Cash Payments Research Articles

The Health Arab Tourists’ Satisfaction Level of Services Provided: A Cross-sectional Study in Bangalore-Cross Sectional Study

Introduction: An indication of the quality of medical treatment is how satisfied patients are with the services received. Patient satisfaction is determined by how well they feel their care met their expectations. This survey was conducted in 2023 to assess how satisfied health tourists were with the services received from Bangalore Multispecialty hospitals. Method: It is a cross-sectional study was conducted from 21-3–2023 to 26-1-2023 at Multispecialty Hospital in Bangalore. : In this a cross-sectional study, 400 253 (63.2%) men and 147 (36.8%) women, the data collection instrument is a semi-structured questionnaire in this study. The respondents of this study are Arab tourists who received inpatient and outpatient services at least one day at hospitals. The hospitals were selected purposively but the potential respondents were chosen conveniently. These procedures ensure the researchers access a sufficient number of potential respondents from the hospitals for this study. Researchers of this study approached the respondents and requested they participate in this survey. The researchers informed participants that the information would be utilized only for research purposes and their support was anonymous and voluntary. The questionnaire has 56 general and specific items. Each of the specific items is scaled on five points; Very Good, Good, Moderate, Poor and very poor. In order to analyze the data both descriptive and inferential statistics were used Patient satisfaction and surgical outcomes were the main outcome measures. Results: 400 participants were included in the study (63.2% male and 36.85% Female). 79 of the surgeries were Neurosurgeries cases (19.8%) compared to 75 Oncology cases (18.8%). Regarding patient satisfaction, 96.8% of the patients regarding the quality of care. 66 % were satisfied with the hospital privacy and confidentiality measures. Conclusion: All of the Analyzed domains had excellent patient satisfaction rates, little problems, and successful surgical results in general. There is few things make patients unsatisfied like the waiting time for consultation so long, the method of payment in some hospital that there is limitation for cash payment ,and the language barrier the important factor play the major role.

Smart Water Dispensing: Enhancing Convenience Through App-Controlled Vending Machines

The demand for water vending machines has surged in India, particularly in urban Sectors like Airports, Metro station, malls, offices, Railway stations, Universities and other public sectors, where access to safe drinking water is a pressing concern. However, existing machines predominantly rely on digital and cash payments, posing challenges for individuals without smartphones or ready cash. To address this gap, we propose integrating a phone call facility into water vending machines, allowing users to make purchases via a simple phone call. Coupled with an integrated mobile application accessible nationwide, this system promotes inclusivity and convenience. By leveraging technology, we can ensure that clean water remains accessible to all, regardless of their digital capabilities or financial constraints, aligning with the principles of Digital India. Our goal is to address the challenge faced by individuals without access to cash or mobile phones. Through our in-machine phone call services, users can facilitate payments for others, promoting financial inclusivity. Additionally, our solution enables individuals worldwide to make payments seamlessly through a dedicated application.

Can digital M&A reduce the stock price crash risk?

AbstractWith the rapid development of the digital economy, digital mergers and acquisitions (M&A) have become essential means for enterprises to acquire digital technologies and accelerate their digital transformation. This paper examines the impact of digital M&A on stock price crash risk using a sample of M&A transactions of China A‐share listed companies from 2010 to 2021. The results show that digital M&A can reduce stock price crash risk after M&A. Further discussions reveal that compared to non‐digital M&A, digital M&A has a better market effect, and the target firms of digital M&A generally are in different industries from the acquirers, have relatively low registered capital, have a shorter registration time, and have better financial performance. Mechanism tests indicate that during the transaction, digital M&A increases the probability of signing earnout contracts and reduces the cash payment ratio. After the transaction, digital M&A increases research and development (R&D) investment and improves R&D investment efficiency, ultimately reducing stock price crash risk. Cross‐sectional tests suggest that in situations with intense market competition, lower digitalization level of the acquirers, and higher business similarity between the acquirer and the target firm, digital M&A is more effective in reducing stock price crash risk. The findings enrich the research on the operational mechanisms and economic consequences of digital M&A, providing theoretical references for regulatory authorities to optimise M&A regulatory policies and for enterprises to assess the benefits and risks of digital M&A.

Цифровая валюта, цифровые права и цифровой рубль: перспективы использования в российской юрисдикции

The work examines the emergence and development in Russian legal reality of such objects of civil rights as digital currency, digital rights and digital ruble. A common feature for all these categories is their digital form, as well as their existence and circulation in a certain information system that satisfies the criteria established by law. The differences between these objects lie in the degree of their legalization, the presence of restrictions as regards to their turnover, as well as in those areas in which they can be used by participants of civil legal relations. Thus, despite certain legislative prohibitions, digital currency is allowed for circulation in the Russian Federation, as well as in foreign trade relations. Digital rights are used in those areas and by those parties that are determined by the legislator. The digital ruble is intended to partially replace cash payments and become a new form of ruble, even more in demand today than the previous ones. Having analyzed the above, we can come to the conclusion that these objects of civil rights expand the opportunities of participants of civil law relations to exercise their rights and obligations in the digital environment, as well as the areas in which digitalization penetrates. It also seems that there is not sufficient scientific justification for mixing these categories, recognizing digital currency as a type of digital law, etc.

Offshore Wind Farms and Tourism Development Relationship to Energy Distribution Justice for the Beibu Gulf, China

Energy distribution justice is of primary concern within the energy justice framework and it is crucial to increase public acceptance of offshore wind energy and further advance its development. The rapid development of offshore wind energy in China has inevitably impacted the livelihoods of coastal vulnerable groups (CVGs) engaged in fisheries and tourism in the coastal zone. While current policies often compensate for livelihood losses through cash payments, the fiscal strain caused by COVID-19 renders this approach unsustainable. Consequently, this research pioneers the exploration of Chinese tourist groups’ landscape preferences towards offshore wind farms (OWFs). This study proposes a new approach to enhance OWF landscapes for tourism development, thereby balancing the distribution of costs and benefits between CVGs and tourists. The research focuses on Beihai City in the Beibu Gulf Economic Region, utilizing a combination of Q-methodology and choice experiments that incorporates cut-offs. Answers to eighty Q-methodology questionnaires and 1324 choice experiment questionnaires are obtained. The findings indicate that this region can achieve energy distribution justice by compensating for the livelihood losses of CVGs through tourism. Contrary to traditional assumptions about wind farm noise preferences, Chinese tourists prefer proximity to OWFs, as an appropriate coastal acoustics landscape can enhance their tourism experience. In light of these findings, this paper presents policy recommendations towards energy distribution justice.

ASSESSING THE WILLINGNESS TO PAY FOR CONSERVATION AND MANAGEMENT OF WETLANDS AT JAGDISPUR RESERVOIR IN KAPILVASTU DISTRICT OF NEPAL

Wetlands are one of the world's most productive ecosystems. They have significant ecological, economic, cultural, and recreational significance. However, wetlands are being misused and degraded; therefore, wise and sustainable use of wetlands, conservation and management of wetlands resources are critical at the local level. Community-based conservation is a method of managing wetlands near settlements sustainably. The objective of this study was to determine local people's willingness to pay (WTP) for community-based conservation and management activities, as well as the factors which influence it, at the Jagdispur Reservoir in Nepal's Kapilvastu district. A total of 62 households were surveyed. Household surveys and key informant interviews were conducted. Contingent valuation was used to elicit WTP, while regression analysis identified significant determinants. Thirteen provisioning, regulating, cultural and supporting services were identified, including irrigation, fisheries, tourism and biodiversity. Of 62 households, 67% expressed WTP averaging NRs 3,351 (US $ 25.38) annually. WTP was higher for proximal households, reflecting greater dependence. Cash payments dominated, but labor contributions were also substantial. Age, income, participation in conservation, and distance from wetlands positively and significantly influenced WTP. Whereas education, gender, ethnicity and number of family members did not. The findings indicate a high value placed on sustaining wetland services, justifying investment in conservation and wise use. Follow-up research on governance, benefit sharing and sustainable financing is recommended to translate WTP into effective action. Overall, the results provide important baseline data to guide policies and collective action for wetland stewardship.

An Analysis on Determinants of Cash and L/C Export: Findings from Türkiye’s Export

The payment methods used in international trade are of significant importance for the financial flow of the involved parties. When it comes to transferring goods and funds across borders to their new owners, the risks faced by the parties may seem daunting. The use of a letter of credit payment method by banks serves a protective role, enabling the parties to engage in trade more securely. While the expenses linked to this approach are sometimes viewed as challenging for the involved parties, it is considered a significant enabler, particularly in new trade alliances. In fact, exporters' choices are classified in countries' trade statistics based on payment methods. This study aims to uncover the determinants of exports from Türkiye between January 2013 and September 2023, utilizing both cash in advance and letter of credit payment methods. To accomplish this objective, exchange rates and specific inflation indicators, and their causal relationship with export transactions based on payment types was examined using the Toda-Yamamoto causality test. The research findings indicate that exchange rates, inflation, and cash payment variables cause letter of credit payments. Conversely, only the foreign producer price index was identified as a cause for cash-based exports. These findings illustrate that economic indicators, which may pose risks for Turkish exporters, are reasons for important decisions. In light of these findings, recommendations have been made for exporters and policymakers to proceed cautiously in the face of different economic scenarios.

Understanding students’ switching intentions from cash payment to mobile payment in education sector

PurposeThe study intends to evaluate students’ intention to shift from cash payment to mobile payment system for academic fee payments through push, pull and mooring framework. Push factors comprise risk and service-related factors, pull factors consist of subjective and aspect-based factors and mooring factors include cost and cognitive factors.Design/methodology/approachSample of the study consists of around 296 undergraduate and postgraduate students from different higher educational institutions located in India. The questionnaire for data collection comprises 21 Likert scale-based items distributed among seven constructs. Partial least square structural equation modeling is used to identify the significant factors influencing students’ intentions.FindingsFive of the factors, namely, risk, service, subjective, aspect and cognitive significantly influence student’s intention to switch to mobile payment system for academic fee payments. Moderation analysis indicates that the impact of the push and pull factors on switching intention towards mobile payments has a more positive influence among male students.Originality/valueThis study is probably the only study that tested the specific push, pull and mooring factors influencing intention to switch to mobile payment from cash payment in the Indian education system based on the incentive, Fogg behavior and status quo bias theory for academic fee payment.

FACTORS INFLUENCING MARKETING OF TOMATOES IN JALINGO LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA OF TARABA STATE, A CASE STUDY OF CBN REDESIGN OF NAIRA NOTES.

This study was carried out to analyze the factors influencing tomato marketing in Jalingo Local Government Area of Taraba State: A case study of CBN redesign of naira notes. Public opinion survey design was adopted for the study; multi-stage technique was used to select 100 respondents. Data for the study were collected from primary source with the aid of questionnaire. Descriptive statistic and multiple regressions were used to analyzed data. Results of the multiple regressions indicated that the major factors that significantly influenced the marketing of tomato are: annual income (0.390), scarcity of money (-989.943), low patronage (-6130.114) and high transaction charges (-205.636). During the redesign of the new Naira notes in Nigeria, various mediums of buying and selling were observed, as reflected in the provided table 1. The predominant mode of transactions (buying and selling of tomatoes) by tomato marketers was through cash transfer 96.0%. The result further showed that the major constraints faced by the tomato marketers were naira scarcity (100.0 %), low patronage (91.0%), transportation cost (94.0%), and failed cash transfer (93.0%). Also, the major medium of buying and selling tomatoes explored by tomato marketers during the period of new Naira redesign are cash transfer (96.0%) and cash payment (90.0%) in the study area. It was concluded that tomato marketing was negatively and significantly influenced by the CBN redesign of naira currency which led to scarcity of money. It was recommended that government should be discouraged from formulating policy that will bring about scarcity of naira currency in the country as it affects marketing of tomatoes and also policymakers and stakeholders in the tomato marketing sector should focus on strategies to enhance income levels, address challenges related to low patronage, and provide financial support to mitigate constraints during periods of Naira redesign.

China cross-border e-commerce comprehensive pilot zone and urban residents' tourism consumption: empirical study based on CHFS data

In this study, we examine the impact of China's cross-border e-commerce pilot zones on urban residents' tourism consumption. It also examines the underlying mechanism of this impact using data from the China Household Finance Survey. The research indicates that creating China cross-border e-commerce pilot zones substantially impacts increasing tourism consumption among urban inhabitants. Furthermore, using cash payment methods and risk preferences is beneficial in influencing this effect. This research employs an econometric model and performs endogeneity analysis to confirm the reliability of the findings and explore the mechanism of influence. This study enhances the existing theory on cross-border e-commerce and consumer behavior, offering valuable insights for supporting the sustainable growth of cross-border e-commerce and optimizing the structure of tourism consumption.

CEO overconfidence and investor sentiment in M&A decisions

This study investigates the interactive impact of CEO overconfidence and investor sentiment on merger behavior in U.S. firms. We find that the influence of CEO overconfidence on merger frequency is stronger during periods of high investor sentiment, diminishing in low sentiment times. It suggests that investor sentiment is a more dominant determinant than CEO overconfidence in shaping merger frequency. Furthermore, a bullish market trend motivates overconfident CEOs to pursue diversifying mergers, while a bearish market trend encourages cash payments. Overall, overconfident CEOs adapt their merger behavior based on the economic environment, with investor sentiment playing a dominant role in decision-making.

Acquisition deal characteristics and earnings management: New evidence from Gulf Cooperation Council countries

AbstractIn this study, we empirically investigate the association between acquisition deal characteristics and two forms of earnings management: accruals earnings management and real earnings management. Our focus is on acquiring firms listed in six Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries. Employing a panel data approach to explore these interrelationships, our findings suggest that acquiring companies involved in cross‐border deals tend to resort to accruals earnings management before the acquisition rather than real earnings management. Conversely, acquiring firms engaged in unrelated industrial deals are inclined to employ real earnings management over accruals earnings management. Moreover, our analysis indicates that the extent of acquired ownership acts as an effective tool in mitigating both forms of earnings management. Similarly, cash payment acquisitions emerge as an efficient means of curtailing both accruals and real earnings management. These results underscore that the engagement of GCC acquiring firms in earnings management is influenced by the specific characteristics inherent in the acquisition deals.

The Causality between Analysts’ Recommendations and Corporate M&As

Abstract This study examines the role of analysts' recommendations in mergers and acquisitions (M&As), focusing on their impact on payment methods and acquirers' long-term performance. The findings reveal that acquirers with strong buy or buy recommendations are more likely to use 100% stock payment, consistent with the overvaluation hypothesis. Conversely, those with strong sell or sell recommendations tend to prefer cash payment. Notably, acquirers with higher recommendation scores exhibit better long-term market performance. This finding suggests that analysts' recommendations before M&A announcements do not fully incorporate the deal's potential impact on long-term value creation. Moreover, acquirers with buy recommendations experience significantly lower long-term returns, highlighting the disconnect between analysts' recommendations and long-term performance. These findings contribute to understanding the information content and limitations of analysts' recommendations in the M&A context. JEL classification numbers: G34, G24, G14. Keywords: Mergers and acquisitions, Analysts' recommendations, Payment methods, Information quality, Overvaluation hypothesis.

193 Price Transparency and Cash Discounts for Implantable Pulse Generator Implantation in the United States

INTRODUCTION: Since the Healthcare PRICE Transparency Act (January 2021), hospitals are required to publicly disclose standard prices for care and procedures. METHODS: This is a cross-sectional study conducted with data obtained from Turquoise Health from January to April 2021. Current procedural terminology (CPT) code 61885 was used to query cases of DBS IPG connected to a single electrode. Inclusion criteria required reporting of both commercial and cash prices. Hospitals were filtered for cash to commercial price ratios <2. The Healthy Marketplace Index (HMI) was used to assess city-level hospital competition and the 2022 Lown Institute Hospital Index (LIHI) was used to assess hospital bed size. Differences in continuous variables were analyzed with a Kruskal-Wallis test. RESULTS: Eight-hundred forty-six centers met inclusion criteria, of which 98 (11.6%) provided commercial and cash prices and a cash to commercial ratio of <2. Of those 98, the median commercial price was $18,562 (IQR $1,572-28,476) and the median cash price was $4,340 ($1,596-27,223), with a median intrahospital cash to commercial price ratio of 0.78. Sixty-eight of those 98 (69.4%) hospitals provided a discount for cash payments (cash:commercial ratio<1) of 41% relative to commercial and 39% discount relative to Medicare prices (p<0.001). Medicaid prices significantly differed between hospital sizes. Univariate analysis demonstrated that hospital size and market share were not significant predictors of providing a fair cash estimate. Twenty-eight (56%) states provided a cash discount. CONCLUSIONS: Prices for IPG implantation varied greatly, with self-pay cash pricing providing significant discounts relative to commercial pricing. Cost data should be systematically analyzed and leveraged to increase cost awareness of the procedure, inform hospital reimbursements, and broaden patient accessibility to this valuable therapy.

농촌 과대대표의 헌법적 문제점

A lawmaker's realistic goal is to get elected, and to get elected, they need the votes of their constituents. However, if one person's vote is worth two votes, then that group becomes very attractive to politicians. The value of a rural vote is often twice as high as that of an urban vote. Rural areas are overrepresented in parliamentary elections. If there are 2.2 million farmers, that's 4.4 million votes for politicians.
 The problem of rural overrepresentation has been reduced since the 1987 system, when the difference in the value of the vote was nearly six times that of urban areas, but the privileges accumulated over 37 years have been further consolidated by the introduction of several systems through legislative amendments.
 Agricultural insurance, which aims to maximize losses from natural disasters and reduce the risk of growing weather-affected agricultural products to zero, has been subsidized by taxpayers' money to de-risk farmers, while high-tariff imports distort the market by making them uncompetitive and discouraging the urban poor from choosing cheaper imports. The direct payment system also disincentivizes farmers from engaging in “other industries” other than agriculture. If farmers are paid a certain amount of cash in taxpayer dollars just to farm, there is no incentive to try and be selected for other industries or to improve the productivity of the farming they are doing. Farmers get 9% of their insurance premiums subsidized by taxes, they get subsidized by taxes even if the price of their produce falls, they get a direct cash payment for doing their own farming, and they get to sell their produce at 7 times the price of imports, forcing the rural and urban poor to pay higher prices for their produce. Politicians provide low-risk, stable returns to rural farmers and politicians give them special favors. Taxpayers' money buys their tickets.
 As a result, urban and rural people are forced to eat the most expensive milk, bread, rice, eggs, and beef in the world. They are forced to pay high prices for our agricultural products, which are heavily subsidized by taxpayers' money and have lost their competitiveness, and they are unable to eat quality agricultural products from other countries at low prices. It is time to pursue strict urban-rural ‘vote equality’ and reform the system so that the majority of the people are not sacrificed for the benefit of a special group. The Korean Constitution does not allow for special classes, and farmers and fishermen should not be a special class under the Constitution.

PURSES OF MITHRIDATES’ MERCENARIES FROM THE CIMMERIAN BOSPORUS

This article examines the numismatic sources from the Cimmerian Bosporus: hoards representing soldiers’ purses, cases of cash payments for rations, as well as the coinages minted to make these payments during the Mithridatic Wars. Several hoards of a military context came from this time, consisting of coins, which were precisely used for the allowances of soldiers. On the one hand, these hoards provide evidence of the payment made to Mithridates’ mercenaries who served in garrisons in cities and in their chora to protect the grain-producing areas that supplied the king’s army with bread. Such hoards consist of silver or bronze coinages specially minted for military payments in Bosporus. However, except for two cases of wage payment made to the garrison in silver (CH XI, 137, 138), using bronze coins for military payments is characteristic of the Bosporus in the Late Hellenistic period. On the other hand, at least five garrisons in Bosporus, whose existence has been attested due to finds of soldiers’ purses, are in Tyritace (IGCH 1145 = СΗ ΧΙ, 140), Myrmecium (CH XI, 116, 141), Patraeus (CH XI, 142), Phanagoria (CH XI, 145A-B) and the Vyshesteblievskaya 3 settlement, located in the grain-producing area subordinate to Phanagoria. These purses show that during the Mithridatic Wars, mercenaries were paid in Bosporan and Pontic bronze coins of significant denominations, which apparently amounted to less than an obol per day. The purses of mercenaries containing the same amount indicate the approximate level of their pay, equal to 22(?) obols per month. The case of Bosporus demonstrates the success of one of the major innovations of the Hellenistic period – the systematic use of bronze for military payment.

Paying in a blink of an eye: it hurts less, but you spend more

The key objective of this research is to gain a deeper understanding of the factors associated with pain of paying and to extend knowledge of the consequences. Using rich consumer survey data on the Netherlands, we find that electronic payments – both online and offline – hurt less than cash payments. This holds especially for contactless payments and iDEAL payments, a frequently used online payment method in the Netherlands, and for older people in particular but not for teenagers. Furthermore, the perceived pain of paying is positively related to the price of the product or service and slightly lower for an outing compared to grocery shopping. In addition, the pain is relatively high for individuals that are likely to value money more, such as people who find it hard to make ends meet with their income. On average, cash is perceived to be most helpful in preventing overspending, whereas contactless payments are the least helpful. The lower the perceived pain of paying contactless is in comparison to the pain associated with other payment methods, the lower its perceived usefulness in preventing overspending. Moreover, the intensity of use of contactless payments is negatively correlated with the relative pain of paying contactless, which suggests that people try to avoid the pain of paying. As the usage of cash is declining, it is important that policymakers develop tools that help consumers in averting overspending when utilizing electronic payment methods, particularly contactless ones.

Corporate social responsibility and the choice of payment method in mergers and acquisitions

This study examines the relationship between corporate social responsibility (CSR) and the choice of payment method in mergers and acquisitions (M&As). We find that acquiring firms' CSR is positively related to cash payments but negatively related to stock payments for acquisition deals, particularly for poorly governed firms with excessive CSR. Further analysis indicates that cash payments are positively related to acquisition bid premiums and reduce the likelihood of bid failure, but this payment method adversely affects shareholder wealth of poorly governed high-CSR acquiring firms. Our evidence suggests that managerial agency-motivated CSR is a determinant of the payment method in M&As that has important implication for acquirer shareholder value.

Evaluation of the Growth, Obstacles, and Challenges of E-Money During the COVID-19 Pandemic

During the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020, electronic money (e-money) was a valuable opportunity as a means of payment. This article used empirical research on millennials to evaluate the growth, barriers and challenges of e-money as a new payment tool in Indonesia. Data collection was conducted through interviews with two e-money issuer executives and 23 millennial e-money customers. Using qualitative methods, the study concluded that the development strategy for e-money was to create innovations that can offer users more security. Increased promotions and cashback at affiliated stores with issued products are also the most popular development strategies for customers. Restrictions on e-money customers included security issues, limited merchants, unstable provider networks, and social-cultural factors (the habit of using traditional cash payment methods). The challenge for e-money issuers was competitors with similar products.
 Keywords: e-money, payment tool, green finance, COVID-19

Mobility for the people: Equity requirements in US shared micromobility programs

Shared micromobility services including bikeshare and shared e-scooters have proliferated in the U.S., but barriers continue to limit their use by some travelers. Cities and transportation agencies have attempted to overcome access disparities by establishing equity-oriented policy requirements for shared micromobility programs. Yet no clear picture exists of either their prevalence or specific components. To address this gap, we asked and answered two questions: 1) What equity requirements do shared micromobility programs include? and 2) to what extent are programs monitored and evaluated? We collected policy data for 239 shared micromobility programs across the U.S. We focused on equity requirements across three dimensions: process, implementation, and evaluation. We found that 62% of shared micromobility programs had at least one equity requirement, although fewer than half (46%) included more than one, suggesting potential challenges for travelers facing intersectional barriers. Less than one-third of programs (29%) included process-equity requirements for targeted outreach to marginalized or underserved communities. Implementation requirements included smartphone alternative (36% of programs), cash payment compatibility (33%), reduced rates (32%), multilingual services (26%), adaptive vehicles for users with disabilities (5%), and mandated geographic service areas (30%). Finally, while most programs (83%) required data reporting from private companies, far fewer published public-facing evaluation reports (27%) or specified compliance language related to equity (15%). The language and conditions of requirements varied dramatically across programs. Findings reveal implications for transportation policy, including a need for micromobility programs to focus on access and outcomes during program evaluation.