Cases Of Iron Deficiency Anemia Research Articles

Gene expression of iron transporters, markers of vascularization and structural integrity in placenta of mothers with and without anemia.

To compare the mRNA expression of placental iron transporters (TfR-1 and FPN), markers of placental vascularization (VEGF and sFLT1) and marker of structural integrity (LMN-A) in term women with and without iron deficiency anemia. A total of 30 pregnant women were enrolled; 15 cases of iron deficiency anemia (Hb 7-10.9 gm/dL) and 15 gestational age matched healthy controls (Hb ≥ 11 gm/dL). Peripheral venous blood was collected for assessment of hemoglobin levels and serum iron profile. Placental tissue was used for assessing the mRNA expression of TfR-1, FPN, VEGF, sFLT-1 and LMN-A via real time PCR. Placental expression of TfR-1, VEGF and LMN-A was increased in pregnant women with anemia compared to healthy pregnant controls. Placental expression of sFLT-1 was decreased in pregnant women with anemia compared to healthy pregnant controls. There was no change in the placental expression of FPN. The increased expression of TfR-1, VEGF and LMN-A in cases of iron deficiency anemia are most likely to be compensatory in nature to help maintain adequate fetal iron delivery. Compensatory changes in the placenta aimed at buffering transport of iron to the fetus are seen in pregnant women with anemia compared to healthy pregnant controls.

Risk Factors for Anaemia, Iron Deficiency, and Iron Deficiency Anaemia in Women of Reproductive Age Using Logistic Regression

Women of reproductive age (WRA) are vulnerable to anaemia, iron deficiency (ID), or iron deficiency anaemia (IDA). To identify the factors influencing anaemia, ID, and IDA to WRA in Indonesia, logistic regression analysis was employed. This study aims to determine the prevalence of anaemia, ID, and AID among WRA, as well as to identify influencing factors and evaluate the classification results produced by Logistic Regression methods. The data used were obtained from the Research and Development Agency, Ministry of Health of Indonesia. Haemoglobin data, demographic, and socioeconomic data were derived from the Basic Health Research 2013, and ferritin (Fe) and CRP data used stored serum samples collected in 2013 and analyzed in 2016. The results of this study found that the prevalence of anaemia among WRA in Indonesia is 11%, ID 14%, and AID 9%. Significant factors influencing health conditions include BMI, marital status, family size, malaria, and ARI. Individuals with overweight or obesity have a lower chance of experiencing anaemia, ID, and IDA compared to those who are thin, while individuals who are divorced have a higher risk than those who are unmarried. Additionally, individuals affected by malaria or ARI also have a higher risk of experiencing anaemia. Consumption of animal protein and education also emerges as significant factors affecting ID conditions. Although the model using Multinomial Logistic Regression shows higher accuracy than the binary model, both still have weaknesses in identifying cases of anaemia, ID, and IDA with low sensitivity. Model evaluation indicates that despite proficiency in recognizing normal cases, they still struggle to detect cases of anaemia, ID, and IDA.

Iron Insights: Exploring Age-Specific Variations In Anaemia Prevalence In Islamabad

Background & Introduction: Blood, a specialized connective tissue, facilitates the vital transport of oxygen, carbon dioxide, minerals, hormones, and salts throughout the body. Anemia, characterized by reduced oxygen-carrying capacity, often stems from factors such as diminished red blood cell (RBC) synthesis or excessive blood loss. Notably, iron deficiency stands out as a prominent cause, particularly among females of reproductive age, due to factors like inadequate dietary iron intake and menstrual blood loss. Objectives: This study aims to assess the prevalence of iron deficiency anemia (IDA) in both males and females across different age groups. Specifically, we seek to determine the frequency of IDA and its distribution among age cohorts spanning 6-12 years, 13-19 years, and 20-50 years. Methodology: Employing a cross-sectional study design, we surveyed a population of 2071 individuals, selecting a sample of 3[1]24 participants through non-probability convenient sampling methods. Descriptive statistics, facilitated by SPSS, guided our analysis. Hematological parameters including hemoglobin (HB) levels, RBC count, mean corpuscular volume (MCV), and mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH) were evaluated to ascertain the hematological status of the study cohort. Results: Our findings reveal notable trends in IDA prevalence across age groups. Among participants aged 16-30 years, IDA incidence stood at 51%, whereas the 31-35 years age group exhibited a 26% prevalence, and the 46-60 years age group recorded a 23% incidence of IDA. Additionally, our analysis indicates a higher prevalence of IDA among females, constituting 65% of all IDA cases, particularly pronounced in the reproductive age bracket of 16-30 years. Conclusion: The study underscores a gender-based discrepancy in IDA prevalence, with females exhibiting a higher incidence compared to males. Notably, females within the reproductive age range of 16-30 years emerge as a particularly vulnerable demographic. These findings emphasize the importance of targeted interventions to address iron deficiency, especially among at-risk populations.

Клинический случай железодефицитной анемии у пациента пожилого возраста с отягощенным сердечно-сосудистым анамнезом

A clinical case of iron deficiency anemia in a patient with chronic heart failure, coronary artery disease after myocardial infarction and coronary artery stenting, which aggravated the course of the underlying disease and worsened the quality of life, is presented. The important role of correction of iron deficiency anemia in patients with pathologies of the cardiovascular system is shown.

Relation of Iron Deficiency Anemia in Pre-Menopause Women with Calcium and Vitamin D Levels at Teaching Hospital

Background: Iron deficiency anemia (IDA) is a common condition influenced by various factors, such as age, symptom duration, and other biochemical markers. Premenopausal women often experience premenstrual syndrome (PMS), which is frequently associated with reduced blood levels of calcium and vitamin D. Given the worldwide public health concern of osteoporosis, understanding lifetime preventive measures is crucial. Methods: This study aimed to explore the relationship between IDA and various clinical characteristics in 161 participants. We evaluated parameters including age, symptom duration, and levels of calcium and vitamin D to identify potential associations with IDA. Data for the 161 patients were collected using a predesigned proforma, as approved by the ethics committee. The Chi-square test was employed to determine statistical significance, with a P-value threshold set at 0.05. Results: The average age of participants was 38.6 years, with the majority (58.4%) reporting symptoms for an average duration of 58.4 months. Among them, 54% had confirmed cases of IDA. However, there was no significant age-related correlation with IDA. Notably, a strong correlation was observed between IDA and low vitamin D levels, which were present in 79.8% of the patients. Conversely, no significant relationship was found between calcium levels and IDA. Conclusion: Current research underscores the complex interplay between IDA and various clinical factors. Low vitamin D levels appear to be strongly linked with IDA, whereas age and symptom duration are not reliable indicators of the condition. This emphasizes the importance of considering multiple factors in the diagnosis and treatment of IDA, particularly focusing on the potential role of vitamin D in its pathogenesis. Further prospective studies are needed to confirm and expand upon these findings, potentially leading to improved treatment and diagnostic strategies for patients with IDA.

Iron Deficiency and Vitamin D Deficiency Are Associated with Sleep in Females of Reproductive Age: An Analysis of NHANES 2005–2018 Data

BackgroundIron and vitamin D deficiencies have been implicated in sleep disturbance. Although females are more susceptible to these deficiencies and frequently report sleep-related issues, few studies have examined these associations in females. ObjectiveThis study investigates the association of iron and vitamin D deficiencies on sleep in a nationally representative sample of females of reproductive age. MethodsWe used 2 samples of 20–49-y-old non-pregnant females from National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2005–2008 (N = 2497) and NHANES 2005–2010 and 2015–2018 (N = 6731) to examine the associations of iron deficiency (ID), iron deficiency anemia (IDA), vitamin D deficiency (VDD), vitamin D inadequacy (VDI), and the joint association of both deficiencies with sleep duration, latency, and quality. Sleep outcomes were measured using a self-reported questionnaire. We used the body iron model based on serum ferritin and serum soluble transferrin receptor to identify ID, along with hemoglobin to identify IDA cases. In addition, 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels were used to determine VDD and VDI cases. Logistic regression was used to evaluate these associations, adjusting for potential confounders. In addition, we assessed the multiplicative and additive interactions of both deficiencies. ResultsID and IDA were associated with poor sleep quality, with 1.42 [95% confidence interval (CI): 1.02, 2.00)] and 2.08 (95% CI: 1.29, 3.38) higher odds, respectively, whereas VDD and VDI were significantly associated with short sleep duration, with 1.26 (95% CI: 1.02, 1.54) and 1.22 (95% CI: 1.04, 1.44) higher odds, respectively. Subjects with both nutritional deficiencies had significantly higher odds of poorer sleep quality compared with subjects with neither condition. For sleep quality, a significant multiplicative interaction was observed between ID and VDD (P value = 0.0005). No associations were observed between study exposures and sleep latency. ConclusionsAmong females of reproductive age, iron and vitamin D deficiencies are associated with sleep health outcomes. The potential synergistic effect of both deficiencies warrants further assessment.

The importance of 99m tc-RBC to detect the bleeding site undiagnosed by other methods: A case report

Ileal and jejunal lesions, accounting for approximately 5% of gastrointestinal bleeding, are seldom visualized with barium and endoscopy studies. We present a case of iron deficiency anemia without overt bleeding, unresponsive to iron therapy.

The Effect of Delayed Cord Clamping (DCC) on Haemoglobin Levels and Oxygen Saturation Levels in Newborns

Background: The case of iron deficiency anaemia in infants is a serious health problem because it interferes with mental and cognitive development. DCC prolongs blood flow from the placenta to the baby through the umbilical cord, increases blood volume, and optimizes oxygen transfusion which might prevent anemia and promote effective self-breathing. Objective: To determine the effect of DCC on Haemoglobin Levels and Oxygen Saturation Levels in Newborns. Method: Experimental research with Post-test Only Control Group design. The total Sampling method was used on 30 newborns as the samples, with 15 intervention groups and 15 control groups. Data collection used the Delayed Cord Clamping procedure, observation sheets, Easy Touch GCHb tool, and Baby SpO2. An Independent T-test was used to process the data. Results: Based on the experiment on 30 infants, it found that the average hemoglobin level of new-borns with the Delayed Cord Clamping treatment was 22.07 gr/dL higher than the hemoglobin level of new-borns without the Delayed Cord Clamping treatment of 17.79 gr/dL. In addition, the average oxygen saturation level of newborns with the Delayed Cord Clamping treatment was 87.4% more than that of newborns without the Delayed Cord Clamping treatment of 77.4%. Conclusion: DCC affects Haemoglobin Levels and Oxygen Saturation Levels in Newborns in the Work Area of the Aikmel Regional Health Centre. There is a need to increase information about the benefits of DCC among health workers.

Cytomorphometric analysis of buccal mucosal cells in iron deficiency anemia: A cross-sectional study.

Worldwide, at any given moment, more individuals have iron deficiency anemia (IDA) than any other health problems. Very few studies have been conducted to evaluate changes in oral mucosa in IDA. The present study is undertaken for cytomorphometric analysis of buccal mucosal cells in IDA. Nuclear diameter (ND), cell diameter (CD), nuclear area (NA), cell area (CA), and nuclear-cytoplasmic ratio (N/C) are measured and compared in buccal mucosal cells of IDA patients and controls. To evaluate cytomorphometric changes in epithelial cells of oral mucosa in IDA and to compare these changes with the controls. A cross-sectional study. Forty cases of IDA and forty cases of control group were selected for the study. IDA cases were diagnosed with decreased Hb level, MCV, MCH, MCHC and confirmed by decreased serum iron and increased total iron-binding capacity levels. Cytomorphometric analysis of buccal mucosa was performed to study CA, CD, NA, ND, and N/C ratio. Statistical analysis was done using t- test in SPSS software version 4. Results of our study showed increased cell area, cell diameter, nuclear area, nuclear diameter, and nuclear-cytoplasmic ratio in anemic group as compared to controls. The study suggests that individuals with IDA regardless of clinically visible oral lesions show cytological changes in oral mucosal epithelium. Knowledge of quantitative alterations in oral epithelial cells of IDA patients is important as these alterations are similar to those seen in precancerous and radiation-induced changes. Cytomorphometry is an efficient tool to understand the extent of cellular changes that occur in oral epithelial cells in IDA.

Iron Deficiency in Pregnancy: A Brief Review

This paper highlights iron deficiency anaemia in pregnancy; its prevalence, causes, screening, and management. Iron deficiency is a spectrum that ranges from iron depletion to iron deficiency anaemia. Iron deficiency is the most common and leading cause of anaemia in pregnancy both in developed and underdeveloped countries. The incidence of iron deficiency anaemia varies worldwide depending on differences in race, socioeconomic factors, nutritional status, health condition, and the frequency of parasitic illnesses. Untreated Iron deficiency has significant adverse foetal and maternal consequences. The management of iron deficiency anaemia includes education regarding dietary modification, specifically ways to enhance iron absorption and iron supplementation. Although oral supplementation is typically the mainstay of treatment, more severe cases of iron deficiency anaemia may require intravenous supplementation.

Severe, Refractory Anaemia Associated with Helicobacter Pylori Infection Managed With L. Reuteri DSMZ17648 (Probiotic) and Haeme Iron Supplements: A Case Report

Helicobacter pylori infection can be observed with increased frequency in patients with iron deficiency anaemia (IDA), especially in resistant cases. This case report describes a case of resistant IDA that responded to probiotic (Lactobacillus reuteri DSMZ17648) and oral haeme iron polypeptide supplementation, highlighting that oral probiotic supplement trial may be considered before antibiotic therapy for H. pylori treatment in a patient with IDA.

Novel reticulocyte parameters in thalassemia and iron deficiency anemia

Reticulocytes are immature, non-nucleated RBCs that still contain RNA. It provides useful information about the capacity of the bone marrow to synthesize and release red cells in response to anemia and helps to distinguish between decreased RBC production and enhanced peripheral destruction. A prospective study was done between thalassemia and iron deficiency anemia cases. The duration of the study was 1 year where 139 cases were included. In our study, a total of 139 patients are included out of which 94 cases were of Thalassemia and 45 cases of Iron deficiency anemia. Measurement of complete blood count (CBC) with reticulocyte fractions was done in the SYSMEX XN-550 system and for serum ferritin, Architect iSystem was used. This study demonstrates the cut-off value of IRF for detecting Thalassemia trait as 15.85-21.50%, IDA was >21.50% and for Thalassemia major it was < 15.85%. The LFR% optimum cut-off for detecting Thalassemia trait was estimated to be 83.1-84.2%, IDA <83.1%and for Thalassemia major it was > 84.2%. The MFR% optimum cut-off for detecting Thalassemia trait was estimated to be <12.9%, IDA was >13.25% and for Thalassemia major it was 12.9-13.25%. The HFR% optimum cut-off for detecting Thalassemia trait was estimated to be 2.4-5.3%, IDA was >5.3%and for Thalassemia major it was < 2.4%. The use of new hematological parameters and doing further comparative-based studies will help in differentiating various types of anemia and give knowledge of physiopathology of the underlying disease.

Unusual symptoms of iron deficiency anemia (2 clinical observations)

Iron deficiency is a leading cause of anemia, the most common malnutrition worldwide, affecting 42% of children worldwide. Most often, iron deficiency occurs in children of the first year of life and adolescents; its prevalence in adolescents has pronounced gender differences. In Russia, it is much more common in girls in 17.231.0% of cases, which is 1.6 times higher than in boys. The presence of delayed adverse effects of iron deficiency at an early age has been established, therefore, timely correction of sideropenic conditions in young children is important for the prevention of long-term consequences of a childs development. The article presents two clinical cases of iron deficiency anemia in adolescent girls who had iron deficiency in the first year of life. On the example of the first clinical observation, we observe the development of alopecia against the background of severe sideropenia as part of the epithelial syndrome with iron deficiency anemia of moderate severity. Iron deficiency in this case is multifactorial maternal anemia during pregnancy, spontaneous subarachnoid hemorrhage, shunt infection, and uncorrected iron deficiency in the first two years. The second clinical example illustrates iron deficiency anemia of mixed genesis in a teenage girl, which was the result of insufficient iron stores at birth, alimentary insufficiency, aggravated against the background of heavy, prolonged menstruation. In this case, there is no hair loss, despite the more severe course of anemia, a long refractory period with iron therapy. The data of clinical cases confirm the significance of low iron stores at birth in the risk of developing iron deficiency anemia in puberty. During the examination of children, the need to take into account the state of the gastrointestinal tract in the algorithm for diagnosing the state of the gastrointestinal tract (detection of malabsorption, blood loss) was shown.

幽门螺旋杆菌感染引起缺铁性贫血1例

幽门螺旋杆菌感染引起缺铁性贫血1例

Frequency of Iron Deficiency Anemia (IDA) Among Patients with Helicobacter Pylori Infection

Objective: The purpose of this study is to identify the prevalence of iron deficiency anaemia (IDA) in helicobacter pylori-infected patients. Study Design: Prospective/cross-sectional study Place and Duration: This study was conducted at Benazir Bhutu Hospital Rawalpindi during the period from July, 2022 to September, 2022. Methods: Total 105 patients of Helicobacter pylori infection, who ranged in age from 18 to 65 years included. All patients gave their informed written consent after being asked about their age, sex, body mass index, level of education, and place of residence. Blood samples from the subjects were analysed to determine their levels of serum iron, transferrin saturation, ferritin, and total iron-binding capacity. H. pylori infection can be found by histopathology, stool antigen testing, a fast urease test, or a urea breath test. The entire data set was analyzed using SPSS 24.0. Results: Among all there were majority females. Majority of the patients were illiterate and were from rural areas. 60 (57.1%) had poor socio-economic status. Mean Hemoglobin level was 12.1±0.6 (g/dl) mean serum iron level was 49.8 ±10.33(ug/dl) and mean serum ferritin level was 121.7±42.87 (ng per ml).Frequency of iron deficiency anemia was found in 43 (40.95%) patients. Among 43 cases of IDA, majority of the patients had age >35 years. Conclusion: In this research, we found that patients with helicobacter pylori infection, the majority of whom were adult female patients, had a considerably greater frequency of iron deficiency anaemia. Keywords: Prevalence, H.pylori infection, Iron Deficiency Anemia (IDA), Females

Diagnosis, Treatment and Prevention of Nutritional Anemia in Children: Recommendations of the Joint Committee of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology Chapter and Pediatric and Adolescent Nutrition Society of the Indian Academy of Pediatrics

Anemia in children is a significant public health problem in our country. Comprehensive National Nutrition Survey 2016-18 provides evidence that more than 50% of childhood anemia is due to an underlying nutritional deficiency. The National Family Health Survey-5 has reported an increase in the prevalence of anemia in the under-five age group from 59% to 67.1% over the last 5 years. Clearly, the existing public health programs to decrease the prevalence of anemia have not shown the desired results. Hence, there is a need to develop nationally acceptable guidelines for the diagnosis, treatment and prevention of nutritional anemia. To review the available literature and collate evidence-based observations to formulate guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and prevention of nutritional anemia in children. These guidelines have been developed by the experts from the Pediatric Hematology-Oncology Chapter and the Pediatric and Adolescent Nutrition (PAN) Society of the Indian Academy of Pediatrics (IAP). Key areas were identified as: epidemiology, nomenclature and definitions, etiology and diagnosis of iron deficiency anemia (IDA), treatment of IDA, etiology and diagnosis of vitamin B12 and/or folic acid deficiency, treatment of vitamin B12 and/or folic acid deficiency anemia and prevention of nutritional anemia. Each of these key areas were reviewed by at least 2 to 3 experts. Four virtual meetings were held in November, 2021 and all the key issues were deliberated upon. Based on review and inputs received during meetings, draft recommendations were prepared. After this, a writing group was constituted which prepared the draft guidelines. The draft was circulated and approved by all the expert group members. We recommend use of World Health Organization (WHO) cut-off hemoglobin levels to define anemia in children and adolescents. Most cases suspected to have IDA can be started on treatment based on a compatible history, physical examination and hemogram report. Serum ferritin assay is recommended for the confirmation of the diagnosis of IDA. Most cases of IDA can be managed with oral iron therapy using 2-3 mg/kg elemental iron daily. The presence of macro-ovalocytes and hypersegmented neutrophils, along with an elevated mean corpuscular volume (MCV), should raise the suspicion of underlying vitamin B12 (cobalamin) or folic acid deficiency. Estimation of serum vitamin B12 and folate level are advisable in children with macrocytic anemia prior to starting treatment. When serum vitamin B12 and folate levels are unavailable, patients should be treated using both drugs. Vitamin B12 should preferably be started 10-14 days ahead of oral folic acid to avoid precipitating neurological symptoms. Children with macrocytic anemia in whom a quick response to treatment is required, such as those with pancytopenia, severe anemia, developmental delay and infantile tremor syndrome, should be managed using parenteral vitamin B12. Children with vitamin B12 deficiency having mild or moderate anemia may be managed using oral vitamin B12 preparations. After completing therapy for nutritional anemia, all infants and children should be advised to continue prophylactic iron-folic acid (IFA) supplementation as prescribed under Anemia Mukt Bharat guidelines. For prevention of anemia, in addition to age-appropriate IFA prophylaxis, routine screening of infants for anemia at 9 months during immunization visit is recommended.

Gastrointestinal Lesions and Its Associated Factors in Adult Males With Iron Deficiency Anaemia: A Cross-Sectional Study From Tertiary Care Centre of North India.

BackgroundAround 30% of the world's population suffers from iron deficiency anaemia (IDA). The standard evaluation for IDA involves upper and lower endoscopy, which allows for the confirmation of pathology of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) induced due to IDA through iron malabsorption mechanism or loss of blood. Assessing the prevalence of lesions of GIT of significant nature among males having IDA, was the goal of our study.MethodsOur cross-sectional study was conducted for two years and involved 152 males (adults) with confirmed cases of IDA from the Outpatient (OPD) and In-patient (IPD) in the present hospital. Following collecting consent (both informed and written in nature), patient-specific data was collected in a standardized form, and a blood sample was taken for laboratory testing. The analyses were done at a 5% level of significance; an association was considered significant if the p-value < 0.05.ResultsThe average age of the study participants was 59.6 years. The commonest lesions reported were antral gastritis (9.9%) and H. pylori gastritis (7.2%) in upper GI; and haemorrhoid (9.2%) and anal fissure (3.9%) in lower GI. The overall prevalence of any GI lesions was 65.1%. The GI lesions were significantly associated higher among men with age > 50 years (73.7%). The presence of occult blood in stools (p < 0.0001) and parasites in stools (p=0.0001) were significantly related to the presence of GI lesions.ConclusionGI lesions are frequently detected in males with IDA. Whether it is symptomatic male or asymptomatic male with anaemia refractory to iron treatment, GIT should be evaluated in them.

Use of Red Cell Distribution Width Index for Screening and Differentiation of Iron Deficiency Anemia and Beta Thalassemia Trait

Background: Iron deficiency anemia (IDA) is one of the common nutritional disorders in the world. In the subcontinent Microcytic hypochromic anemia is usually caused by beta thalassemia trait (BTT) and iron deficiency anemia (IDA). IDA may be confused with BTT. It is important to distinguish between the above conditions to avoid unnecessary iron therapy in thalassemia carriers. Red cell distribution width index (RDWI) are a simple, easy, and cost effective method to get a primary and valuable information regarding the diagnosis of IDA and BTT. Objective: To assess the predictive value of Red cell distribution width index (RDWI)) for differentiation of Iron Deficiency Anaemia and Beta Thalassaemia Trait.Material &amp; Methods:The study was a cross-sectional descriptive study which was conducted in Department of Clinical Pathology, Bangladesh Shishu Hospital and Institute, Dhaka, Bangladesh. Over a period of April 2019 to September 2020. The newly clinically diagnosed cases of BTT and IDA were selected for this study. The sample size was 110. Among them 46 cases were identified as BTT and 64 were IDA. Data were analysed using a computer programme SPSS 25.0 version.Results:Total 110 respondents were included in the study. Among them 46.4% were female and 53.6% were male. About 72.72 % of respondents were aged 1 to 10 years old, while 10% were aged 11 to 20 years old and 10% were aged 21 to 30 years old. 4.54 % were between the ages of 31 to 40, as well as those over 40. The average age (SD) was 22.0 ± 32.52. Mean (±SD) age was 22.0 ± 32.52. RDWI had both sensitivity and specificity more than 80% in detection of BTT and IDA. Sensitivity, specificity of RDWI index for detection of BTT was found 81.0%, 83.8%. In case of IDA, sensitivity and specificity was found 83.8% and 81.0% respectively.Conclusions:The current study found that multiple discriminants can be used to differentiate between iron deficiency anemia and the Beta Thalassaemia Trait. RDWI could be a better way to tell the difference between BTT and IDA.

A Retrospective Study Using Mentzer Index for Prevalence of Iron Deficiency Anemia among Infants Visiting Maternal Centers at the Age of One Year.

Anemia, defined as a hemoglobin level two standard deviations below the mean for age, is prevalent in infants and children worldwide. Characterizing anemia as microcytic and normocytic depends on the mean corpuscular volume (MCV), which is an important parameter in differentiating many types of anemia. Microcytic anemia due to iron deficiency is the most common type of anemia in children. In this study, we aimed to assess the Mentzer index used by the Ministry of Health (MOH) in Palestine as a useful tool in differentiating between iron deficiency anemia (IDA) and thalassemia. We assessed for the prevalence of IDA among infants at the age of one year visiting the mother centers from seven West Bank provinces in Palestine. Medical records and hematology laboratory data of 3262 infants were retrospectively analyzed from the years of 2018 to 2020. The Mentzer index applied to all population by dividing mean corpuscular volume (MCV, in fL) by the red blood cell count (RBC, in millions per microliter). A corrected Mentzer index was further calculated among anemic infants to include only microcytic (MCV with less than 72 fl) and hypochromic (mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) with less than 32 g/L) indices. Mentzer index calculations for the whole population showed that 29.1% were anemic (hemoglobin (HGB) less than 11 g/dl): 21.1% had mild anemia, 7.6% had moderate anemia, while 0.2% had severe anemia. The corrected Mentzer index calculations showed a prevalence of 5.9% and 3.2% among IDA and thalassemia infants, respectively. Severity of anemia was correlated with low body weight and infants born through cesarean mother birth with no interference with gender influence. CBC indices of RBC count, HGB, MCV, and mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH) showed a significant difference (p values < 0.05) between IDA and thalassemia infants' populations following the corrected Mentzer index. With the corrected Mentzer index, we introduced a new CBC index among infants at the age of 1 year in Palestine. These lab references could aid in differentiating IDA and thalassemia among the population and improve initial diagnosis screenings. The Mentzer index calculation for the whole population did not necessarily include cases of IDA, and therefore, it is recommended to comprise microcytic and hypochromic anemia indices prior to performing the Mentzer index.

ANCYLOSTOMA DUODENALE PRESENTED AS SEVERE ANAEMIA: A CASE REPORT IN A TERTIARY CARE CENTRE, NORTH-EAST INDIA

Hookworm infections (Necator americanus, Ancylostoma duodenale) are common in rural areas of tropical and subtropical countries. Human get infection from direct percutaneous invasion of infective larva from contaminated soil. The majority of infected patients remain asymptomatic. However, iron deficiency anaemia (IDA) due to chronic blood loss is the major complication. Here we presented a case of iron deficiency anaemia with its relavent history which later on diagnosed as a chronic case of hookworm infection with Ancylostoma duodenale.