Cases Of Diabetes Research Articles

Evaluation of diabetes care parameters in patients with diabetes: A population-based cross-sectional study in Khuzestan province (southwest of Iran).

Diabetes is becoming a worldwide concern. Optimal diabetes control reduces diabetes complications. We aimed to measure the principal diabetes care parameters to recognize the main deficits in care for patients with diabetes in the region. This cross-sectional study is based on the Khuzestan Comprehensive Health Study (KCHS) data. Of all participants, 4673 (15.3%) were identified to have diabetes. We invited the known cases of diabetes to complete a checklist about their diabetes through face-to-face interviews, and we obtained a blood sample to measure their HbA1c. Of all participants of the KCHS study, 312 patients with diabetes who met the inclusion criteria were identified. Mean (± SD) HbA1c was 8.5% (± 1.8), and 225 (72.1%) of the participants had poor glycemic control. About 45.2% had blood pressure less than 130/80 mmHg, and 24% had FBS lower than 130 mg/dl. Nearly 37.8% of the participants had LDL < 100 mg/dl and 40% TG < 150 mg/dl. Of all participants, 38.5% had undergone retinal examination, 13.8% had their foot examined, and 39.4% had done urine micro-albumin /Cr test. HbA1c level had a statistically significant relationship with gender (P = 0.012), occupation (P = 0.007), nephropathy (P = 0.004) and retinopathy (P < 0.001). This study showed that less than half of the participants achieved the optimal ADA goals for diabetes care, therefore it is necessary to revise the basic protocols of diabetes care in the region to improve diabetes management.

Comparison of Characteristics Between Early-Onset and Late-Onset Severe Preeclampsia: A Retrospective Cohort Study from a Tertiary Hospital in China.

This study aimed to explore the different characteristics between early-onset severe preeclampsia (ESPE) and late-onset severe preeclampsia (LSPE) to improve pregnancy outcomes. We performed a retrospective cohort study between January 2016 and December 2021. Eligible hospitalized pregnant women with severe preeclampsia were assigned into the early-onset or late-onset group, depending on the gestational age at the time of severe preeclampsia onset (< or ≥ 34 gestational weeks, respectively). The clinical characteristics, laboratory results, maternal complications, and fetal and neonatal outcomes were recorded and compared between the two groups. A total of 1,238 pregnant women were included, with 525 in the early-onset group and 713 in the late-onset group. The late-onset group had more cases of gestational diabetes, whereas the early-onset group had a higher blood pressure, showed more proteinuria, had more liver and renal damage, exhibited more serious adverse maternal, fetal, and neonatal outcomes, was more likely to be admitted to the intensive care unit, and required longer hospital stays (all P < 0.05). In addition, the early-onset group had fewer prenatal care appointments and was more often transferred from a primary or secondary care hospital. The logistic regression analysis showed that a weekly weight gain of > 100g was a risk factor for ESPE and that fewer prenatal care appointments were a risk factor for ESPE in pregnant women with female fetuses. Moreover, logistic regression analysis indicated that nulliparity and gestational diabetes during the current pregnancy were risk factors for LSPE. In conclusion, compared with the women with LSPE, those with ESPE usually had worse maternal, fetal, and neonatal outcomes. More frequent prenatal screening and care should be provided for pregnant women with high-risk factors.

Machine Learning Analysis of Health and Lifestyle Factors in Understanding Diabetes

Diabetes poses a significant global health challenge, with approximately 537 million adults living with the condition in 2021, a number expected to rise to 783 million by 2045. To enhance predictive accuracy and gain deeper insights into the factors contributing to diabetes, this study employed machine learning algorithms to predict diabetes risk factors using a dataset encompassing health and lifestyle variables. Six supervised machine learning algorithms, including Gradient Boosting, Logistic Regression, and Random Forest, among others, were assessed for their effectiveness in classifying diabetes status into two categories: diabetes and no diabetes. The study found that Gradient Boosting achieved the highest overall accuracy at 85%, demonstrating the best recall for diabetic cases at 57%. Meanwhile, Logistic Regression excelled in precision for non-diabetic cases at 94%. Key risk factors identified include general health status, blood pressure, body mass index, cholesterol levels, and age. Notably, the study uncovered that higher income and education levels were associated with increased diabetes risk, contradicting some existing literature and indicating the potential impact of lifestyle factors.

Application Of SMOTE To Address Class Imbalance In Diabetes Disease Classification Utilizing C5.0, Random Forest, And SVM

The implementation of SMOTE to tackle class imbalance in classification frequently results in suboptimal outcomes, owing to the intricacy of the dataset and the multitude of attributes at play. Consequently, alternative classification models were explored through experimentation to gauge their precision. This research aims to compare the precision of C5.0, Random Forest, and SVM classification models both with and without SMOTE. The methodology encompasses dataset selection, an overview of classification algorithms (C5.0, Random Forest, SVM), SMOTE technique, validation via split validation, preprocessing involving min-max normalization, and execution evaluation utilizing confusion matrices and AUC analysis. The dataset was sourced by Kaggle, specifically to rectify class imbalance in a diabetes dataset using SMOTE, consisting of 768 instances, with 268 samples for diabetic cases and 500 samples for non-diabetic cases. Prior to SMOTE application, the classification precision for C5.0, Random Forest, and SVM were 0.714, 0.733, and 0.746 respectively, with corresponding AUC values of 0.745, 0.824, and 0.799. Post-SMOTE, the precision depicts for the same techniques were 0.603, 0.727, and 0.727, with AUC values of 0.734, 0.831, and 0.794 respectively. It can be inferred that there's minimal impact post-SMOTE across the three classification models due to potential overfitting on the dataset, leading to excessive reliance on synthesized data for minority classes, resulting in diminished model execution, precision, and AUC scores.

Adiposity and metabolic health in Asian populations: an epidemiological study using dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry in Singapore

Type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and related cardiometabolic disturbances are increasing rapidly in the Asia-Pacific region. We investigated the contribution of excess adiposity, a key determinant of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular risk, to unfavourable cardiometabolic profiles among Asian ethnic subgroups. The Health for Life in Singapore (HELIOS) Study is a population-based cohort comprising multiethnic Asian men and women living in Singapore, aged 30-84 years. We performed a cross-sectional analysis of data from individuals who had assessment of body composition by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry and metabolic characterisation. In a subset of participants on no medication for type 2 diabetes, hypertension, and hypercholesterolaemia, we tested the relationship of BMI and visceral fat mass index (vFMI) with cardiometabolic phenotypes (glycaemic indices, lipid levels, and blood pressure), disease outcomes (type 2 diabetes, hypercholesterolaemia, and hypertension), and metabolic syndrome score with multivariable regression analyses. Between April 2, 2018, and Jan 28, 2022, 10 004 individuals consented to be part of the HELIOS cohort, of whom 9067 were included in the study (5404 [59·6%] female, 3663 [40·4%] male; 6224 [68·6%] Chinese, 1169 [12·9%] Malay, 1674 [18·5%] Indian; mean age 52·8 years [SD 11·8]). The prevalence of type 2 diabetes, hypercholesterolaemia, and hypertension was 8·2% (n=744), 27·2% (n=2469), and 18·0% (n=1630), respectively. Malay and Indian participants had 3-4-times higher odds of obesity and type 2 diabetes, and showed adverse metabolic and adiposity profiles, compared with Chinese participants. Excess adiposity was associated with adverse cardiometabolic health indices including type 2 diabetes (p<0·0001). However, while vFMI explained the differences in triglycerides and blood pressure between the Asian ethnic groups, increased vFMI did not explain higher glucose levels, reduced insulin sensitivity, and increased risk of type 2 diabetes among Indian participants. Visceral adiposity is an independent risk factor for metabolic disease in Asian populations, and accounts for a large fraction of type 2 diabetes cases in each of the ethnic groups studied. However, the variation in insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes risk between Asian subgroups is not consistently explained by adiposity, indicating an important role for additional mechanisms underlying the susceptibility to cardiometabolic disease in Asian populations. Nanyang Technological University-the Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, National Healthcare Group, and National Medical Research Council, Singapore.

Hubungan Pola Asuh Orang Tua terhadap Kejadian Diabetes pada Anak Usia Sekolah

Elevated blood sugar levels are a sign of a metabolic disease called Diabetes Mellitus (DM). Several factors including the environment are contributors to the incidence of DM. The role of parents is mainly related to the child's lifestyle, including diet and food intake for the child. The lifestyle fostered in the family will affect the health of children. The purpose of this study was to analysis the parenting style of parents towards early diagnosis of diabetes based on blood glucose levels in children. A cross-sectional design and descriptive correlational design were used for this study. This study involved all students at SDN 2 Kepuharjo in August 2023 involving 92 children with total sampling technique. This study used the Parental Authority Questionaire instrument, which consists of twenty question items that assess how parenting is done. Details of the characteristics of the respondents were mostly 11 years old with 47 children (51.1%) and were in grades 5 and 6. The most respondents were female with 49 children (53.3%). Working mother status was at 84 (91.3%). 53 children with less parenting (57.6%). The results of the examination of blood sugar levels obtained were 17 children (18.5%) in the high category. Conclusion There is a correlation between parenting patterns and the number of cases of diabetes in school-age children in elementary schools with a p value of 0.006.

Antidiabetic potentials of crude and purified sulphated polysaccharides isolated from Gracilaria gracilis, a seaweed from South Africa

Over 90 % of all cases of diabetes that have been diagnosed are type 2 diabetes (T2D), a disease exacerbated by an increase in sedentary behaviour, bad eating habits, and obesity. This study investigated the antidiabetic properties of Gracilaria gracilis, using in vitro and ex vivo experimental models. The sulphated polysaccharides (SPs) from crude extracts of the seaweed powder was prepared via hot (100°C) and cold (25°C) aqueous extraction procedures before purification via an anion exchange chromatographic technique. Both the crude and purified extracts were characterised by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), LC-MS analysis, and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. The crude cold-aqueous and purified hot-aqueous SPs from G. gracilis had the strongest α-glucosidase inhibitory effect with IC50 value of 0.15 and 0.07 mg/ml, respectively. The purified cold-aqueous SP was the most potent inhibitor of α-glucosidase with an IC50 value of 0.17 mg/ml. The crude and purified SP-rich extracts inhibited pancreatic lipase (hot aqueous SP = 0.03 mg/ml) activity and effectively stimulated glucose uptake in yeast cells. Moreover, they showed significantly (p < 0.05) better intestinal glucose absorption inhibitory properties at the highest concentration (1 mg/ml) and displayed significantly (p < 0.05) better muscle glucose uptake compared to the commercial antidiabetic drug, metformin, at the same concentration. Overall, the current findings indicate that G. gracilis SPs may inhibit carbohydrate-hydrolysing enzymes, limit the release of simple sugars from the gut whilst effectively stimulating the use of glucose by peripheral tissue thus may be suitable to develop antidiabetic food supplements after further animal and clinical trials.

Association between Vitamin D Deficiency and Risk of Cardiovascular Diseases among Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Individuals in Bangladesh: a Case Control Comparative Study

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a well-known healthcare problem globally. Several factors, including vitamin D level influence cardiovascular diseases. This study was aimed to determine the association of vitamin D (25 [OH] D) levels and serum lipid profiles with T2DM in Bangladesh. The data (n = 111) were collected from the patients’ register record book of BIHS General Hospital (Mirpur, Dhaka). Clinical (age, gender) and biochemical (fasting glucose level, after meal glucose level, HbA1C, lipid profile (HDL, LDL, TG, cholesterol) and 25-hydroxy vitamin D information were included for analysis. Independent sample t-test (two-tailed) was used to compare diabetic (cases, n = 70) and non-diabetic (control, n = 41) groups. Correlation analysis and multiple linear regression assessed unadjusted and adjusted relations between vitamin D levels and other variables, respectively. There was a statistically significant (p &lt;0.001) difference identified in vitamin D levels (mg/dl) between diabetic [mean (range): 23.3 (10.20-38.4)] and non-diabetic [mean (range): 26.9 (20.5-51.4)] subjects. Significantly higher triglyceride, total cholesterol and blood glucose (fasting and after meal) levels were observed in diabetic subjects compared to non-diabetic subjects. However, HDL level was significantly lower in diabetic patients than in non- diabetic patients (40.15 ± 5.56 vs. 42.74 ± 5.72 mg/dl). Pearson correlation analysis exhibited a significantly positive correlation of vitamin D deficiency with glycated hemoglobin (HbA1C) (r = 0.195, p = 0.040), total cholesterol (r = 0.567, p = 0.046), and LDL (r = 0.897, p = 0.003) levels. Multiple regression analysis showed that vitamin D deficiency was significantly associated with higher glycated hemoglobin A1C (β = - 0.097, p = 0.039), fasting blood glucose (β = - 0.119, p = 0.011), total cholesterol (β = - 0.160, p = 001) and triglyceride (β = - 0.201, p &lt; 0.001) levels. Additional extended and thorough randomized controlled clinical trials are required to draw a more definitive conclusion and accumulate more substantial evidence regarding the positive impact of vitamin D supplements on type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Bangladesh Pharmaceutical Journal 27(2): 175-181, 2024 (July)

A multifunctional injectable, self-healing, and adhesive hydrogel-based wound dressing stimulated diabetic wound healing with combined reactive oxygen species scavenging, hyperglycemia reducing, and bacteria-killing abilities

The proficient handling of diabetic wounds, a rising issue coinciding with the global escalation of diabetes cases, poses significant clinical difficulties. A range of biofunctional dressings have been engineered and produced to expedite the healing process of diabetic wounds. This study proposes a multifunctional hydrogel dressing for diabetic wound healing, which is composed of Polyvinyl Alcohol (PVA) and N1-(4-boronobenzyl)-N3-(4-boronophenyl)-N1, N1, N3, N3-teramethylpropane-1, 3-diaminium (TSPBA), and a dual-drug loaded Gelatin methacryloyl (GM) microgel. The GM microgel is loaded with sodium fusidate (SF) and nanoliposomes (LP) that contain metformin hydrochloride (MH). Notably, adhesive and self-healing properties the hydrogel enhance their therapeutic potential and ease of application. In vitro assessments indicate that SF-infused hydrogel can eliminate more than 98% of bacteria within 24 h and maintain a sustained release over 15 days. Additionally, MH incorporated within the hydrogel has demonstrated effective glucose level regulation for a duration exceeding 15 days. The hydrogel demonstrates a sustained ability to neutralize ROS throughout the entire healing process, predominantly by electron donation and sequestration. This multifunctional hydrogel dressing, which integrated biological functions of efficient bactericidal activity against both MSSA and MRSA strains, blood glucose modulation, and control of active oxygen levels, has successfully promoted the healing of diabetic wounds in rats in 14 days. The hydrogel dressing exhibited significant effectiveness in facilitating the healing process of diabetic wounds, highlighting its considerable promise for clinical translation.Graphical

Advances in electrochemical biosensors employing carbon-based electrodes for detection of biomarkers in diabetes mellitus.

The increase in diabetes cases has become a major concern in the healthcare sector, necessitating the development of efficient and minimal diagnostic methods. This study aims to provide a comprehensive examination of electrochemical biosensors for detecting diabetes mellitus biomarkers, with a special focus on the utilization of carbon-based electrodes. A detailed analysis of electrochemical biosensors incorporating various carbon electrodes, including screen-printed carbon electrodes, glassy carbon electrodes, and carbon paste electrodes, is presented. The advantages of carbon-based electrodes in biosensor design are highlighted. The review covers the detection of several key diabetes biomarkers, such as glucose, glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), glycated human serum albumin (GHSA), insulin, and novel biomarkers. Recent developments in electrochemical biosensor technology over the last decade are summarized, emphasizing their potential in clinical applications, particularly in point-of-care settings. The utilization of carbon-based electrodes in biosensors is shown to offer significant advantages, including enhanced sensitivity, selectivity, and cost-effectiveness. This review underscores the importance of carbon-based electrodes in the design of electrochemical biosensors and raises awareness for the detection of novel biomarkers for more specific and personalized diabetes mellitus cases. The advancements in this field highlight the potential of these biosensors in future clinical applications, especially in point-of-care diagnostics.

Parkia javanica Edible Pods Reveal Potential as an Anti-Diabetic Agent: UHPLC-QTOF-MS/MS-Based Chemical Profiling, In Silico, In Vitro, In Vivo, and Oxidative Stress Studies.

According to the World Health Organization, over 422 million people worldwide have diabetes, with the majority residing in low- and middle-income countries. Diabetes causes 1.5 million fatalities a year. The number of diabetes cases and its prevalence have progressively increased over the last few decades. This study aims to determine the phytochemicals in the edible part of Perkia javanica, predict their α-glucosidase inhibitory potential, one of the promising targets for diabetes, and then carry out in vitro and in vivo studies. The phytochemicals present in the n-butanol fraction of the methanol extract of P. javanica pods were analyzed using UHPLC-QTOF-MS/MS (Ultra-High-Performance Liquid Chromatography-Quadrupole Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry). The UHPLC-QTOF analysis revealed the presence of 79 different compounds in the n-butanol fraction. Among these, six compounds demonstrated excellent binding affinities with α-glucosidase, surpassing the performance of two standard inhibitors, Miglitol and Voglibose. In vitro α-glucosidase inhibitory activities were assessed by the n-butanol fraction, followed by in vivo studies. According to the in vitro study, the inhibitory efficiency against α-glucosidase was determined to have an IC50 value of 261.9 µg/mL. The in vivo findings revealed a significant reduction in blood glucose levels in Swiss albino mice treated with the same extract, decreasing from 462.66 mg/dL to 228.66 mg/dL. Additionally, the extract significantly increased the activity of the enzymes catalase and superoxide dismutase (SOD) and decreased the amount of malondialdehyde (MDA) in the liver and kidney tissue. The predicted physicochemical parameters indicated that most of the compounds would be excreted from the body after inhibition in the small intestine without being absorbed. Considering the low cost and wide availability of raw materials, P. javanica pods can serve as a good food supplement that may help prevent type 2 diabetes management.

Association Between Accelerometer-Measured Irregular Sleep Duration and Type 2 Diabetes Risk: A Prospective Cohort Study in the UK Biobank.

To evaluate the association between irregular sleep duration and incident diabetes in a U.K. population over 7 years of follow-up. Among 84,421 UK Biobank participants (mean age 62 years) who were free of diabetes at the time of providing accelerometer data in 2013-2015 and prospectively followed until May 2022, sleep duration variability was quantified by the within-person SD of 7-night accelerometer-measured sleep duration. We used Cox proportional hazard models to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) for incident diabetes (identified from medical records, death register, and/or self-reported diagnosis) according to categories of sleep duration SD. There were 2,058 incident diabetes cases over 622,080 person-years of follow-up. Compared with sleep duration SD ≤ 30 min, the HR (95% CI) was 1.15 (0.99, 1.33) for 31-45 min, 1.28 (1.10, 1.48) for 46-60 min, 1.54 (1.32, 1.80) for 61-90 min, and 1.59 (1.33, 1.90) for ≥91 min, after adjusting for age, sex, and race. We found a nonlinear relationship (P nonlinearity 0.0002), with individuals with a sleep duration SD of >60 vs. ≤60 min having 34% higher diabetes risk (95% CI 1.22, 1.47). Further adjustment for lifestyle, comorbidities, environmental factors, and adiposity attenuated the association (HR comparing sleep duration SD of >60 vs. ≤60 min: 1.11; 95% CI 1.01, 1.22). The association was stronger among individuals with lower diabetes polygenic risk score (PRS; P interaction ≤ 0.0264) and longer sleep duration (P interaction ≤ 0.0009). Irregular sleep duration was associated with higher diabetes risk, particularly in individuals with a lower diabetes PRS and longer sleep duration.

Herbal Cellular Concentrate for Type 2 Diabetes

Diabetes is a group of metabolic disorders associated with chronic hyperglycemia in the blood due to defects in insulin secretion, insulin function, or both. Although the proper treatment of diabetes includes insulin injection continuously to maintain blood glucose levels, nowadays, there is an increasing interest in the use of alternative approaches for treating insulin resistance, and T2D Chicory significantly reduces blood sugar and glucose fluctuations, increases metabolism due to inulin in type 2 diabetes patients with excess weight. Equisetum arvense is one of the most effective plants for blood sugar, stabilizing metabolism, and hormone production. Tuberous roots are rich in inulin, enabling glucose utilization in the human body, and can potentially ameliorate insulin sensitivity in diabetic patients. Blueberry leaves improve insulin sensitivity and action. Galega officinalis lowers blood sugar levels for prediabetes and type-2 diabetes patients. Due to the side effects and temporary use of chemical drugs, herbal and natural medicines and chemical drugs are recommended for people with diabetes. However, more scientific studies are needed to confirm the effectiveness of herbal supplements in diabetes cases.

Ultra-processed food consumption and risk of diabetes: results from a population-based prospective cohort.

Understanding the impact of the overall construct of ultra-processed foods on diabetes risk can inform dietary approaches to diabetes prevention. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the association between ultra-processed food consumption and risk of diabetes in a community-based cohort of middle-aged adults in the USA. We hypothesised that a higher intake of ultra-processed foods is associated with a higher risk of incident diabetes. The study included 13,172 participants without diabetes at baseline (1987-1989) in the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study. Dietary intake was assessed with a 66-item semiquantitative food frequency questionnaire, and foods were categorised by processing level using the Nova classification system. Ultra-processed food was analysed categorically (quartiles of energy-adjusted intake) and continuously (per one additional serving/day). We used Cox regression to evaluate the association of ultra-processed food intake with risk of diabetes with adjustment for sociodemographic characteristics, total energy intake, health behaviours and clinical factors. Over a median follow-up of 21 years, there were 4539 cases of incident diabetes. Participants in the highest quartile of ultra-processed food intake (8.4 servings/day on average) had a significantly higher risk of diabetes (HR 1.13; 95% CI 1.03, 1.23) compared with participants in the lowest quartile of intake after adjustment for sociodemographic, lifestyle and clinical factors. Each additional serving of ultra-processed food consumed daily was associated with a 2% higher risk of diabetes (HR 1.02; 95% CI 1.00, 1.04). Highest quartile consumption of certain ultra-processed food groups, including sugar- and artificially sweetened beverages, ultra-processed meats and sugary snacks, was associated with a 29%, 21% and 16% higher risk of diabetes, respectively, compared with the lowest quartile. We found that a higher intake of ultra-processed food was associated with higher risk of incident diabetes, particularly sugar- and artificially sweetened beverages, ultra-processed meats and sugary snacks. Our findings suggest interventions reducing ultra-processed food consumption and specific food groups may be an effective strategy for diabetes prevention.

Diabetic Heart Disease: An Intricate Interplay of a Widespread Metabolic Disorder with the Cardiovascular System.

Diabetes is a chronic medical condition that causes high glycaemic levels, leading to damage to vital organs over time. It is a common disease worldwide, affecting around 422 million individuals living in middle- and low-income countries, which make up most of the population. Unfortunately, diabetes results in 1.5 million deaths annually. Diabetic patients are at a higher risk for developing cardiovascular conditions. Diabetic heart disease constitutes multiple genres, including diabetic cardiomyopathy, coronary artery disease, and heart failure. Hypoglycaemic agents aim to prevent these metabolic issues however some of these are cardiotoxic in nature. In contrast, other hypoglycaemic agents work beyond controlling glycaemic levels with their cardioprotective properties. Given that there is an alarming increase in diabetic heart disease cases universally, we have attempted to review the existing data on the topic and the effects of hypoglycaemic drugs on heart diseases.

The Role of Pro-Inflammatory Chemokines CCL-1, 2, 4, and 5 in the Etiopathogenesis of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Subjects from the Asir Region of Saudi Arabia: Correlation with Different Degrees of Obesity.

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is becoming a major global health concern, especially in developing nations. The high prevalence of obesity and related diabetes cases are attributed to rapid economic progress, physical inactivity, the consumption of high-calorie foods, and changing lifestyles. We investigated the roles of pro-inflammatory chemokines CCL1, 2, 4, and 5 in T2DM with varying levels of obesity in the Asir region of Saudi Arabia. In total, 170 confirmed T2DM subjects and a normal control group were enrolled. Demographic data, serum levels of CCL-1, 2, 4, and 5, and biochemical indices were assessed in the subjects and control groups by standard procedures. T2DM subjects were divided into four groups: A (normal body weight), B (overweight), C (obese), and D (highly obese). We observed that male and female control subjects had similar mean serum concentrations of pro-inflammatory chemokines CCL-1, 2, 4, and 5. T2DM subjects in all the four groups showed significantly higher levels of all the four chemokines compared to the controls, regardless of gender. In T2DM subjects with obesity and severe obesity, the rise was most significant. There was a progressive rise in the concentrations of CCL-1, 2, and 4 in T2DM subjects with increasing BMI. Serum CCL5 levels increased significantly in all T2DM subject groups. The increase in CCL5 was more predominant in normal-weight people, compared to overweight and obese T2DM subjects. Male and female control subjects had similar serum levels of pro-inflammatory chemokines CCL-1, 2, 4, and 5. The progressive rise in blood concentrations of three pro-inflammatory chemokines CCL-1, 2, and 4 in T2DM subjects with increasing BMI supports the idea that dyslipidemia and obesity contribute to chronic inflammation and insulin resistance. Serum CCL5 levels increased significantly in all T2DM subject groups. The selective and more pronounced increase in CCL5 in the T2DM group with normal BMI, compared to subjects with varying degrees of obesity, was rather surprising. Further research is needed to determine if CCL5 underexpression in overweight and obese T2DM subjects is due to some unexplained counterbalancing processes.

Deciphering the connection between microvascular damage and neurodegeneration in early diabetic retinopathy.

Diabetic retinopathy (DR), a common diabetes complication leading to vision loss, presents early clinical signs linked to retinal vasculature damage, affecting the neural retina at advanced stages. However, vascular changes and potential effects on neural cells before clinical diagnosis of DR are less well understood. To study the earliest stages of DR we performed histological phenotyping and quantitative analysis on postmortem retinas from 10 donors with diabetes and without signs of DR (such as microaneurysms and haemorrhages), plus 3 controls and 1 DR case, focusing on capillary loss in the deeper (DVP) and superficial vascular plexuses (SVP) and neural retina effects. The advanced DR case exhibited profound vascular and neural damage, whereas the ten randomly selected donors with diabetes appeared superficially normal. The SVP was indistinguishable from the controls. In contrast, over half of the retinas from donors with diabetes showed capillary dropout in the DVP and increased capillary diameter. However, we could not detect any localised neural cell loss in the vicinity of dropout capillaries. Instead, we observed a subtle pan-retinal loss of inner nuclear layer (INL) cells in all diabetes cases (p<0.05), independent of microvascular damage. In conclusion, our findings demonstrate a novel histological biomarker for early-stage diabetes-related damage in human postmortem retina, common in people with diabetes before clinical DR diagnosis. Furthermore, the mismatch between capillary dropout and neural loss questions the notion of microvascular loss directly causing neurodegeneration at the earliest stages of DR, so diabetes may affect the two readouts independently.

Impact of Gender and Age in HbA1c Levels among Libyan Adults Without Known Diabetes in Zeletin City, Libya: A Cross-Sectional Study

The objective of our study was to examine the correlation between HbA1c levels, gender and age in Libyan adults in Zeletin city who have not been diagnosed with diabetes. In our cross-sectional study, we enrolled a total of 300 participants. Blood samples were collected from each participant and subsequently analyzed to determine their HbA1c levels. Statistical analysis included t-tests, linear regression analysis, and one-way ANOVA. Our results showed a significant positive correlation between HbA1c levels in relation to both age and gender. Furthermore, approximately 58.7% of the individuals had HbA1c levels equal to or exceeding 6.5%, which is commonly used as a threshold for diagnosing diabetes. This indicates that there is a notable occurrence of undiagnosed diabetes within the participants of the study. When examining different age groups, we observed a substantial increase in HbA1c levels with advancing age. Additionally, in the 50-59 and above 60 age groups, males exhibited significantly higher HbA1c levels compared to females (p&lt;0.001). In conclusion, our study validated the previously observed link between elevated HbA1c levels and increasing age in individuals without diabetes. Additionally, our study highlights a high prevalence of undiagnosed diabetes in Zeletin, Libya, suggesting an impending increase in diabetes cases that will pose a significant economic burden on healthcare.

Tuber crops could be a potential food component for lowering starch digestibility and estimated glycemic index in rice.

Rice is considered a high estimated glycemic index (eGI) food because of its higher starch digestibility, which leads to type II diabetes and obesity as a result of a sedentary life style. Furthermore, the incresaing diabetes cases in rice-consuming populations worldwide need alternative methods to reduce the glycemic impact of rice, with dietary prescriptions based on the eGI value of food being an attractive and practical concept. Rice is often paired with vegetables, pulses, tubers and roots, a staple food group in Africa, Latin America and Asia, which are rich in fibre and health-promoting compounds. Rice from four categories (high protein, scented, general and pigmented) was analyzed for eGI and resistant starch (RS) content. Among the genotypes, Improved Lalat had the lowest eGI (53.12) with a relatively higher RS content (2.17%), whereas Hue showed the lowest RS (0.19%) with the highest eGI (76.3) value. The addition of tuber crops to rice caused a significant lowering of eGI where the maximum beneficial effect was shown by elephant foot yam (49.37) followed by yam bean (53.07) and taro (54.43). The present study suggests that combining rice with suitable tuber crops can significantly reduce its eGI value, potentially reducing the burden of diet-associated lifestyle diseases particularly diabetics. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.

Diabetes Mellitus as a Risk Factor for Tuberculosis: A Community Based Case Control Study.

Prevention of diabetes in the general population can help reduce the incidence of tuberculosis. Hence it is necessary to document that diabetes is strongly associated with tuberculosis as a risk factor. To study if diabetes is associated with tuberculosis compared to controls. A community based case-control study was carried out. 215 newly diagnosed cases of tuberculosis on treatment for not more than three months were selected randomly from the randomly selected tuberculosis unit. 215 neighbourhood controls were selected. They were matched for the age group of ± 10 years and sex. Fasting blood sugar (FBS) was estimated using a glucometer. Tobacco chewing, residence and family history of TB were significantly more in cases (P < 0.05). Mean BMI was significantly lower in cases compared to controls. The proportion of TB cases among the known cases of diabetes was 67% compared to 33% in controls, which was statistically significant. Mean FBS was significantly higher in cases compared to controls (P < 0.05). The odds of cases being diabetic was 2.456 times more than those of controls. On binary logistic regression, diabetes was an independent risk factor for tuberculosis. Other independent risk factors were tobacco chewing, and family history of TB. Family history of tuberculosis, and tobacco chewing were positively associated with tuberculosis whereas body mass index was negatively associated with tuberculosis. Diabetes was significantly associated with tuberculosis.