Cases Of Filariasis Research Articles

Immunomodulatory Activity of Sulfonamide Chalcone Compounds in Mice Infected with Filarial Parasite, Brugia malayi.

Diethyl carbamazine (DEC) is being used as a sole drug to treat the lymphatic filariasis, although encountered with many limitations. Importantly, DEC works with putative host immunomodulating activities without any direct antifilarial effect. This study aimed to assess the possible modulatory effect on host immune system by sulfonamide chalcone compound, having direct antifilarial activity. The immunomodulatory activity of DEC and/or chalcone compound, 4t on mice peritoneal exudate cells (PECs) was analyzed initially in vitro. This was followed by the study of in vivo effect of these test agents in the parasitaemic BALB/c mice induced by Brugia malayi microfilariae. Cytokine profile and iNOS induction were measured from PECs of mice. 4t compound showed anti-inflammatory activity in vivo in contrast to DEC. Further 4t was found to increase anti-inflammatory and regulatory cytokines, IL-10 and TGF-β gene expression with down regulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α and IFN-γ and iNOS in mice PECs in in vitro. In conclusion, chalcones having direct antifilarial effect also upsurges anti-inflammatory host immune response. Therefore, the results might be envisaged as 4t to be a better alternative to DEC in the chronic case of lymphatic filariasis.

Identification of filaria species with microscopic methods in Bintan Island, Province of Riau Islands

Objective: The regency of Bintan Island is on the coast, mangrove forests area, so it becomes a potential area for breeding places of filariasis vector. This study aims to determine the number of filariasis cases based on age, sex, occupation and microscopic species identification of microphilaria species. Methods: Blood samples were collected for identification by microscopics with thick blood preparation and Giemsa staining. Results: Total of 20 blood samples were collected and tested. Filariasis case in Bintan Regency Riau Islands Province were founded in 3 Districts including Bintan Bay (42%), Seri Lobam (14%) and the highest filariasis incidence rate was in TelukSebongSub-district (44%). Filariasis cases were more common in males than females. The age group of 15 -60 years suffered most from filariasis. More filariasis patients work outside the room than in indoor work. Of the 20 peripheral blood samples, 3 (15%) were found positive for filaria and 17 (85%) negative. The species showed the cause of filariasis is Brugia malayi, no other specie was found. Factors that affect the high incidence of filariasis includeed climate, geography, biological environment, forests, beaches, swamps, vectors (mosquitoes), work, knowledge, attitude and behavior. Conclusions: Brugia malayi is usually found in coastal areas, river basins, swamps and rice fields.

Microfilaria in fine-needle aspiration cytology of renal mass – an unusual site: A rare case report

In tropical countries like India, filariasis is one among the major public health problems. Most commonly (90%) cases of lymphatic filariasis caused by wuchereria bancrofti, and rest (10%) cases by Brugia malayi. In India, filariasis is transmitted by the bite of culex or mansonia mosquito species. The diagnostic method of choice in filariasis is the detection of microfilaria in peripheral blood film examinations. Microfilaria was incidentally detected in fine-needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) smears from different tissues, organs, and serous cavities. However, the presence of a filarial worm in renal mass aspirate is unusual, and no literature has been published with best of our knowledge. We report a case in which ultrasound-guided FNAC renal mass revealed the presence of microfilaria in the background of renal cell carcinoma cells.

Gambaran Penderita Filariasis di Kabupaten Meranti Provinsi Riau Periode 2009-2014

Filariasis is one of the health problems in Indonesia due to its long-term effect on permanent disability ifnot treated properly. The purpose of this study is to describe people with filariasis in Meranti District ofRiau Province 2009-2014. The methods is a descriptive retrospective cross-sectional study using medicalrecords of patients diagnosed with filariasis in hospitals and all health centers in the District of Meranti.The result showed 38 patients with filariasis, and the highest case of filariasis were in Puskesmas PulauMerbau (94.8%). Distribution by gender, age and type of occupation as follows: men by 71%, 86.8% of thesubject belong to the age group 15-64 years old, and 65.8% were outdoor workers, 52.6% of lymphedemawas reported and the location of lymphedema mostly found on each leg (18.4%). All lymphedema werebelong to all the stage not exceed stage III. All cases of filariasis in this study were managed according tothe standard treatment.

Bilateral breast filariasis mimicking inflammatory breast carcinoma

Breast is an uncommon site to be affected in filariasis. However, such cases may be encountered in endemic areas. Here, we report a case of filariasis of breast in a...

RELATION BETWEEN LENGTH OF STAY AND ANTI-FILARIAL IgG4 LEVEL IN PONDOK GEDE SUB-DISTRICT, BEKASI DISTRICT, WEST JAVA

Filariasis is a contagious disease caused by worms of the genus Filaria which transmitted through the bite of various species of mosquitoes. In Indonesia, the existence of filariasis cases are still very concerning. Jati Sampurna and Jati Karya villages in Pondokgede Sub-district, Bekasi District, West Java have been known as filariasis endemic area. Length of stay is presumed as one of many factors that affects filariasis occurrence in those villages. This study aimed to determine the distribution of anti-filarial IgG4 on the region and its comparison with the length of stay and residence status. This study was based on secondary data. Secondary data were obtained from primary research data done by cross-sectional method. These data were used to assess the correlation of filarial infection risk factors in pregnant women living in endemic areas based on the distribution of anti-filarial IgG4 in Pondok Gede, Bekasi district, West Java. The study showed that there was an increase in anti-filarial IgG4 against residence status (p=0.017) and a positive correlation between the number of anti-filarial IgG4 with length of stay in years (p=0.003).

Community-based field implementation scenarios of a short message service reporting tool for lymphatic filariasis case estimates in Africa and Asia.

Lymphatic filariasis (LF) is a neglected tropical disease (NTD) targeted for global elimination by 2020. Currently there is considerable international effort to scale-up morbidity management activities in endemic countries, however there remains a need for rapid, cost-effective methods and adaptable tools for obtaining estimates of people presenting with clinical manifestations of LF, namely lymphoedema and hydrocele. The mHealth tool 'MeasureSMS-Morbidity' allows health workers in endemic areas to use their own mobile phones to send clinical information in a simple format using short message service (SMS). The experience gained through programmatic use of the tool in five endemic countries across a diversity of settings in Africa and Asia is used here to present implementation scenarios that are suitable for adapting the tool for use in a range of different programmatic, endemic, demographic and health system settings. A checklist of five key factors and sub-questions was used to determine and define specific community-based field implementation scenarios for using the MeasureSMS-Morbidity tool in a range of settings. These factors included: (I) tool feasibility (acceptability; community access and ownership); (II) LF endemicity (high; low prevalence); (III) population demography (urban; rural); (IV) health system structure (human resources; community access); and (V) integration with other diseases (co-endemicity). Based on experiences in Bangladesh, Ethiopia, Malawi, Nepal and Tanzania, four implementation scenarios were identified as suitable for using the MeasureSMS-Morbidity tool for searching and reporting LF clinical case data across a range of programmatic, endemic, demographic and health system settings. These include: (I) urban, high endemic setting with two-tier reporting; (II) rural, high endemic setting with one-tier reporting; (III) rural, high endemic setting with two-tier reporting; and (IV) low-endemic, urban and rural setting with one-tier reporting. A decision-making framework built from the key factors and questions, and the resulting four implementation scenarios is proposed as a means of using the MeasureSMS-Morbidity tool. This framework will help national LF programmes consider appropriate methods to implement a survey using this tool to improve estimates of the clinical burden of LF. Obtaining LF case estimates is a vital step towards the elimination of LF as a public health problem in endemic countries.

Mathematical analysis of a lymphatic filariasis model with quarantine and treatment

BackgroundLymphatic filariasis is a globally neglected tropical parasitic disease which affects individuals of all ages and leads to an altered lymphatic system and abnormal enlargement of body parts.MethodsA mathematical model of lymphatic filariaris with intervention strategies is developed and analyzed. Control of infections is analyzed within the model through medical treatment of infected-acute individuals and quarantine of infected-chronic individuals.ResultsWe derive the effective reproduction number, mathcal {R}_{0}, and its interpretation/investigation suggests that treatment contributes to a reduction in lymphatic filariasis cases faster than quarantine. However, this reduction is greater when the two intervention approaches are applied concurrently.ConclusionsNumerical simulations are carried out to monitor the dynamics of the filariasis model sub-populations for various parameter values of the associated reproduction threshold. Lastly, sensitivity analysis on key parameters that drive the disease dynamics is performed in order to identify their relative importance on the disease transmission.

Generation of Monospecific Polyclonal Antibodies to Recombinant Filarial Antigen rWbL2 and Evaluation of Its Immunodiagnostic Utility in Filariasis

ABSTRACTIntroductionLymphatic filariasis is a mosquito-borne disease affecting nearly 120 million people across the world. Filarial antigen detection is a good indicator for mapping new filarial cases and for evaluation of filarial elimination programs as compared with the low sensitivity associated with the direct evidence of microfilaria (Mf) in blood samples. To overcome low sensitivity and night-time blood collection method for parasite detection in filariasis cases, the sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was standardized for detection of circulating filarial antigen using monospecific polyclonal antibodies raised against recombinant filarial antigen rWbL2. In the present study, the specific antibodies raised against novel recombinant antigens rWbL2 were explored to develop suitable filarial antigen assays. It was possible to come out with a filarial antigen assay that could detect WbL2 or its equivalent antigen with 40% sensitivity (by using mouse anti-WbL2 antibody as capturing antibody), 60% sensitivity (using FSIgG human filarial serum immunoglobulin G as capturing antibody), and 100% specificity. These assays show promise to detect and monitor active filarial infection and thus prove to have potential as a useful diagnostic and monitoring tool in the elimination program.How to cite this articleGandhe MB, Gandhe SM. Generation of Monospecific Polyclonal Antibodies to Recombinant Filarial Antigen rWbL2 and Evaluation of Its Immunodiagnostic Utility in Filariasis. Indian J Med Biochem 2017;21(2):117-123.

Neglected Tropical Diseases: Treatment of Dermatological Manifestation of Filariasis with Combination Regimen of Albendazole, Ivermectin, and Loratadine: A Case Report from a Suburban Community in Nigeria

Threadlike filarial nematodes have been identified as the causative agent of filariasis. Cutaneous filariasis is caused primarily by Loa loa, Onchocerca volvulus, and Mansonella streptocerca. These parasites occupy the subcutaneous layer of the skin. However, other filarial parasites are usually associated with varying degrees of dermatological manifestations. In the present discourse, two cases of cutaneous filariasis were diagnosed in two female patients (21 and 40 years old, respectively) in Remitch Clinic and Maternity located in a nonriverine community in Ekpoma, Edo State, Nigeria. In this report, patients with body mass index (BMI) of 18.97 and 23.45 kg/m2, respectively, presented on two different occasions at least 6 months apart with hyperpigmented skin lesions in the upper and lower limbs, respectively. There was associated intense pruritus with no evidence of lymphadenopathy and lymphoedema. Following laboratory confirmation of filariasis, the patients were placed on a single oral dose combination of albendazole (400 mg) + ivermectin (200 mcg/kg), while oral doses of loratadine 10 mg were administered daily for 5 days. Patients were carefully followed up for 6 weeks during which recession of the lesion and untoward reactions were monitored. It was observed that within 6 weeks of treatment, there was a dramatic recession of skin lesion. Adverse effect reported from use of the combination was mild. This case report revealed that cutaneous filariasis is not an uncommon presentation of filariasis infestation in Nigeria. The report also validates the safety and efficacy of the combination in the management of cutaneous manifestation of the disease.

Coexistence of microfilaria with metastatic adenocarcinomatous deposit from breast in axillary lymph node cytology: A rare association

Filariasis is a global social health problem of tropical and sub tropical countries like India. W.bancrofti accounts for 95% of cases of lymphatic filariasis. Microfilaria in cytosmears are a rare finding. We report a case of 55 year old female presented with right axillary swelling with ipsilateral breast lump. Cytosmears from the lymph node aspirate showed metastatic adenocarcinomatous deposits and a bunch of microfilariae surrounding the tumor cells and the aspirate from the breast shows ductal carcinoma. We report an additional case of a rare association of microfilaria co-existing with carcinomatous deposit in the lymph node.

Microfilariae in Fine Needle Aspirates From a Coastal District of India: An Experience With Brief Review of Literature

Filariasis is a major public health problem in tropical countries like India. Conventional diagnosis is by demonstrating microfilariae (MF) in the peripheral blood smear. Nocturnal periodicity of the species endemic in India makes it difficult to find microfilariae in blood. Incidental detection of microfilariae (MF) in fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) smears of various sites in clinically unsuspected cases of filariasis without microfilariae in the peripheral blood has been rarely documented in Indian literature. We are reporting interesting detection of MF in 10 aspirates over a period of one year, form various sites as well as lesions ranging from inflammatory to malignancy. This article is intended to highlight that microfilaria can be a finding in clinically unsuspected cases and also without peripheral blood eosinophilia.

The Community Diagnosis of Filariasis Endemic Villages in Pekalongan City

The percentages of referrals for the first level health facilities visits are coming from Filariasis cases have increased to 11,699 until 2008. In Pekalongan City, there are 117 infected people in 2011. This study aims at investigating social determinants of filariasis endemic communities in several villages. Surveys using a cross-sectional study design, Population studies that tested positive for finger blood survey (FBS) in 2011-2013. Samples were collected by convenience sampling method sequentially through questionnaires and observation. There were 402 people participating in this study. The result shows that the presence of bushes, puddle, Sewerage are in unfavorable conditions and people do not use mosquito net during sleep and hang clothes. The best prevention practice in Padukuhan Kraton Village is by regularly use mosquito repellent and do not go out at night, Padukuhan Kraton endemic filariasis with mf-rate of 3.7%. Filariasis Elimination Program Year 2011-2015 is carried out properly and in accordance with the regulations of filariasis filariasis Mass Drug Administration (MDA) program. FBS is implemented before MDA (Mass Drug Administration) and handling of cases of chronic filariasis. Respondents have a good knowledge of prevention of transmission of filariasis. Hoewever, the practice of taking the MDA medication is still less. Suggestions for the community are to improve environmental sanitation, improvement of MDA medication and the prevention of transmission of filariasis.

ANALYSIS OF PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT AND PREVENTIVE BEHAVIOR DETERMINANTS TOWARD GENESIS FILARIASIS CASES IN THE SUB-DISTRICT OF TALANG KELAPA AND SEMBAWA, DISTRICT OF BANYUASIN

Background: Filariasisis aninfection causedby afilarialwormthrough the intermediary ofa mosquitothatis chronicif untreatedwould give rise topermanent disabilityin the legs , arms, breastsandgenitals. Indirectly,the existence ofa home environmentthat isnot eligibleandmanners make contact with the gnat could be the cause of thefilariasis. South Sumatra Provincial Health Office said that Banyuasin was the region with the highest filariasis cases in South Sumatra with microfilaria rate of 1.5 % . There are as many as 142 cases of chronic exist in this district . The aim of this study was to analyse of phsysical environment and preventive behavior determinants toward genesis filariasis cases Methods: This research was conducted in two districts, namely in the Sub-District Talang Kelapa and Sub-District Sembawa District Banyuasin. This study uses a case control study research desig n . Total sample are 87 consisting of 29 cases and 58 controls with total sampling metodh(with ⍺ value = 0,05 and β value = 20 %) . The data were analyzed using bivariate and multivariate by using the chi-square test . Then the data is presented in tabular form and narration to interpret the data. Results: Statistical analysis was showed that there a significant correlation between a crack in the wall (OR 13,2; 95%CI 3,57-48,67 and p Value < 0.0001 ) , coverings on plavon (OR 4,41; 95%CI 1,36-14,32 and p Value = 0.019 ) , breeding place of vector (OR 13,27; 95%CI 4,46-39,47 and p Value< 0.001 ) , behavioral avoid mosquito bites (OR 21,71; 95%CI 2,55-184,23 and p Value = 0.001) and behavior out of the house at night (OR 3,14;95%CI 1,16-8,49 and p Value = 0.038 ) with the incidence of filariasis . There is no relation to kassa in the ventilation ( OR 0,554, 95%CI 0,14-2,19 and p Value = 0.530 ) and drug habbit of drinking (OR 1,42;95%CI 0,452-4,47 and p Value = 0.763 )with the filariasis cases.Multivariate analysisshowed that physical environmental factors and preventive behaviors associated with the incidence of filariasis in both these districts were the existence of a crack in the wall (p = 0.01 and OR 10,555) and the puddles as potential mosquito breeding places (p = 0, 00 and OR 10,948) Conclution: Determinants physical environmental and preventive behaviors factors associated with filariasis case in the sub-district Talang Kelapa and Sembawa District of Banyuasin were the existence of a crack in the wall and the puddles as potential mosquito breeding places.From the results of this study suggested that the relevant agencies to increase outreach activities , monitoring and evaluation activities filariasis treatment program , especially in areas that are still found in patients with potentially infectious clinical filariasis. In addition, people are advised to keep taking medication filariasis and continue to avoid mosquito bites as a precaution transmission of filariasis. Keywords: Pysical Environment, Preventive Behavior, Flariasis Cases DOI: https://doi.org/10.26553/jikm.2016.7.2.108-117

Microfilaria in fine needle aspirate of thyroid nodule

Filariasis is a major public health problem in tropical countries including India. About 90% of cases of lymphatic filariasis are caused by infection with Wuchereria bancrofti and rest by Brugia malayi in Southeast Asia. Filariasis is transmitted by the bite of Culex mosquitoes. The diagnosis of it is conventionally made by demonstrating microfilaria in the peripheral blood smear. Microfilaria have been incidentally detected in fine needle aspiration cytology smears from various sites. However, the presence of filarial worm in thyroid aspirate is unusual. We report a case in which aspiration cytology revealed presence of microfilaria in thyroid nodule.

Wuchereria bancrofti microfilariae and quantitative circulating antigen detection in selected endemic areas in Egypt

Back ground and objective Wuchereria bancrofti is responsible for 90% of cases of lymphatic filariasis throughout the tropics and in some subtropical areas worldwide, including Egypt. To combat this disease, the WHO has launched a program aiming to eliminate lymphatic filariasis by the year 2020 in all the endemic countries using mass drug administration (MDA) to interrupt the disease's transmission. The aim of the present work was to study W. bancrofti infection in selected endemic areas in Egypt by performing parasitological examination and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) antigen detection test, and to analyze the demographic, clinical, and MDA data of the study population in relation to W. bancrofti infection. Patients and methods A total of 300 blood samples were collected from residents in endemic areas in five governorates. Parasitological examination and Og4C3 ELISA test were performed to identify W. bancrofti infection. Results Microfilariae were identified in one individual while circulating filarial antigens (CFAs) were detected in 10 individuals. Statistical analysis of the collected data showed that CFAs were significantly higher in the male population than in the female population, whereas analysis regarding other demographic, clinical, and MDA data showed no statistical significance. Conclusion The study results showed that CFAs are still detected in endemic communities in Egypt, and that the prevalence is higher in the male population than in the female population. Although the Og4C3 ELISA test is a useful research tool for the study of W. bancrofti infections, its cost and format hinder its wide use in endemic areas.

Deleting the 'neglect' from two neglected tropical diseases in India

Deleting the 'neglect' from two neglected tropical diseases in India

Filariasis in pregnancy: Prevalent yet less-known global health burden

Parasitic infections affect tens of millions of pregnant women worldwide. Lymphatic filariasis is a vector‑borne disabling parasitic infection and is an endemic disease in many parts of Southeast Asia, especially South India, with most infections caused by Wuchereria bancrofti . The aim of this article is to present a rare case of incidental filariasis in pregnancy with unexpected outcome. We report a normotensive 45‑year‑old multigravida with 7 months gestation, moderate anemia, fever, inguinal lymphadenopathy, and elephantiasis. Her peripheral smears were positive for microfilaria while ultrasound revealed intrauterine fetal death and chronic abruption. She was negative on risk factors for abruption, except for advanced maternal age. This case warrants more global attention to the management of parasitic infection in pregnancy. KEY WORDS: Abruption, elephantiasis, filariasis, fetal death, lymphadenopathy, parasitic infection

“VAC” Technique as a Physiatrist's Bridge between Debridement and Surgery : Case Report of Filarial Leg Ulcer

AbstractDifficult ulcers have differing aetiologies calling for varying strategies. For long, physiatrists have been treating diabetic foot and decubitus ulcers with great success. The “vacuum assisted therapy” (VAC) technique is proven to alter the local milieu to facilitate wound healing. A known case of filariasis for last 14-15 years, presented with elephantiasis of left leg with a large ulcer. The financial status of the patient prevented usage of the commercial VAC machine and so “in-house” VAC technique innovations were used at a fractional cost. She was successfully treated using the VAC technique and spontaneous complete healing was achieved in 8 weeks and resulted in early rehabilitation. It was very cost-effective.

Filariasis of Stensen's Duct: An Index Case.

Filariasis, a neglected tropical disease, is a global health problem and is endemic to 73 countries including India. It is caused by nematodes of Filariodidea family, namely, W. bancrofti and B. malayi in India, which have a predilection for the lower limbs and testis. We report a never before reported case of filariasis of the main parotid duct in a 25-year-old male that resolved on medical management, exemplifying the importance of maintaining a high index of suspicion and careful examination of cytological smears in endemic countries, allowing for an early diagnosis and treatment, decreasing the morbidity of this debilitating disease.