Cashew Nut Processing Research Articles

A Case Study of Cashew Industry in Karnataka

Purpose: In the Indian food processing sector, the cashew nut processing industry plays a critical role. Often, the cashew is considered as ‘both a poor person’s crop and a rich person’s meal.’ From the cultivators, traders, wholesalers, processors to supermarkets and retailers, the cashew processing sector is a vital source of income. Cashew processing is a labour-intensive sector that has always employed a significant number of rural women. The purpose of this study is to gain an in-depth understanding of the Cashew Processing Sector, its position in the world market, issues it is confronting and future prospects. While doing so, the present study attempts to examine the profile of the Indian Cashew Industry, including cashew processing and international trade. The quality, flavour and appearance of the Indian cashew kernels are highly respected in other nations and are consumed in more than 60 countries worldwide. Unfortunately, it was found that cashew production in India has been fluctuating in recent years. Despite its tremendous expansion, India’s cashew sector has been affected by low-quality cashew cultivated in some regions, which is mostly due to improper harvesting techniques, inadequate drying of the nuts and insufficient storage and warehouse facilities for dried cashew nuts. Design: For the purpose of analysis, this study used secondary data sources - Google Scholar articles, cashew industry and other related websites. Moreover, the literature is used to analyse the position of the industry within SWOC and PESTLE framework analysis. Findings: Based on the analysis, the cashew business needs certain incentives to attain a better rate of production and export growth in the future. Value: This paper emphases on the growth of the cashew industry in India in relation to its current status and future opportunities. Based on findings and their interpretation, the Indian Cashew Industry must prepare itself for the ever-increasing demand of the domestic market and contribute more effectively to the country’s economic growth. Paper Type: Case Study-based Research Analysis

Light-Driven Waste-To-Value Upcycling: Bio-Based Polyols and Polyurethanes from the Photo-Oxygenation of Cardanols.

The upcycling of waste biomass into valuable materials by resource‐efficient chemical transformations is a prime objective for sustainable chemistry. This approach is demonstrated in a straightforward light‐driven synthesis of polyols and polyurethane foams from the multi‐ton waste products of cashew nut processing. The photo‐oxygenation of cardanol from nutshell oil results in the formation of synthetically versatile hydroperoxides. The choice of the workup method (i. e., reduction, hydrogenation, epoxidation) enables access to a diverse range of alcohols with tunable alkene and OH functions. Condensation with isocyanates to give rigid polyurethane foams provides a resource‐efficient waste‐to‐value chain that benefits from the availability of cardanol and installation of OH groups from aerial O2.

Wood Adhesives Based on Natural Resources: A Critical Review: Part IV. Special Topics

Various naturally-based chemicals can be used directly as wood adhesives or are precursors for the synthesis of adhesive resins. Liquefaction and pyrolysis of wood yield various smaller chemicals derived from the different wood components, which then are used in the preparation of adhesives by replacing mainly phenol as raw material. The possible replacement of formaldehyde in aminoplastic and phenolic resins would solve the question of the subsequent formaldehyde emission.<br/> The multiple unsaturations of the triglycerides in vegetable oils enable polymerization for the direct synthesis of thermosets, as well as bases for polyfunctionalization and crosslinking.<br/> Natural polymers, such as poly(lactic acid)s (PLAs), natural rubber, or poly(hyhydroxyalkanoate)s (PHAs) are thermoplastics and can be used for various special applications in wood bonding, in case they can also be crosslinked. For other thermoplastic wood adhesives, such as PUR or PA, chemicals based on natural resources can at least replace a part or even all synthetic raw materials (monomers); these monomers derive from targeted decomposition of the wood material in biorefineries.<br/> Cellulose nanofibrils (CNFs) can be used as as sole adhesives or as components of adhesives. Hydrogen bonding has a key function in binder applications related to adhesion between cellulose nanoparticles and other materials. CNFs are able to establish strong bonding between wood particles/fibres through flexible and strong films by a simple drying process.<br/> Cashew nut shell liquid (CNSL) is a by-product of the cashew nut processing with cardanol (CD) as main component. CD-formaldehyde resins show improved flexibility compared to phenol-formaldehyde (PF) resins; CD can replace up to 40% of the phenol.

TECHNO ECONOMIC STUDY OF LIQUID SMOKE FROM CASHEW NUT SHELL WASTE

Liquid smoke has a very large use, it is a result of condensation or condensation of pyrolysis vapor, directly or indirectly from wood materials such as cashew nut shells. Cashew nut shell is an abundant biomass of cashew nut processing industry but its utilization is not optimal. The purpose of this study was to make liquid smoke from cashew nut shell waste (technological aspect) and conduct economic analysis (economic aspect) to determine economic feasibility. Liquid smoke is made by pyrolysis at a temperature of 150-450oC in a simple batch type reactor. The results obtained were analyzed for its chemical components using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectroscopy (GC-MC) spectrophotometer analysis. The largest liquid smoke production was obtained at a temperature of 450oC and a time of 2.5 hours with a yield of 19.46%. The main chemical components contained in liquid smoke are phenol (36.310%), acid (12.947%) and carbonyl (16.715%) respectively. With a liquid smoke production capacity of 200 tons per year, liquid smoke products can be sold at a price of IDR 3,620,137,785/years. Total Production cost 2,572,976,800/years. Annual net profit 733,012,689. Investigation of the economic feasibility of liquid smoke production, seen from the Rate of Rate on Investment, is 15.65%, Pay Out Time is 2.99 years and Break Event Point is 49.05%

Optimization of process temperature and time of vacuum drying for production of cashew apple (Anacardium occidentale L.) powder using response surface methodology

Cashew apple is a waste from cashew nut processing industry that is high in antioxidants. The cashew apple powder was dried using a vacuum dryer that aimed to create a functional product containing high antioxidant compounds. The objective of this study was to optimize vacuum drying conditions for the production of cashew apple powder using Response Surface Methodology (RSM). The effect of process temperature (55-65°C) and time (9-15 h) on some characteristics (vitamin C content, antioxidant activity, water content, and color changes) of cashew apple powder were analyzed. A Central Composite Design was used to develop models for the responses. The optimum condition of the vacuum drying process was obtained at a drying temperature of 60.1°C and drying time of 11.4 hours. The optimum combination resulted in cashew apple powder with vitamin C content of 118.5 mg/100g, antioxidant activity (IC50) of 70.6 ppm, water content of 11.4%, and total color difference (ΔE) of 8.8. A validation experiment was conducted at the obtained optimum condition and the results showed that no significant difference between the actual and predicted values based on paired t-test (p > 0.05). In conclusion, cashew apple powder is a good source of vitamin C and antioxidant compounds.

Long-chain phenols oxidation using a flow electrochemical reactor assembled with a TiO2-RuO2-IrO2 DSA electrode

The electrochemical degradation of long-chain phenols present in toxic residues from the cashew-nut processing industry was systematically investigated for the first time, using a flow electrochemical reactor assembled with a Ti/TiO2-RuO2-IrO2 DSA anode. After optimizing the current density (40 mA cm−2) and chloride concentration (0.028 mol L−1) in 0.5 mol L−1 Na2SO4 supporting electrolyte, it was achieved expressive total organic carbon (TOC) removal percentage for (un)saturated cardanol and cardol, either alone (85–92%) or in association/real industrial CNSL sample (82%), over 4 h of electrolysis. Evidently, the removal rate for the mixture changes (56–88% TOC removal) according to its starting concentration (0.005–0.100% residue), showing that the system performance can improve by increasing treatment time. Chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC–MS) analysis showed that the first stage of the electrooxidation process was driven towards the formation of phenoxyl radicals, followed by the formation of polymeric dimers. These intermediates were continuously oxidized by different free and chemisorbed reactive species until obtaining short-chain organic acids, CO2 and H2O. The proposed system proved to be efficient, eco-friendly, and viable to treat industrial waste containing refractory phenolic compounds.

Profile of women in cashew farm and processing sector and their constraints at workplace-a case study

A cross sectional analysis of farm women in various activities related to cashew production and processing was conducted at Cashew Research Station (KAU), Madakkathara, Kerala. Among the total workers 68.88 per cent were women workers and 77.40 per cent of them were residing in the same village which made them to coordinate the farm and household activities in a better way. The women were involved in seasonal farm activities viz harvest and post-harvest handling (93.54%), grafting (67.74%), nursery operations and planting (87.09% each), weeding and fertilizer applicationactivities (83.87%) and pruningand canopy management (74.19%).Afewskilled groups were involved in cashew apple processing (22.58%) and nut processing (29.03%). More than half of the women workers (51.61%) were the sole earning members of the family. The threat of snake at farmland was identified as major constraint and needed to be addressed at policy level to get insured. Introduction of proper safety measures at farm level would also help to reduce the risk of wild animals in the remote farmlands. The seasonal nature of cashew farm sector was identified as another major constraint for farm women and hence diversified income generation activities needed to be taken up for assuring year-round employment.

The Impact of Portal to Socio-Economy and Environmental conditions of the stakeholders in RPH Kanar Luk Forest, Sumbawa NTB

One of the efforts of residenresidents' efforts in the Kanar Luk RPH forest area was mining the sandstone from the Bangkong River, which potentially threatenpotentially threatening environmental sustainability and community safety, t. Therefore the portal installation policy was enforced by the Forest Management Unit (FMU). The research aimed to outline elaborate the impact of portal installation for condition of stakeholder socioeconomic and condition ofon the condition of stakeholder socioeconomic and environment. This activity was conducted on August 2015 and July 2019 at RPH Kanar Luk in the KPH Puncak Ngegas Batulanteh area. Data were collected through an interview to with 29 residents, 2 two RPH officers, 2 two shop owners, 1 one truck driver, and 1one KPH officer, b. Besides that, it was also conducted by FGD and observationFGD and observation were also conducted. The collected data had been analyzed quantitatively. The result revealed that residents no longer did mining sandstone activity but now more focus to takewere now more focused on taking care of agricultural plants. Livestock were was maintained so that there was no more conflict. The movement of people entering the area were was limited, ; the security of the area was better maintained and had an impact onarea's security was better maintained and impacted the comfort of the people who lived in the area. The river water condition was getting normal because no more floods that inundate Bronjong Village. The existence of a portal can certainly reduce residents' income, this condition therefore. Therefore, this condition needed efforts to foster a business culture in the community, including the culture of cashew nut processing and honey bee cultivation, because the raw materials around the research location were abundant

Value addition in cashew apple: A review

Cashew apple is a tropical fruit which is an important byproduct of the cashew nut processing industry. It can be consumed as fresh fruit, but also possess sensory and nutritional characteristics for food process industrialization, due to its fleshy pulp, soft peel, no seeds and strong exotic flavor. These fruits are being wasted across various parts of the cashew growing countries due to its short production period and high perishability. It is a less utilized product because of its astringent and acrid principles. Numerous quantities of cashew apple are being wasted annually because the focus was on nuts alone. There is a need to address these problems by developing a technique which is easily adoptable and cost effective. Also, the processing should not affect the quality of the product. Cashew apple and their products have a potential market in the domestic and international forum. Though there are some limitations, certain physical and chemical processing steps are to be followed to bring out quality and palatable cashew apple products with significant nutritive qualities. The value added products from cashew apple is a thrust area of research for food technologists, industrialists and farmers and of course these products are a definite alternate solution for nutritional source. Processing of cashew apple will turn out to be economic potential for farmers, entrepreneurs and consumers. In this present review, we discussed about the feasibility of production of various value added cashew apple processed foods.

From cashew byproducts to biodegradable active materials: Bacterial cellulose-lignin-cellulose nanocrystal nanocomposite films

While the cashew culture is focused on processing and commercialization of cashew nuts, the pseudofruit (cashew apples) - highly perishable and of limited acceptance - are mostly wasted. The cashew tree pruning fiber (CTPF) is another interesting cashew byproduct. In this study, films have been made from bacterial cellulose produced from cashew apple juice, and added with lignin (0–15 wt%) and cellulose nanocrystals (0–8 wt%), both from CTPF, which enhanced tensile properties and decreased water vapor permeability of the films. Moreover, lignin, although imparting brown color and opacity to the films, was effective to provide the films with UV-absorbing and antioxidant properties, making the films interesting for packaging of food products susceptible to lipid oxidation. The films did not exhibit antimicrobial activity against bacteria or yeasts.

Insecticidal activity of cashew nut shell liquid against sucking pests of cowpea, Vigna unguiculata subsp. sesquipedalis (L.) Verdc.

Cashew nut shell liquid (CNSL), an important agro waste from cashew nut processing factories, was emulsified in water and assayed for insecticidal activity at concentrations ranging from 0.05 to 0.2 % against aphid, Aphis craccivora and pod bug, Riptortus pedestris infesting cowpea, Vigna unguiculata sesquipedalis under laboratory conditions by topical application. CNSL at various concentrations was found to have insecticidal properties against A. craccivora and R. pedestris wherein the speed of kill and efficacy varied with concentration and test insect. CNSL @ 0.1 % with mortality ranging from 95.83 to 100 per cent at 48 hours after treatment (HAT) was found effective against A. craccivora whereas a concentration of 0.2% was required against R. pedestris to achieve similar mortality (96.67 to 100 %) at 72 HAT. CNSL derived from two cashew nut processing methods (drum roasting and steam boiling) did not differ significantly in their insecticidal action. At concentrations of 0.1 and 0.2 %, mortality produced by CNSL was comparable to that of chemical insecticide, thiamethoxam 0.03% and significantly superior to the widely used botanical neem oil @ 2% against A. craccivora and R. pedestris respectively. R. pedestris that survived exposure to CNSL treatments exhibited developmental abnormalities and formation of nymphal adult intermediary indicating its possible insect growth regulatory effect.

Peningkatan Nilai Jual Biji Mete Hasil Produksi Masyarakat Desa Gumantar Kabupaten Lombok Utara

Gumantar Village is one of the villages in North Lombok Regency which has quite good potential in the agriculture and plantation sectors. One of the agricultural products in Gumantar Village is Cashew seeds. The community of Gmumantar Village is not yet optimal in terms of cashew nut processing. Cashew seed products harvested through plantations are sold in raw condition to collectors. Penagbdian activities to the community aims to increase the sale value of processed cashew seed products in Gumantar Village, North Lombok Regency. The increase in selling value is done by processing cashew seeds into ready-to-eat food products. The method of activities carried out is by conducting surveys, training, assistance and evaluation. Partners in community service activities are community groups that are part of the "Cashew series" cashew processing group in Guantar Village, North Lomok Regency. The results that have been achieved from this activity are increased public knowledge about how to process cashews into cashews to increase family income. Cashew seeds sold in raw conditions can now be processed into products that have a higher economic value. The name of the product produced in this community service is "Gumantar Cashew Nuts".

Valorization of cashew nut processing residues for industrial applications

Considering global scenario of international market for cashew nut, its industrial processing has great economic consideration. Availability of all essential amino acids in cashew nuts rewards it as nutrition dense crop, providing cashew nuts in the form of dry fruits. Industrial processing of cashew nut generates various by-products/residues, which also cause environmental concerns. These include cashew nut shell liquid (CNSL), testa, cashew apple, and cashew apple bagasse. These by-products are industrially significant as they can be processed to form several bioactive compounds, polymers and other products, thus making the process and products economic and environmental friendly and sustainable. Cashew apple bagasse is rich in organic nature and could be a potent source of lignocellulosic material for the production of bioethanol and other microbial products through biological processes. CNSL is enriched with numerous phenolic compounds and has potential benefits for usage in preparation of coatings and laminates. Therefore, proper management of cashew crop residues could not only lead to high revenue generation, but it also offers environmental sustainability.

An Occupational Hazards and Health Related Issues of Cashew Workers in Cashew Nut Processing – A Review

An Occupational Hazards and Health Related Issues of Cashew Workers in Cashew Nut Processing – A Review

Utilization of chemically treated cashew-nut shell as potential adsorbent for removal of Pb(II) ions from aqueous solution

In this study, cashew nut shells (CNS), waste from a cashew nut processing factory, have been used as an adsorbent for Pb(II) ions in water. Treatments of CNS with 1 M of H2SO4, HNO3, and NaOH solutions were performed to modify their surfaces and improve their adsorption capacities. Characterization of untreated and chemical-treated CNS was carried out using nitrogen adsorption isotherm, elemental (CHN) analysis, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) equipped with energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX). In the study of Pb(II) removal, various models of adsorption kinetics and isotherms were evaluated against the experimental data. The results showed that H2SO4-treated CNS exhibited the highest adsorption capacity. The chemical treatment removes impurities, alters the surface functional groups and improves specific surface areas and pore volumes of native CNS significantly. Surface adsorption and intra-particle diffusion steps were found to substantially affect the overall adsorption process of Pb(II) on H2SO4-treated CNS. Owing to its easy preparation and comparable adsorption capacity, H2SO4-treated CNS has the potential to be developed as a low-cost adsorbent for the removal of Pb(II) from contaminated water.

Sustainable Thermochemical Valorization of Cashew Nut Waste in West Africa: Experimental Study and Evaluation of the Energy Potential in Côte d'Ivoire

The local shelling of cashew nuts in West Africa generates very abundant and troublesome waste for high-capacity processing units. In order to contribute to the local production of sustainable energy and to overcome the difficulty of managing these agro-industrial residues, our study focused on the valorization of shells into energy vectors, using pyrolysis furnaces. Thus, the thermochemical study and elementary analyses made it possible to evaluate the net calorific values of the shell coal and fuel gas generated by pyrolysis, respectively at 6,801 kcal/kg and 4,300 kcal/kg. For CA´te d'Ivoire, the world's leading producer and first processor in the sub-region, local processing of cashew nuts can generate the availability of 44,398 to 104,717 tonnes of shells per year. The study of the energy potential showed that from the year 2018, the annual energy potential of this biomass in CA´te d'Ivoire will evolve from 20,597 to 48,580 toe with a production capacity of 62.93 to 148.43 GWh of electricity and 7,547.66 to 17,802 tons of shell coal. For a national energy consumption close to that of 2018, the rate of renewable energies in the electricity mix could therefore be increased from 0.63% to 1.5% and wood charcoal consumption reduced from 12.88% to nearly 30.4%. The development of cashew nut shell pyrolysis in West Africa could therefore reduce the use of fossil fuels for power generation and deforestation, two of the main causes of local climate change.

Nanoemulsion of cashew nut shell liquid bio-waste: Mosquito larvicidal activity and insights on possible mode of action

Cashew nut (Anacardium occidentale) shell liquid (CNSL) is a massive waste generated from the cashew nut processing industry. The Disposal of large volume of CNSL may become a concern in terms of ecological issues. CNSL is having insecticidal properties despite of this fact it has not been utilized to its full extent. CNSL is poorly soluble in water; in this context, we have utilized CNSL to develop a nanoemulsion for larvicidal applications; using spontaneous emulsification method. The monodispersed micelles of CNSL with mean diameter of 52 nm were produced. The comparative bioefficacy of bulk and nano CNSL was evaluated against the 3rd instar larva of Anopheles culicifacies, which was recorded with LC50 of 18.1 mg/L and 1.4 mg/L, respectively. Morphological damages to the larva post exposure to CNSL nanoemulsion were examined using scanning electron microscope (SEM). Histopathological examination revealed detailed mode of toxicity of nano CNSL on larva. The result obtained showed that the CNSL nanoemulsion has enhanced larvicidal activity compared to bulk CNSL which allows effective utilization of waste. The utilization of CNSL nanoemulsion may also resolve disposal related issues of massive waste generated by cashew nut industry. Such approach may be suitable for enhanced efficacy against mosquito vector, at lower doses and also contribute towards reduced use of synthetic pesticides.

Musculoskeletal Disorder Faced by Women Workers in Cashew Nut Processing Industries of North-East India

Musculoskeletal Disorder Faced by Women Workers in Cashew Nut Processing Industries of North-East India

A Comparative Life Cycle Assessment of Energy Use in Major Agro-processing Industries in Nigeria

A comparative assessment of environmental impacts associated with the energy use in palm kernel oil production and cashew nut processing industries was carried out using life cycle assessment. One Kg of products from both industries was chosen as the functional unit. The gate – to – gate life cycle assessment results indicated that the total contribution per functional unit to global warming potential (GWP), abiotic depletion potential (ADP) and acidification potential (AP) were 50.2809 g of CO2 equivalents, 0.1524 g antimony equivalents and 0.1280 g of SO2 equivalents respectively for palm kernel oil production and 39.8350 g of CO2 equivalents, 0.1209 g antimony equivalents and 0.0957 g of SO2 equivalents respectively for cashew nut processing. The scenario-based results indicated substantial reductions for all the considered impact categories; approximately 18, 28 and 94% reductions were achieved for ADP, GWP and AP respectively for both industries when public power supply from the natural grid was the main energy source for agricultural production. Increasing the thermal efficiency of the nation’s existing power architecture resulted into 62 and 56% reductions for GWP and ADP respectively for the two industries, while additional 6 and 7% reductions were achieved for both impact categories when the transmission and distribution loss was maintained at 5%. The widespread adoption of clean and renewable energy sources, instead of over-reliance on electricity supply from the diesel-powered generator, has been identified as a feasible alternative towards achieving sustainability in the agro-processing industry.

Cold plasma processing effect on cashew nuts composition and allergenicity.

The study investigated the influence of atmospheric plasma processing on cashew nut composition as well as on its allergenicity. The cashew nuts were processed by low-pressure plasma, using glow discharge plasma (80 W and 50 kHz power supply). Anacardic acids and allergens were quantified by HPLC and immunoassay, respectively. Additionally, the overall composition was evaluated by 1H qNMR. Increases in amounts of anacardic acids (15:1, 15:2, and 15:3) and fatty acids (oleic, linoleic, palmitic and stearic) were detected after all process conditions, with 70.92% of total variance captured using 2 LVs. The total amount of anacardic acids increased from 0.7 to 1.2 μg·mg-1 of nut. The major change was observed for anacardic acid (C15:3) with an increase from 0.2 to 0.55 μg/mg of nut for the samples treated with a flow of 10 mL·min-1 and 30 min of processing. On the other hand, the amount of sucrose decreased, from 33 to 18 mg·g-1 of nut, after all processing conditions. Plasma processing of cashew nuts did not affect binding of either the rabbit anti-cashew or human cashew allergic IgE binding. Among the treatments, 10 min of plasma processing at flow rate of 30 mL·min-1 of synthetic air followed by 20 min at flow rate 5.8 mL·min-1 had the least effect on nut composition as a whole.