Cases Of Filariasis Research Articles

TWO INTERESTING CASES OF FILARIASIS AT UNCOMMON SITES

Filariasis is a condition resulting from filarial parasites that affects both humans and animals.There are several hundreds of filarial parasites which have been mentioned in medical literature, out of which only eight species are known to cause natural infections in humans. Repeated episodes of inflammation and lymphedema cause lymphatic damage, persistent edema, and elephantiasis of the legs, arms, scrotum, vulva, and breasts. We have reported two cases of filariasis at unusual sites.

First Report of Acanthocheilonema reconditum Outbreak in Canines with Clinical Signs of Anemia from Southwestern Colombia.

Different nematodes affect canines, however Acanthocheilonema reconditum was considered mostly a non-pathogenic parasite. Climate change, animal migration, and other factors transformed the dynamics of vector-borne diseases, including filariasis. Since 2016, a sudden increase in the number of dogs with microfilaremia was reported by different veterinary centers in Cali, southwest Colombia. The objective of this study was to molecularly identify the etiologic agent of this filariasis outbreak detected in this city, using PCR-RFLP and evaluating dogs' clinical signs. From 2018-2019, canine filariasis cases were prospectively evaluated after a microscopic test, recruiting 82 cases and 43 healthy controls from 2971 samples. Acanthocheilonema reconditum (Nematoda, Onchocercidae) was identified in 61.3% of the cases (49/82) by PCR-RFLP. Sanger sequencing of the 5.8S ribosomal RNA gene and internal transcribed spacer-2 fragment was additionally performed on seven cases, confirming A. reconditum in all of them. The filariasis cases are statistically associated with male dogs who have clinical signs of anemia, low levels of hemoglobin and hematocrit (p < 0.0001), and high levels of plasma proteins (p < 0.001). This emerging canine disease constitutes an important public health concern among veterinarians and active surveillance is advised to explore its zoonotic potential.

Filariasis Disease Prevalence Survey in the Kolaka Regency, Southeast Sulawesi, Indonesia

Clinical manifestations of the Filariasis disease are in the forms of recurrent fever, inflammation of the ducts and lymph nodes. This study used various data from the Indonesian Government Agencies. There were 11,914 chronic cases of Filariasis reported in 401 districts/cities from 2000 to 2009. Filariasis cases data were obtained in the Kendari City Health Office in the years of 2018-2020. The prevalence of Filariasis cases in the Kolaka Regency in 2020 were 38 cases and based on gender most cases were male. The distribution area is 12 sub-districts which include Toari, Iwoimenda, Samaturu and Watubangga.
 Keywords: Filariasis, Kolaka Regency, Southeast Sulawesi, Indonesia

Faktor-Faktor yang Berhubungan dengan Kasus Filariasis di Indonesia : Sistematik Review

Background: Good knowledge of what factors are associated with filariasis cases, can determine effective control and prevention. Because each region has different risk factors.The purpose of this study was to determine what factors are associated with cases of filariasis in Indonesia.Methods: This study used systematic review method using database search from Google Scholar, Sciencedirect, Researhgate, Scopus, PubMed and Grey Literature. This study used search keyword “Factor risk” with boolean operators AND “Filariasis” OR “Elephantiasis”. The quality of the article assessed using the guideline from Joanna Briggs Institute Critical Appraisal Checklist. The articles that met the inclusion criteria and have medium to high quality were analyzed. .Result: the result showed that 6 articles with Cross-sectional study design and 24 articles with Case control study design were included in the analysis. The results of the quality assessment of the articles showed that most of the articles were moderate to good quality. Factors related to filariasis are Going at night (19%), mosquito repellent (15%), mosquito net (19%), wear closed clothing (9%), wire-net use (16%), bushes (4%), swamps (6%), rice fields (2%), cattle pens (6%) and puddles (4%)Conclusion: factors related to filariasis are Going at night, mosquito repellent, mosquito net, wear closed clothing, wire-net use, bushes, swamps, rice fields, cattle pens, puddles. To control cases of filariasis must consider these factors.

Historical overview and geographical distribution of neglected tropical diseases amenable to preventive chemotherapy in the Republic of the Congo: A systematic review.

Neglected Tropical Diseases amenable to Preventive Chemotherapy (PC-NTDs) affect the poorest populations around the world, especially in Africa. Scientific information on the distribution and level of endemicity of these diseases in the Republic of the Congo (RoC) is scarce in the published literature. We sought to collect all available epidemiological data on PC-NTDs in the RoC to document the historical and current situation and identify challenges in reaching the elimination of NTDs. We searched Medline and Horizon databases for studies published until to July 4th, 2019, on onchocerciasis, lymphatic filariasis, soil-transmitted helminth infections, schistosomiasis, and trachoma in the RoC. Unpublished reports were also reviewed. We included all epidemiological studies containing community data and excluded case reports. Location, prevalence data, and dates of the studies were extracted. We identified 933 records, of which 56 met the inclusion criteria. The articles published before 1960 mainly concerned onchocerciasis and schistosomiasis. Despite a low number over the studied period, since 2005 there has been a steady increase in the number of publications. Most of the studies were cross-sectional and conducted in the general population. Trachoma is endemic in the Sangha and Likouala departments (prevalence of trachomatous inflammation-follicular > 5% in some villages), and further mapping is essential to properly assess the burden of this disease in the country. While the prevalence of soil-transmitted helminths is still high (over 20%) in a large part of Congo, cases of lymphatic filariasis (based on Wuchereria bancrofti antigenaemia and/or microfilaraemia) and onchocerciasis are becoming rare and very focused. To achieve the elimination of PC-NTDs, further intervention is required. Except for trachoma, whose epidemiological situation should be better evaluated, PC-NTDs are endemic in the RoC, and actions to control them have been taken by health authorities. To eliminate PC-NTDs, which are still present in some locations, new mapping surveys are needed, and increased investment in scientific research should be encouraged in the country.

Pemodelan Kasus Kronis Filariasis di Indonesia Tahun 2019 Menggunakan Geographically Weighted Negative Binomial Regression (GWNBR)

<p align="justify">Filariasis is a mosquito-borne disease caused by filarial worms. In Indonesia, filariasis is the third most common vector-borne and zoonotic disease in the community. Patients who in the chronic stage will fell pain due to swelling and infection in the limbs so that it can ruin the daily activities, reduce work productivity and cause economic losses for both sufferers and the country. In 2019, there were 28 filariasis endemic provinces and only 6 non-endemic provinces. This shows that the treatment of filariasis has not been fully successful. This study aims to determine the general description of chronic cases of filariasis, identify spatial heterogeneity and analyze factors that influence the number of chronic cases of filariasis using GWNBR. The modeling results five provinces groups based on significant variables. Variables that have a significant effect in all provinces are the ratio of health facilities of 100,000 population, the percentage of regions with PHBS policies and the average humidity. Meanwhile, the significant variables in several provinces are the percentage of slum households, the percentage of poor people and the average air temperature.</p><p><strong>Keywords</strong><strong>: </strong>filariasis; <em>overdispersion</em><em>;</em><em> spatial heterogeneity</em><em>;</em><em> negative binomial</em>; GWNBR</p>

Osteosarcoma with co-existent asymptomatic microfilaria-A rare cytological impression

Filariasis is a major public health problem in developing countries, and the diagnosis is conventionally made by demonstrating microfilariae in the peripheral blood smear. However, microfilariae have been incidentally detected in fine needle aspirates of various lesions in clinically unsuspected cases of filariasis with absence of microfilariae in the peripheral blood. Microfilariae in cytological smears of malignant neoplasms is a chance finding. Cytology can be an effective tool for detection of asymptomatic filariasis and malignancy, thus helping in disease eradication and mortality. There are reports of coexistence of microfilaria with Ewing’s sarcoma, squamous cell carcinoma of maxillary antrum and dentigerous cyst by different cytopathologists. Here we present a rare case of microfilariae in a cytological aspirate smear from left knee swelling with a malignant osteogenic tumor, osteosarcoma.

Parasitic infections encountered by a cytopathologist: An institutional experience

Background: Parasitic infections are one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Cytological examination can be of great help in providing economical, accurate, and fast diagnosis. Aims and Objectives: The aim of the study was to analyze the cytomorphological features of various parasites on fine needle aspirates and vaginal smears. Materials and Methods: This study was a retrospective study of 5.5 years during the time period from July 2015 to December 2020. The study included cases which were already diagnosed as having or suspicious of various parasitic infections on cytological examination. Results: There were total of 37 specimens comprising of 28 fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) smears and nine vaginal smears. The parasites on FNAC included 17 cases of cysticercus, eight cases of filariasis, two cases of hydatid disease, and one case of leishmaniasis. All the nine vaginal smears were interpreted as trichomonas vaginitis. Conclusion: Cytomorphological examination helps in early definitive diagnosis and exclusion of various parasitic infections. Diagnosis is important as most of these parasites are treatable and have several systemic ramifications.

A case of Subconjunctival Filariasis in Abuja,Nigeria.

The report presents a case of subconjunctival filariasis in a 20-year-old female student who schools in Oye-Ekiti, Ekiti State, a known loa loa endemic region in Nigeria, and resident in Abuja. The patient presented on the 20th of February 2020, with a history of foreign body sensation and itching on two occasions within a 6-month period and had video evidence of a worm in her left eye. The worm was however not visualized in the clinic. She was placed on tabs Albendazole 20mg twice daily for 21 days and has not felt or seen the worm since she completed the medications. Subconjunctival filariasis is still an issue of concern in the rainforest region of Nigeria.

First Report of Lutzomyia edwardsi and Lutzomyia gasparviannai Infected by Nematodes in a Rio de Janeiro Cave

In 1984, a case of a wild rodent (Proechimys iheringi) infected with Leishmania (Leishmania) forattinii was reported. Lutzomyia gasparviannai is considered the vector of this etiological agent. In 2001, infection of the species Lutzomyia edwardsi by Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis was described, suggesting the involvement of L. edwardsi in the transmission cycle of cutaneous leishmaniasis. In 2002, in the Lapinha cave, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil, specimens of Lutzomyia longipalpis infected by nematodes were captured, providing motivation for studies on the biological control of phlebotominae. Thus, the aim of this study was to collect data from phlebotominae species in Sumidouro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Specimens were captured in a cave and the surrounding Atlantic Forest using Center of Disease Control traps, twice a month, overnight from 18h to 6h. The collection periods were from June 2009 to May 2010 and from March 2015 to February 2016. The phlebotominae were mounted on slides and covered with coverslips at the Oswaldo Cruz Institute. A female L. edwardsi specimen infected with nematodes, captured in 2009, and a female Lutzomyia gasparviannai specimen infected with Wuchereria bancrofti, captured in 2015, were among the collected specimens. Phlebotominae and nematodes were identified by morphological analysis, using an optical microscope. The nematode species W. bancrofti was identified by the curator of the Helminth Collection of the Oswaldo Cruz Institute, where it was deposited along with the L. gasparviannai specimen. Exemplars of L. gasparviannai were deposited in the Entomological Collection of the Oswaldo Cruz Institute. The slide containing L. edwardsi and the nematodes was deposited in the Entomological Biodiversity Laboratory. This is the first report of W. bancrofti nematodes in these species, in a cave, and in the state of Rio de Janeiro. Thirteen species of phlebotominae were collected. L. gasparviannai was the most frequent, followed by L. edwardsi. The predominance of these two species, considered vectors of the etiological agents of leishmaniasis, and their nematode infections suggest that studies on the biological control of nematodes should be conducted and that cases of filariasis in this region should be assessed.

Role of cytology in diagnosis of filariasis in clinically unsuspected cases: A study from an endemic area of Western Uttar Pradesh in India.

Filariasis is a global health problem. Lymphatic filariasis is the second most common vector-borne disease in India and is a major contributor to chronic deformity like elephantiasis. The disease is widespread in India and highly endemic zones are present in several states, particularly Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Orissa, Jharkhand and Andhra Pradesh. Filariasis can rarely present as asymptomatic swellings in various unusual sites in the body and very uncommonly as a sole finding in effusion cytology. Cytology plays a very crucial role in incidental diagnosis of filariasis in clinically unsuspected cases. The purpose of this study is to analyze the role of cytology in diagnosis of filariasis, especially in clinically unsuspected cases and to study the cytological findings associated with filariasis in these cases . The present observational descriptive study was conducted in a tertiary care hospital of this region. We collected the cases for this study from our routine cytology cases (FNAC/Body fluids) of over a three years period from March’2017 to March’2020 . All the diagnosed cases of filariasis in cytology were then evaluated by two pathologists. Aspiration was done using 23 G needle attached to a 10/20 cc syringe. Descriptive statistical analysis was done wherever required.Nine cases of filariasis were diagnosed in routine cytology smears (FNAC/Body fluids) during our three years study period. Conclusion: Cytology plays a very crucial role in diagnosis of filariasis in endemic areas, especially in those with atypical presentations. Therefore meticulous screening of all cytology smears is strongly indicated. Key Words: Filariasis, Cytology, Incidental diagnosis, Endemic area

Abandoned boats contribute to spread of Aedes and Culex vector mosquitoes in coastal belt, Galle District, Southern Sri Lanka.

Although, the number of considerable cases of dengue and lymphatic filariasis have been reported from Galle District, Sri Lanka in the past several years, contribution of abandoned boats to spread vector mosquitoes of Aedes and Culex in the coast is not well studied. Our aim was to assess the positive composition of different types of abandoned boats by larval vector mosquitoes to investigate their occurrence and habitat preference, and the monsoonal and co-existence variation of Aedes mosquitoes. The 4th instar larvae of Aedes and Culex species from three different abandoned boat types in nine subsampling sites at three municipal areas in Galle District were collected during 2017-2019. In total, 15 sampling rounds were conducted in each site for three years duration as five sample rounds per year. Larval collections and identifications were carried out using standard techniques and identification keys according to WHO guidelines. The occurrence of mosquito larvae was analysed by boat type, locations within area and year. Further, the average infestation variation of Aedes mosquitoes were compared with monsoonal and co-existence changers. Results; Out of the total abandoned boats, majority (51%) were engine boats and, 32.7%, 16.35% were troller boats and canoe boats, respectively. Troller boats were highly infested boat type for vector mosquitoes. Aedes albopictus was the dominant vector in abandoned boats other than recorded Ae. aegypti and Culex quinquefasciatus. Culex quinquefasciatus showed comparatively low infestation percentages. The average infestation of Ae. albopictus showed a consistent pattern with monsoon variation. A competitive rapid invasion of Aedes aegypti was observed with the suppressing Ae. albopictus in abandoned boats after 2018. Abandoned boats contribute noteworthy to spread of Aedes and Culex vector mosquitoes in coastal belt, Galle District. These study findings would be helpful for researchers and health authorities to design appropriate vector control measures and to mitigate future dengue and filariasis outbreaks.

Multimodal biomarker discovery for active Onchocerca volvulus infection

The neglected tropical disease onchocerciasis, or river blindness, is caused by infection with the filarial nematode Onchocerca volvulus. Current estimates indicate that 17 million people are infected worldwide, the majority of them living in Africa. Today there are no non-invasive tests available that can detect ongoing infection, and that can be used for effective monitoring of elimination programs. In addition, to enable pharmacodynamic studies with novel macrofilaricide drug candidates, surrogate endpoints and efficacy biomarkers are needed but are non-existent. We describe the use of a multimodal untargeted mass spectrometry-based approach (metabolomics and lipidomics) to identify onchocerciasis-associated metabolites in urine and plasma, and of specific lipid features in plasma of infected individuals (O. volvulus infected cases: 68 individuals with palpable nodules; lymphatic filariasis cases: 8 individuals; non-endemic controls: 20 individuals). This work resulted in the identification of elevated concentrations of the plasma metabolites inosine and hypoxanthine as biomarkers for filarial infection, and of the urine metabolite cis-cinnamoylglycine (CCG) as biomarker for O. volvulus. During the targeted validation study, metabolite-specific cutoffs were determined (inosine: 34.2 ng/ml; hypoxanthine: 1380 ng/ml; CCG: 29.7 ng/ml) and sensitivity and specificity profiles were established. Subsequent evaluation of these biomarkers in a non-endemic population from a different geographical region invalidated the urine metabolite CCG as biomarker for O. volvulus. The plasma metabolites inosine and hypoxanthine were confirmed as biomarkers for filarial infection. With the availability of targeted LC-MS procedures, the full potential of these 2 biomarkers in macrofilaricide clinical trials, MDA efficacy surveys, and epidemiological transmission studies can be investigated.

Human Filariasis in Travelers and Migrants: A Retrospective 25-year Analysis at the Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium.

Information on human filariasis in international travelers is scarce. We describe the epidemiology, clinical presentation, and outcome of these infections in a reference travel clinic over the past decades. We reviewed all cases of filariasis diagnosed at the Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium, from 1994 to 2018. Diagnosis was obtained by either parasitological methods (confirmed) or strict clinical case definitions (probable). We assessed the characteristics of cases at diagnosis and response to therapy within 3-12 months. A total of 320 patients (median age: 41 years; 71% males) were diagnosed with 327 filarial infections (Wuchereria bancrofti = 6, Onchocerca volvulus = 33, Loa loa = 150, Mansonella perstans = 130, unspecified species = 8). Diagnosis was confirmed in 213/320 (67%) patients. European long-term travelers accounted for 166 patients (52%) and visitors/migrants from tropical countries for another 110 (34%). Central Africa was the likely region of acquisition for 294 (92%) patients. The number of filariasis cases decreased from 21.5/year on average in the 1990s to 6.3/year in the past decade, when loiasis became predominant. Cases reported symptoms in >80% of all filarial infections but mansonellosis (45/123 single infections; 37%). Lymphatic filariasis and onchocerciasis cases responded well to conventional therapy. However, 30% of patients with loiasis and mansonellosis experienced treatment failure (with diethylcarbamazine and levamisole-mebendazole, respectively). The burden and species distribution of filariasis in travelers evolved in the past decades. Most presentations were symptomatic. Case management would benefit from more effective therapies for loiasis and mansonellosis.

A multi-center collaborative double-blind study on clinical evaluation of AYUSH-SL in patients receiving mass drug administration for management of chronic filarial lymphedema—study protocol

BACKGROUND: Lymphatic filariasis (LF) is caused by Wuchereria bancrofti, Brugia malayi, or B. timori, the parasitic nematodes that are transmitted through mosquitoes. The World Health Organization has recommended mass drug administration (MDA) as preventive chemotherapy strategy. In Ayurveda, LF has been narrated under the heading Shlipada, and the literature also includes detailed therapeutic measures. AYUSH-SL is a formulation prepared based on the classical information of herbs used in treating LF. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This is a multi-center, prospective, parallel-group, placebo-controlled, double blind interventional study. A total of 180 participants are planned to be recruited, and the duration of the study will be 2.5 years. Diagnosed cases of filariasis (as evidenced by a positive immune-chromatographic card test or enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay or microfilariae (MF) test report) of either sex within the age group of 18–65 years present with features of filarial lymphedema of Grade I and Grade II (lower limbs) will be included in the trial. The study group will be treated with MDA and AYUSH-SL tablet. The control group will receive MDA and a matching placebo. The duration of the therapy will be of 12 weeks, and a last follow-up will be done at the 24th week. OUTCOME MEASURES: The primary outcome measure is reduction of edema computed for analysis by percentage reduction from the baseline at 4th, 12th, and 24th week. The secondary outcome measures include improvement in quality of life (QoL), which will be assessed using the Lymphatic Filariasis Specific QoL Questionnaire, and prevention of recurrence of acute episodes, which will be assessed by probing the presence and severity of episodes in the past 4 weeks. DISCUSSION: The deformities and disability due to filarial lymphedema vanquish physically as well as mentally leading to hardships in normal life. Management of filarial lymphedema is required for preventing disease progression and episodes of adenolymphangitis. The study is expected to provide evidence on the coded Ayurveda drug AYUSH-SL in the management of chronic filarial lymphedema.

Kepadatan Nyamuk Mansonia dan Anopheles dengan Prevalensi Penyakit Filariasis di Kecamatan Taniwel Kabupaten Seram Bagian Barat

Filariasis is an infectious disease caused by filarial worms and transmitted by Mansonia and Anopheles mosquitoes. The prevalence of filariasis is influenced by the density of Mansonia and Anopheles mosquitoes. The purpose of this study was to determine the density of Mansonia, Anopheles mosquitoes, and zoonotic animals, and their relationship to the prevalence of filariasis in Taniwel District, West Seram Regency. This type of research is survey research and case control. The population in this study was the density of Mansonia and Anopheles mosquitoes, and cases of filariasis. While the research sample is people who suffer from filariasis, larval density, Mansonia and Anopheles mosquitoes. Data on the density of larvae/mosquitoes of Mansonia and Anopheles were analyzed descriptively, and analysis of the relationship between density of community habits and prevalence of filariasis was carried out by using the chi square test with SPSS version 20.0 program. The results showed that people used mosquito repellent lotion or brought mosquito rackets before doing activities at night. The density of Mansonia mosquitoes in Sohuwe Village is 4.00-5.85; Lumahlatal Village 5.00-6.60; and Maloang Village 4.00-6.20. Meanwhile, the density of Anopheles mosquitoes in Sohuwe Village is 7.00-9.85; Lumahlatal Village 5.89-6.82; and Maloang Village 5.00-6.50. The prevalence rate of filariasis in Sohuwe Village is 0.66; Lumahlatal Village 0.88; and Maloang Village 1.54; and there is a significant relationship between people's habits and the incidence of filariasis.

Hubungan Pengetahuan dan Sikap dengan Perilaku Pencegahan Filariasis di Kecamatan Cilimus Kabupaten Kuningan

Lymphatic filariasis is a chronic infectious disease caused by parasitic nematodes. The worm can damage the human lymphatic system gradually then causing enlargement of the limbs, breasts and genitalia. Kuningan is an endemic regency for filariasis in West Java Province. Cilimus District was in the 2nd position as a district with the highest filariasis cases in Kuningan in 2017. This research was conducted in Cilimus District from May to June 2018 using a cross-sectional design. The population was all households in the Cilimus District with a sample size of 106 people who were taken using a simple random sampling technique. The independent variables studied were knowledge and attitudes regarding the prevention of filariasis, the dependent variable was the filariasis prevention practices. Data collection was carried out by interview using a questionnaire. Data analysis was performed by univariate and bivariate (chi-square test). The results showed that some respondents had good knowledge and positive attitudes about the prevention of filariasis (50%). The description of respondent practices showed that 82.1% of respondents took filariasis drug, 62.3% of respondents had the habit of using mosquito repellent, only 4.7% of respondents used mosquito nets, 49.1% of respondents put gauze wire, 47.2% of respondents did not have a habit of hanging clothes. The results of categorizing behavioral variables were found that more than half of the respondents (52.8%) had implemented good prevention practices. The results of the bivariate analysis showed that there was a significant relationship between knowledge and attitude with filariasis prevention practices (p <0.05).

Aedes aegypti as potential vector of filariasis in Pekalongan, Central Java Province, Indonesia

Background: The filariasis elimination program in Indonesia has been conducted, but new cases and some chronic cases are still often found. Objective: This study aims to determine levels of endemicity and to identify filarial worm species in filariasis cases and s and their surrounding communities by using microscopic examination, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and to examine levels of infection in vectors mosquito by surgery and PCR. Also to to determine that Ae. aegypti can act as vector of filariasis. Methods: This study was conducted at 10 locations in Pekalongan Regency, Central Java Province, with a cross sectional design. Intravenous blood sampling was conducted on 102 respondents consisting of 10 elephantiasis patients and 92 non-elephantiasis patients at night, starting at 8 pm, then examined microscopically and PCR. Mosquitoes in this study were collected by using a human landing collection method for 12 hours from 6 pm to 6 am by volunteers. Artificial infection of microfilaria W. bancrofti was held against Cx. quinquefasciatus and Ae.aegypti from laboratory collection. Results: Results of this study found that there were 5.729 of mosquitos, consisting of 8 species, namely Culex quinquefasciatus, Culex vishnui, Culex tritaeniorhynchus, Aedes aegypti, Aedes albopictus, Anopheles subpictus, Anopheles vagus, and Armigeres kesseli. Microfilarial (mf) rate was 0.89%, and and the blood PCR showed infection rate of 3.92% and the blood PCR showed infection rate of 3.92%. No larva was found in female mosquito dissection. The PCR results showed that the infection rate was 9.10% in Ae. aegypty pool respectively. Artificial infection results was negative both dissecting microscopis and PCR. Conclusion: This study revealed that the locations were low of filariasis endemicity. The mf rate was less than 1%, and there was a moderate density to high density of microfilaria in the patients. The low level of infection rates in mosquito is suggested as an alert to its potential transmission.

Exploring the dynamic complexity of risk factors for vector-borne infections in sub-Saharan Africa: Case of urban lymphatic filariasis

Dynamic complexity is often a characteristic of public health issues; to visualize these problems as a system rather than isolated elements, system dynamics modeling may be an appropriate tool.The dynamic complexity of risk factors for lymphatic filariasis (LF) as an urban vector-borne disease has been addressed using system dynamics methodology. Some causal loop diagrams (CLDs) were designed to display the network of interactions of risk factors for urban transmission of LF and a potential set of public health interventions. A stock and flow diagram was also designed to capture the transmission dynamics as an accumulation and flow system, and a simulation model was built and executed.The system dynamics (SD) methodology is suitable for addressing the dynamic complexity of risk factors for LF in urban settings and is well-suited for public health interventions.

Relationship Between Health Literacy and Re-emerging Elephantiasis in Aceh Barat

Filariasis is an infectious disease caused by filarial worms if it is not fast, it will experience permanent disability, it occurs when a chronic condition occurs when the feet and hands become swollen, in that condition it is called elephantiasis (elephant leg). West Aceh Regency is one of the districts which has the highest number of filariasis cases, which continues to increase from 9 cases in 2015 to 15 cases in 2017. Many factors are suspected to be the cause of elephantiasis including knowledge, behavior, physical home environment, socialization of counseling to health workers. health literacy with the re-emergence of elephantiasis in West Aceh Regency in 2019. This study used a quantitative study to determine the risk of elephantiasis using Matched Case Control. The population of cases in this study were people who suffered from elephantiasis in the district of West Aceh. Given the population (N), namely patients with filariasis <100, the sample in this study was the total population using a ratio of 1: 3, so the number of samples in this study was 60 people consisting of 15 cases and 45 people as controls. The results showed that the disease re-emerged. Elephantiasis in West Aceh Regency in 2018 was related to health literacy (p = 0.003)