than bovines (9.9%/h). Bubaline has higher microbial synthesis efficiency than bovine: 35.1 vs 24.6 g of N-microbial/kg OM of the total rumen digestibility, regardless of the diet.

Chemical composition, fermentation, in vitro digestibility and in situ degradability of sugar cane silages with Lactobacillus, urea and agricultural byproduct

The objective of this study was to evaluate the sugarcane silage in relation to chemical composition, pH, total losses, aerobic stability, in vitro digestibility of dry matter (IVDDM) and effective degradability (ED) of bovine and buffaloes under the following treatments (on a dry matter (DM) basis): sugarcane silage control (control), with addition of 3.3% urea; with addition of Lactobacillus buchneri (inoculate); with inoculate + 3.3% urea; with inoculate + 25.0% soybean hull, and with inoculate + 25.0% cassava byproduct meal. The experiment was analyzed through a completely randomized design with three replications, and for DM ED, a double 4 × 4 Latin square with a 4 × 2 factorial arrangement was used. The sugarcane variety was the RB-855156 (precocious). The urea increased the protein level and reduced neutral and acid detergent fiber and lignin fractions. Treatments with inoculate + cassava byproduct and inoculate + soybean hull increased DM levels. Bovines presented higher IVDDM than buffaloes. pH values varied from 3.1 to 4.0. Mean total losses observed were 7.8%. Treatments with inoculate + cassava and inoculate + soybean hulls resulted in larger aerobic stability with 61 and 81 hours, respectively, in relation to silages control (24 h) and control with 3.3% urea (33 h). A higher DM ED was verified for silages with inoculate + control and inoculate + soybean hulls at 2%/h passage rates and higher neutral detergent fiber ED for the treatment of control + inoculate + soybean hulls at 2 and 5%/h. Silages treated with urea, L. buchneri or agricultural byproduct plus inoculate presented better quality pattern.

Evaluation of the reproductive performance of rabbits does fed a half-simplified diet based on cassava byproducts

A total of 70 five-month-old female New Zealand White rabbits were assigned in a completely randomized design, over three reproductive cycles, with two treatments: a reference diet and a half-simplified diet containing 79.83% cassava byproduct. The study evaluated body weight and feed intake of does, feed cost, number and total body weight of kits at kindling and weaning per female during three cycles, number and percentage of mortality/female/cycle, and weight gain of kits from birth to weaning. No interaction was observed between the diets and among the reproductive cycles for any evaluated characteristics. The body weight of does at the moment of weaning was similar in both groups for all three reproductive cycles. However, does fed the half-simplified diet had lower feed intake during the three reproductive cycles and, consequently, more reproductive flaws. The number of kits at weaning, body weight of kits at kindling and weaning, weight gain of kits from birth to weaning, and total body weight of kits at weaning were lower for the group of does fed the half-simplified diet and, consequently, there was a higher number and percentage of dead kits in this group. The total numbers of kits at kindling and weaning and total body weight of kits at birth during all three reproductive cycles were similar between the groups; however, total body weight of weaning rabbits was higher for the animals receiving the reference diet. It is possible to conclude that although the use of the half-simplified diet decreases the reproductive performance of does, it reduces feed cost per kg of body weight by 23.63% compared with the reference diet, proving to be a viable nutritional option for rabbit production.

Efeito de dietas semi-simplificadas formuladas com subprodutos de mandioca ensilados ou não sobre o desempenho e características de carcaça de coelhos

This study evaluated the performance from weaning to slaughter and carcass characteristics of 144 New Zealand White rabbits, from does fed with a reference diet or half-simplified diet containing 79.83% cassava by-product, allocated in iron cages, in a 2 x 3 factorial arrangement (two diets used for does and litters until weaning versus three diets supplied for animals from weaning to slaughter) with 12 replications and two animals per experimental unit. The supplied diets after weaning consisted of one reference and two half-simplified diets with 81.63% cassava by-product ensiled or not before its incorporation. Rabbits from mothers fed with the half-simplified diet gained less weight at weaning than rabbits fed with reference diet. Lower feed intake was observed for rabbits that received the maternity half-simplified diet until weaning, resulting in a better feed:gain ratio. The weight of carcass and commercial cuts were higher for animals fed with both reference diets: maternity and growth diets. The use of half-simplified diets with cassava by-product ensiled or not, from weaning to slaughter, reduced daily weight gain and feed intake; however, it improved the feed:gain ratio and decreased ration feed cost. The use of half-simplified diets represents an interesting alternative in rabbit production.

Deaths among pigs fed sole fresh cassava by-products in humid southeastern Nigeria

Deaths among pigs fed sole fresh cassava by-products in humid southeastern Nigeria

Improvement in the nutritive quality of cassava and its by-products through microbial fermentation

A review of the extent of fermentation of cassava and its by-products was made in order to highlight the role played by fermentation on the bio-conversion of cassava and cassava by-products for improved nutrient quality. The reasons for cassava products fermentation mentioned were synonymous with the reasons canvassed generally for embarking on fermentation which include among others: biological enrichment of the substrate in terms of protein, vitamins, essential amino acids and essential fatty acids; impartation of good aroma, flavour and texture; preservation of the fermented products and decrease in cooking time and fuel requirement. The choice of the fermentation methods that have been employed was the next topic of this article with a dividing line drawn between the two most popular fermentation methods – submerged/liquid substrate fermentation and solid substrate fermentation in which the balance is greatly tilted in favour of the latter, especially in the developing countries because of its relatively low cost, ease of adaptability of local conditions and technologies, little or no effluent generation and a much reduced rate of environmental pollution. The array of some cassava products that have been fermented with their varied rate of success in terms of nutrient enhancement from diverse cultures and background together with animal trials conducted to validate the in vitro nutrient enhancement of these products was also highlighted.

Digestibilidade e características ruminais de dietas com diferentes níveis de concentrado para bubalinos e bovinos

Avaliaram-se a influência do fornecimento de 23, 43 e 63% de concentrado em dietas com milho moído e resíduo desidratado de mandioca como fonte de amido sobre o consumo, os coeficientes de digestibilidade total e parcial dos nutrientes, a concentração de amônia, o pH ruminal e a eficiência microbiana. Utilizaram-se três bovinos holandeses (Bos taurus) e três búfalos Murrah (Bubalus bubalis) com 473±54 kg e 400±33 kg de peso corporal (PC), respectivamente, canulados no rúmen e duodeno. Os fluxos duodenais e fecais foram estimados utilizando-se óxido crômico. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi com dois quadrados latinos 3 x 3 e arranjo fatorial 3 x 2. A ingestão média de MS foi inferior nos bubalinos (1,40% do PC) em comparação aos bovinos (1,63% do PC). As ingestões máximas de PB (10,09 g/kg PC0,75 nos bovinos e 8,36 g/kg PC0,75 nos bubalinos) foram obtidas com 44,4% de concentrado e as de amido (32,83 g/kg PC0,75 para os bovinos e 28,38 g/kg PC0,75 para os búfalos), com 61,7% de concentrado. Os coeficientes de digestibiliade total e as digestibilidades ruminal (DR) e intestinal (DI) dos nutrientes, à exceção do amido e da PB, não diferiram entre os tratamentos e as espécies utilizadas. O maior coeficiente de digestibilidade total (95,7 vs 85,8%) e ruminal (87,4 vs 81,9%) do amido foram observados nos bovinos. A digestibilidade ruminal do amido aumentou linearmente com os níveis de concentrado. A menor digestibilidade ruminal (13,2 vs 27,5%) e a maior digestibilidade intestinal da PB (86,8 vs 72,5%) foram observadas nos bovinos. O pH ruminal nos bubalinos (6,7) foi superior ao dos bovinos (6,3). Nos búfalos, a concentração de amônia ruminal diferiu com os níveis de concentrado, o que não ocorreu com os bovinos. A eficiência microbiana, no entanto, não diferiu entre as espécies e os níveis de concentrado.

Proteína degradável no rúmen associada a fontes de amido de alta ou baixa degradabilidade: digestibilidade in vitro e desempenho de novilhos em crescimento

Objetivou-se avaliar os efeitos de teores crescentes de proteína degradável no rúmen (PDR = 47, 52, 57 e 62%) associados a fontes de amido de baixa (milho) ou de alta (farinha de varredura de mandioca - FVM) degradabilidade ruminal em rações com 50:50% volumoso:concentrado sobre a digestibilidade in vitro da MS (DIVMS) e o ganho de peso de novilhos em crescimento. Para determinação da DIVMS, foi utilizada a técnica de dois estádios de Tilley & Terry (1963). As médias obtidas para a DIVMS foram submetidas às análises de variância e regressão em função do teor de PDR da ração. Para o ensaio de desempenho animal, foram utilizados 32 novilhos mestiços (Nelore x Red Angus), não-castrados (275 kg de PV), alojados em duplas, em delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado. Não foi observado efeito do teor de PDR de dietas contendo milho sobre a DIVMS, indicando que não houve deficiência de nitrogênio e que, possivelmente, a digestibilidade da fonte de amido (milho) foi o fator limitante. Observou-se efeito quadrático do teor de PDR sobre a DIVMS para as dietas contendo FVM, o que indica a ocorrência do efeito de sincronização entre a disponibilidade de energia e nitrogênio, permitindo aumento da atividade microbiana nos níveis mais elevados de PDR na ração e melhor utilização da energia proveniente da fonte de amido de alta degradabilidade ruminal. Não foi observado efeito dos diferentes teores de PDR e da fonte de amido de alta degradabilidade ruminal sobre o consumo de MS, o ganho de peso médio e a conversão alimentar dos animais.

Desempenho e características das fibras musculares esqueléticas de cordeiros nascidos de ovelhas que receberam suplementação alimentar em diferentes períodos da gestação

Avaliou-se o desenvolvimento ponderal do nascimento ao desmame e o diâmetro e número de fibras musculares do músculo Semitendinosus de cordeiros filhos de ovelhas Santa Inês que receberam suplementação alimentar em diferentes períodos da gestação. Foram utilizadas 73 ovelhas Santa Inês (peso médio de 45,11 kg) cobertas com três reprodutores Dorset, distribuídas entre os seguintes tratamentos durante a gestação: controle - pastagem de capim-tanzânia (Panicum maximum Jacq.) e resíduo de mandioca durante toda a gestação; terço inicial - tratamento controle + suplementação do 1º ao 50º dia de gestação; terço médio (TM) - tratamento controle + suplementação do 50º ao 100º dia de gestação; e terço final (TF) - tratamento controle + suplementação do 100º dia de gestação até parição. Os nascimentos ocorreram no período de 23 de novembro de 2003 a 03 de janeiro de 2004. Os tratamentos não influenciaram o peso dos cordeiros ao nascimento (PCN), aos 30 dias de idade (PC30) e ao desmame (PC60) e o ganho médio diário do nascimento ao desmame (GMD 0-60), cujos valores médios foram de 4,02; 9,19; 16,40 e 0,21 kg/dia, respectivamente. O tipo de parto influenciou o PCN, PC30, PC60 e o GMD 0-60. Não houve diferença no diâmetro das fibras musculares ao nascimento (média de 11,61 µm) e ao desmame (27,65 µm). O valor médio do número de fibras no músculo Semitendinosus foi de 1.454.185, o peso do músculo de 21,04 g e o comprimento de 8,43 cm, sendo semelhantes entre os períodos de suplementação. Não se justifica a suplementação de ovelhas nos diferentes períodos da gestação quando mantidas em pastagens de capim-tanzânia recebendo resíduo de fécula de mandioca no cocho.

Digestibilidade de dietas contendo resíduo úmido de mandioca em substituição ao milho para tourinhos em terminação

Avaliou-se a influência da substituição do milho pelo resíduo úmido de mandioca nos coeficientes de digestibilidade dos nutrientes e na porcentagem de NDT e EM (em Mcal/kg) de dietas para tourinhos em terminação. Foram utilizados 20 animais cruzados (½ e ¾ Europeu x Zebu) com 24 meses de idade e peso médio de 532 kg, provenientes de um ensaio de desempenho com as mesmas dietas deste ensaio, distribuídos em delineamento completamente casualizado, com cinco tratamentos e quatro repetições. Os tratamentos constaram de cinco dietas contendo silagem de sorgo como volumoso e 0, 25, 50, 75 e 100% de resíduo de mandioca em substituição ao milho do concentrado. As dietas não diferiram significativamente quanto aos coeficientes de digestibilidade (MS = 65,42%, PB = 68,30%; EE = 67,72%, FDN = 49,58%, FDA = 50,71%, CNF = 81,79%) e aos teores de NDT = 65,47% e EM = 2,36 Mcal/kg. Somente o coeficiente de digestibilidade aparente dos CHO diferiu entre as dietas (Y= -0,0684N + 0,0015N² + 63,756; R² = 0,9122). A utilização do resíduo de mandioca em substituição ao milho, à exceção dos CHO, não alterou os coeficientes de digestibilidade dos nutrientes estudados.

Avaliação da substituição do milho pelo resíduo seco da extração da fécula de mandioca sobre o desempenho de novilhas mestiças em confinamento

O objetivo neste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito da substituição total do milho pelo resíduo seco de mandioca sobre o desempenho de novilhas mestiças terminadas em confinamento. Foram utilizadas 30 novilhas mestiças com idade aproximada de 21 meses e peso vivo médio de 325 kg, agrupadas em dois lotes experimentais e alojadas em duas baias. Os dois lotes foram submetidos a um período pré-experimental de 49 dias, no qual receberam silagem de sorgo, à vontade, e concentrado à base de farelo de soja, milho e uréia (19,67% de proteína), na proporção de 1,05% do peso corporal. Nesta fase, apresentaram ganho médio diário (GMD) de 1,08 kg semelhante para os lotes. Em seguida, iniciou-se o período experimental (57 dias), com os animais pesando, em média, 378 kg. Um lote foi mantido sob a mesma dieta, enquanto o outro passou a receber o concentrado experimental, no qual o milho foi substituído pelo resíduo (18,12% de proteína), na proporção de 1,18% do peso corporal, e silagem à vontade. O GMD dos animais diferiu entre as dietas, com 0,97 kg para os animais da dieta controle e 0,78 kg para aqueles que consumiram o concentrado com o resíduo seco. O desempenho, a ingestão voluntária de matéria seca e a conversão alimentar foram inferiores para os animais que consumiram o concentrado com resíduo seco. A substituição do milho pelo resíduo seco de mandioca reduziu o desempenho, a ingestão e a conversão alimentar.

Cinética da degradação ruminal da matéria seca da haste, da raiz, do feno da parte aérea e da silagem de raiz de mandioca (Manihot esculenta Crantz) tratada com uréia

O experimento foi conduzido na UESB, com o objetivo de se determinar a cinética da degradação ruminal da matéria seca, de alimentos obtidos da mandioca. Foram utilizadas duas vacas fistuladas no rúmen, incubando-se as amostras em sacolas de náilon por 2, 4, 8, 16, 24, 48, 72 e 96 horas, por quatro rodadas seqüenciais, dentro de um delineamento em blocos inteiramente cazualizados. Os alimentos testados foram a raiz (T1), a silagem de raízes tratada com 3% de uréia (T2), o feno da parte aérea da mandioca obtido aos 5 meses (T3) ou 14 meses após o plantio (T4) e as hastes de plantas de mandioca, colhidas aos 14 meses, plantadas em espaçamento contínuo (T5) ou de 0,6 metros entre plantas (T6). Os resultados dos percentuais de degradabilidade no rúmen (P), foram ajustados ao modelo matemático "P = a + b (1 - e-ct)". Os valores médios percentuais dos resultados encontrados foram comparados pelo teste de Student-Newman-Keuls, ao nível de 5% de probabilidade, como se segue para os tratamentos de 1 a 6, respectivamente: fração solúvel (74,8b; 80,9ª; 26,3c; 23,6d; 22,4d; 22,3d), degradabilidade efetiva (90,7b; 92,0ª; 65,4c; 62,4d; 41,8e; 40,9e), degradabilidade potencial (99,1ª; 99,4ª; 74,4b; 73,4b; 49,2c; 46,8d) e tempo de colonização em horas (0,4cb; 0,1c; 1,5ba; 1,5ba; 1,6ba; 1,8ª). Os resultados indicam uma alta taxa de solubilidade ruminal da silagem de raiz de mandioca tratada com uréia e uma maior taxa de degradabilidade efetiva do feno obtido aos 5 meses em relação ao obtido aos 14 meses após o plantio.

Nutrient Composition of Cassava Offals and Cassava Sievates Collected from Locations in Edo State, Nigeria

The investigation was carried out to determine the chemical composition of cassava offals and cassava sievates collected from 5 locations in Edo State, Nigeria. Following sun-drying (30-35 C), the o cassava by-products were analyzed for protein, fibre, carbohydrate, cyanide, ash and fat. The results revealed that the DM for the sievates ranged between 87.06 and 91.88%; (P (1.02 - 1.07%); EE (0.50 - 0.84%); and CF (3.01 - 3.25%). Others were ash (between 1.74 and 2.01%), Carbohydrate (47.20 - 66.00%) and cyanide between 1.24 and 1.63mg/kg. In addition, those for the cassava offals were between 1.72 and 2.21%CP; 0.48 - 0.85%EE; 1.26 - 3.20% CF; starch (between 70.50 and 77.52%) and cyanide (0.97 - 1.20mg/kg). Thus, indicating variations with respect to location in most cases.

Características de carcaça de novilhas mestiças confinadas, submetidas a dietas com milho ou resíduo seco de fecularia de mandioca

The aim of this work was the replacement evaluation of corn by dry by-product of cassava starch extraction on carcass traits of crossbreed heifers in feedlot. Thirty crossbred heifers aged 21 months were used. In pre-experimental period (49 days) the heifers were fed with soybean meal and corn concentrate (19.67% CP). In the experimental period (57 days) 15 heifers were fed with the previous diet and the other 15 were fed with by-product of cassava and sorghum silage. Subcutaneous fat was thicker (P Longissimus dorsi area (70.91 vs 63.17 cm2) and the muscle percentage (69.83 vs 66.29%) were highen (p < 0.05) for the heifers that consumed the diet with dry cassava by-products than the others with corn diet. The replacement of corn by dry cassava by-products influenced carcass traits

Cyanide Detoxifition in Cassava by-products by Fungal Solid State Fermentation.

This study investigated microbial detoxification of cyanide in cassava peels and leaves in solid state fermentation. Three microorganisms, Mucor Strictus, Rhizomucor miehei and Saccharomyces cerevisiae were used to inoculate the cassava by-products. The levels of cyanide in the substrates after 4, 8 and 12 days on inoculation with R. miehei were estimated. Cyanide levels in the substrates 7, 14, and 21 days after inoculation with M. strictus and S. cerevisiae were also estimated. The three microorganisms caused a significant (P>0.05) reduction in the cyanide of the leaves and peels. M. strictus and R. miehei caused a 66.67% and 77.13% reduction in cyanide level in leaves respectively. Cyanide in the peels was reduced by 49.52%, 80.68% and 76.69% on inoculation with M. strictus, R. miehei and S. cerevisiae respectively. These changes indicated that R. miehei had the best potential in reducing cyanide of cassava by-products among the three microorganisms used for the study. Factors such as changes in texture in the plant tissue, increase _-glucosidase activity and utilization of the cyanogenic glucosides and their products of fermentation breakdown by the microorganisms possibly explain the observed reduction in cyanide levels by the microorganisms. Three microorganisms used for the study. Factors such as changes in texture in the plant tissue, increase _-glucosidase activity and utilization of the cyanogenic glucosides and their products of fetrmentation breakdown by the microorganisms possibly explain the observed reduction in cyanide levels by the microorganisms. The Journal of Food Technology in Africa Volume 5 Number 2 (April - June 2000), pp. 48-51