Cases Of Diabetes Research Articles

Energy Intake and Dietary Glycemic Load in Late Morning and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes: The Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos-A Multicenter Prospective Cohort Study.

To evaluate the association between meal timing and type 2 diabetes risk in U.S. Hispanic/Latino adults. The Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos (HCHS/SOL) is a multicenter, community-based, prospective cohort study. This study included 8,868 HCHS/SOL adults without diabetes at baseline (2008-2011) and attending the visit 2 examination (2014-2017). Energy intake and glycemic load (GL) in each meal timing were assessed at baseline using two 24-h dietary recalls. Incident diabetes was identified through annual follow-up calls or at visit 2. Hazard ratios (HRs) for incident diabetes were estimated using Cox models, accounting for the complex survey design. The study population (50.9% female) had a baseline mean age of 39.0 (95% CI, 38.4-39.5) years. Over a median (range) follow-up of 5.8 (0.8-9.6) years, 1,262 incident diabetes cases were documented. Greater energy intake and GL in late morning (9:00-11:59 a.m.) were associated with a lower diabetes risk, whereas greater energy intake and GL in other meal timings were not. After accounting for diet quantity and quality, sociodemographic characteristics, lifestyle factors, and chronic conditions, the HRs were 0.94 (95% CI, 0.91-0.97) per 100-kcal energy intake increment and 0.93 (0.89-0.97) per 10-unit GL increment in late morning. Replacing energy intake or GL from early morning (6:00-8:59 a.m.), afternoon (12:00-5:59 p.m.), or evening (6:00-11:59 p.m.) with late-morning equivalents was associated with a comparably lower diabetes risk. This study identified late morning as a favorable meal timing in Hispanic/Latino adults, providing a novel perspective on type 2 diabetes prevention that warrants confirmation.

The Case for Strategic Integration of Diabetes Education in Southern Nigeria, Informed by Insights from a Pilot Study

The surge in diabetes cases affecting 3.6 million individuals in Nigeria demands a proactive response. Despite the high prevalence, the current Nigerian model is reactive leading to delayed treatment, heightened complications, elevated healthcare expenses, and diminished quality of life. This document proposes the solution of integrating culturally adapted Diabetes Self-Management Education and Support (DSMES) programs into Nigerian health policy as standard practice. Additionally, it recommends establishing diabetes educator training programs and a nationwide accreditation process. The development of such a program, in collaboration with the University of Port Harcourt Teaching Hospital, is outlined, highlighting both successes and failures during its initial implementation. These insights emphasize the importance of enhanced collaboration, sustainable funding, and a comprehensive monitoring and evaluation framework. These observations are currently driving ongoing program development.

Excreted albumin of diabetic microalbuminuria cases exhibits pseudo esterase activity: A new way to explore microalbuminuria, perhaps with more information

BackgroundMicroalbuminuria is associated with several clinical conditions of public health concern. Particularly in diabetic patients, there is routine microalbuminuria screening to understand whether the renal complication has progressed to the microalbuminuria stage or not. Therefore, microalbuminuria detection is a matter of considerable interest. For such detection, the clinical labs rely on immunochemical methods. Nevertheless, the immunochemical methods are believed to be less sensitive for the purpose. So, the need arises for continuous research in the field. We believe that pseudoesterase activity of the excreted albumin in microalbuminuria cases is a potential target. This aspect is investigated here and it is shown that the excreted albumin in diabetic microalbuminuria cases retains its pseudoesterase activity, unlike the overt albuminuria cases. MethodsThe cases of diabetic nephropathy and healthy controls were included in the study. The patients were divided into diabetic controls microalbuminuria, and overt albuminuria group considering the albumin to creatinine ratio (ACR). The urinary proteins of the cases were isolated by centrifugation. The obtained protein pellet was then checked for pseudoesterase activity by electrophoretic and fluorescence-based methods. The CD spectroscopy and LC-MS study was carried out to show the suitability of the substrate for the detection of albumin pseudoesterase activity. To further, understand the structure–function relation, molecular docking studies were carried out. ResultsFrom the CD and LC-MS study the suitability of the used substrate was confirmed. The electrophoretic and fluorescence study showed that the protein of the microalbuminuria group retained the pseudoesterase activity whereas the same is lost in the overt albuminuria group. The molecular docking studies indicated that a change in albumin structure may result in a change in its pseudoesterase activity. ConclusionThe urinary protein of diabetic microalbuminuria cases exhibits pseudoesterase activity. It distinguishes the excreted protein in the diabetic albuminuria group and the overt albuminuria group. This is the first study that showed the retention of pseudoesterase property in excreted albumin. Further, in this study a simple test is developed that distinguishes the excreted albumin in the microalbuminuria group and overt albuminuria group.

Modeling the Socio-economic Factors of Type 2 Diabetes among Outpatients of some Selected Hospitals in Tamale, Ghana

Type 2 diabetes is among the most significant and quickly spreading public health challenges in today's society. Type 2 diabetes is becoming an epidemic and poses an increasing threat to world health due to cultural and societal changes, as well as the aging population in developing countries. The study seeks to model the socioeconomic factors of Type 2 diabetes among outpatients in Tamale, Ghana using proportional odds model. A total of 1,203 type 2 diabetes cases were obtained for this study; comprising 300 cases from SDA Hospital, 271 from Kabsad Hospital and 632 cases from Tamale Teaching Hospital. Findings show that age, occupation, residence and gender of patients are the socio-economic factors associated with Type 2 diabetes. The study further revealed that the proportional odds model has good diagnostic accuracy as the classification accuracy was above 60%. The study recommends that healthcare professionals work with dieticians, fitness experts, and mental health specialists to create individualized programs that take the patients' socioeconomic situation into account.

Aging In The Face of Diabetes: Severe Hypoglycemia in Older Adults

Global rates of type 1 and type 2 diabetes (T1D, T2D) continue to climb, despite medical advancements. Older adults constitute one of the fastest growing segments of the diabetes population, backed by the world’s unprecedented aging population, decreased diabetes mortality rates, and the obesity epidemic. In Canada, individuals aged ≥65 years account for more than a quarter of all prevalent diabetes cases, far exceeding the other age groups. Older adults with diabetes face the highest risks of microvascular and macrovascular complications, which, compared to younger age cohorts, can contribute to significant functional loss, frailty, and premature mortality. A considerable amount of research links intensive glucose-lowering with insulin or secretagogues to reduced cardiovascular disease. However, the consequent risk of severe hypoglycemia and related sequelae can be particularly catastrophic for older adults, exacerbated by coexisting health conditions and age-related social needs. Approximately 40% of Canadians with T2D aged ≥65 years currently use secretagogues, while 27% use insulin—alongside all those with T1D. Longitudinal evidence suggests that since the year 2000, hospital admission rates for hypoglycemia have consistently surpassed those for hyperglycemia, especially among individuals aged 75 years and above. Economic modelling estimates that the Canadian healthcare system spends $125,932 CAD per year on iatrogenic hypoglycemia, with the bulk of these costs likely allocated to people ≥65 years. Diabetes in older adults is a pressing public health issue in Canada, marked by clinical diversity and widespread use of medications that are prone to cause hypoglycemia. This review outlines recent epidemiologic findings on severe hypoglycemia among community-dwelling older adults with T1D or T2D treated with insulin or secretagogues. Understanding the complex factors contributing to severe hypoglycemia in this population is crucial for developing tailored prevention strategies that are both effective and safe.

Identification of Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor–Induced Diabetes

Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have revolutionized cancer care; however, accompanying immune-related adverse events (irAEs) confer substantial morbidity and occasional mortality. Life-threatening irAEs may require permanent cessation of ICI, even in patients with positive tumor response. Therefore, it is imperative to comprehensively define the spectrum of irAEs to aid individualized decision-making around the initiation of ICI therapy. To define incidence, risk factors, and clinical spectrum of an irreversible and life-threatening irAE: ICI-induced diabetes. This cohort study, conducted at an academic integrated health care system examined 14 328 adult patients treated with ICIs, including 64 patients who developed ICI-induced diabetes, from July 2010 to January 2022. The data were analyzed from 2022 to 2023. Cases of ICI-induced diabetes were manually confirmed; detailed clinical phenotyping was performed at diagnosis and 1-year follow-up. For 862 patients, genotyping data were available, and polygenic risk for type 1 diabetes was determined. For ICI-induced diabetes cases and controls, demographic characteristics, comorbidities, tumor category, and ICI category were compared. Among ICI-induced diabetes cases, markers of glycemic physiology were examined at diagnosis and 1-year follow-up. For patients with available genotyping, a published type 1 diabetes polygenic score (T1D GRS2) was calculated. Of 14 328 participants, 6571 (45.9%) were women, and the median (range) age was 66 (8-106) years. The prevalence of ICI-induced diabetes among ICI-treated patients was 0.45% (64 of 14 328), with an incidence of 124.8 per 100 000 person-years. Preexisting type 2 diabetes (odds ratio [OR], 5.91; 95% CI, 3.34-10.45) and treatment with combination ICI (OR, 2.57; 95% CI, 1.44-4.59) were significant clinical risk factors of ICI-induced diabetes. T1D GRS2 was associated with ICI-induced diabetes risk, with an OR of 4.4 (95% CI, 1.8-10.5) for patients in the top decile of T1D GRS2, demonstrating a genetic association between spontaneous autoimmunity and irAEs. Patients with ICI-induced diabetes were in 3 distinct phenotypic categories based on autoantibodies and residual pancreatic function, with varying severity of initial presentation. The results of this analysis of 14 328 ICI-treated patients followed up from ICI initiation determined the incidence, risk factors and clinical spectrum of ICI-induced diabetes. Widespread implementation of this approach across organ-specific irAEs may enhance diagnosis and management of these conditions, and this becomes especially pertinent as ICI treatment rapidly expands to treat a wide spectrum of cancers and is used at earlier stages of treatment.

Drug Related Problems (DRPs) penggunaan obat antidiabetik pada pasien rawat inap diabetes mellitus tipe 2

rates continue to rise annually. Indonesia ranks fifth globally in the number of diabetes cases. Drug-related problems (DRPs) are common in clinical practice and can occur at all stages of the treatment process. Objective: This study aims to identify DRPs in hospitalized patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Methods: This descriptive study employed a cross-sectional approach. Data were collected retrospectively from medical records of 61 hospitalized patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus at a hospital in Jakarta. Results: The analysis of DRPs in hospitalized patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus revealed that 5 cases (14%) involved inappropriate drug selection, 6 cases (17%) involved suboptimal dosing, 10 cases (29%) involved adverse drug reactions (ADRs), and 14 cases (40%) involved drug interactions. Conclusion: Polypharmacy requires careful attention as it has the potential to cause drug interactions and adverse drug reactions.

Screening analysis of the prevalence of leading endocrine diseases in Tajikistan

Aim. To clarify the epidemiology of endocrine diseases in different regions of Tajikistan.Materials and methods. A retrospective analysis of the medical history of patients with primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) admitted to two medical centres in Dushanbe over a 10-year period (2011-2020) was used, along with data from an epidemiological analysis conducted by the Republican Endocrinology Clinical Centre from 2016 to 2021.Results. More than 50,000 cases of diabetes were registered in Tajikistan between 2016 and 2021, including 3,424 cases of type 1 diabetes (6.8%) and 47,094 cases of type 2 diabetes (93.2%). There is a consistent trend towards an increasing prevalence of diabetes. There has also been an increase in the prevalence of thyroid pathology, particularly endemic goiter and related endocrine disorders. An increase in obesity was observed in both adults and children.Conclusions. The epidemiological analysis indicates a high prevalence and increasing trend of endocrine disorders in Tajikistan. This underlines the importance of early diagnosis and timely implementation of preventive measures. The observed increase in obesity rates calls for additional attention to programmes aimed at improving the diet and lifestyle of the population. Continued basic research is needed to improve diagnostic and treatment capabilities, especially in the context of expanding national programmes for diabetes and other endocrine disorders.

Predictive Modelling of Diabetes Risk in Population Groups Defined by Socioeconomic and Lifestyle Factors in Canada: A Cross-Sectional Study.

This study modelled diabetes risk for population groups in Canada defined by socioeconomic and lifestyle characteristics and investigated inequities in diabetes risk using a validated population risk prediction algorithm. We defined population groups, informed by determinants of health frameworks. We applied the Diabetes Population Risk Tool (DPoRT) to 2017/2018 Canadian Community Health Survey data to predict 10-year diabetes risk and cases across population groups. We modelled a preventive intervention scenario to estimate reductions in diabetes for population groups and impacts on the inequity in diabetes risk across income and education. The population group with at least one lifestyle and at least one socioeconomic/structural risk factor had the highest estimated 10-year diabetes risk and number of new cases. When an intervention with a 5% relative risk reduction was modelled for this population group, diabetes risk decreased by 0.5% (females) and 0.7% (males) and the inequity in diabetes risk across income and education levels was reduced. Preventative interventions that address socioeconomic and structural risk factors have potential to reduce inequities in diabetes risk and overall diabetes burden.

Role of urinary nephrin to predict early onset of nephropathy in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus

Nephropathy is most common complication in type 2 diabeticsubjects. Urinary nephrin is a podocyte specific protein, can be serve as a predict early nephropathy and its progression of diabetic nephropathy. A total 90 participants included were sub grouped as 60 cases and 30 healthy controls, a biochemical, clinical and experimental parameters were analyzed for all the study subjects. The data was interpreted by using statistics software SPSS and <0.05 was statistically significant. There were significantly increased levels of FBS, PPBS and glycated haemoglobin in type 2 diabetic cases when compared to controls. The urea, creatinine, uric acid and microalbumin were significantly elevated in type 2 diabetic with microalbuminuria when compared to type 2 diabetic with normoalbuminuria and controls. Additionally the urinary nephrin was significantly elevated in both groups of type 2 diabetics when compared to controls. This study suggests determination of urinary nephrin can be used as an early predictable and prognostic marker for nephropathy in patients with type 2 diabetics.

Trait impulsivity is associated with an increased risk of type 2 diabetes incidence in adults over 8 years of follow-up: results from the NutriNet-Santé cohort

BackgroundType 2 diabetes is one of the most prevalent and preventable diseases worldwide and impulsivity, a psychological trait characterized by making quick decisions without forethought, has been suggested as a key feature for health-related conditions. However, there have been no studies examining the relationships between impulsivity and the incidence of type 2 diabetes and our aim was to assess the prospective association between trait impulsivity and the risk of developing type 2 diabetes.MethodsA prospective observational study design was conducted between May 2014 and February 2023 within the NutriNet-Santé cohort. A web-based platform was used to collect data from the French adult population, with voluntary enrollment and participation. Of the 157,591 adults (≥ 18 years old) participating in the NutriNet-Santé study when impulsivity was assessed, 109,214 participants were excluded due to prevalent type 1 or 2 diabetes or missing data for impulsivity or follow-up data for type 2 diabetes. Trait impulsivity, and the attention, motor, and non-planning subfactors, were assessed at baseline using the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale 11. Incident type 2 diabetes was ascertained through follow-up. Medical information was reviewed by NutriNet-Santé physician experts to ascertain incident diabetes cases based on the ICD-10. Cox regression models, using hazard ratios and 95% confidence intervals (HR [95% CI]), were performed to evaluate associations between impulsivity per 1 standard deviation increment and type 2 diabetes risk, adjusting by recognized confounders.ResultsOf the 48,377 individuals studied (women 77.6%; age at baseline = 50.6 year ± 14.5 years), 556 individuals developed type 2 diabetes over a median follow-up of 7.78 (IQR: 3.97–8.49) years. Baseline impulsivity was associated with an increased risk of type 2 diabetes incidence (HR = 1.10 [1.02, 1.20]). The motor impulsivity subfactor was positively associated with type 2 diabetes risk (HR = 1.14 [1.04, 1.24]), whereas no associations were found for attention and non-planning impulsivity subfactors.ConclusionsTrait impulsivity was associated with an increased type 2 diabetes risk, mainly driven by the motor impulsivity subfactor. If these results are replicated in other populations and settings, trait impulsivity may become an important psychological risk factor to be considered in the prevention of type 2 diabetes.Cohort registrationName of registry: The NutriNet-Santé Study. A Web-based Prospective Cohort Study of the Relationship Between Nutrition and Health and of Dietary Patterns and Nutritional Status Predictors.Cohort registration number: NCT03335644.Date of registration: October 11, 2017.URL: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03335644

Comparison of Characteristics Between Early-Onset and Late-Onset Severe Preeclampsia: A Retrospective Cohort Study from a Tertiary Hospital in China.

This study aimed to explore the different characteristics between early-onset severe preeclampsia (ESPE) and late-onset severe preeclampsia (LSPE) to improve pregnancy outcomes. We performed a retrospective cohort study between January 2016 and December 2021. Eligible hospitalized pregnant women with severe preeclampsia were assigned into the early-onset or late-onset group, depending on the gestational age at the time of severe preeclampsia onset (< or ≥ 34 gestational weeks, respectively). The clinical characteristics, laboratory results, maternal complications, and fetal and neonatal outcomes were recorded and compared between the two groups. A total of 1,238 pregnant women were included, with 525 in the early-onset group and 713 in the late-onset group. The late-onset group had more cases of gestational diabetes, whereas the early-onset group had a higher blood pressure, showed more proteinuria, had more liver and renal damage, exhibited more serious adverse maternal, fetal, and neonatal outcomes, was more likely to be admitted to the intensive care unit, and required longer hospital stays (all P < 0.05). In addition, the early-onset group had fewer prenatal care appointments and was more often transferred from a primary or secondary care hospital. The logistic regression analysis showed that a weekly weight gain of > 100g was a risk factor for ESPE and that fewer prenatal care appointments were a risk factor for ESPE in pregnant women with female fetuses. Moreover, logistic regression analysis indicated that nulliparity and gestational diabetes during the current pregnancy were risk factors for LSPE. In conclusion, compared with the women with LSPE, those with ESPE usually had worse maternal, fetal, and neonatal outcomes. More frequent prenatal screening and care should be provided for pregnant women with high-risk factors.

Machine Learning Analysis of Health and Lifestyle Factors in Understanding Diabetes

Diabetes poses a significant global health challenge, with approximately 537 million adults living with the condition in 2021, a number expected to rise to 783 million by 2045. To enhance predictive accuracy and gain deeper insights into the factors contributing to diabetes, this study employed machine learning algorithms to predict diabetes risk factors using a dataset encompassing health and lifestyle variables. Six supervised machine learning algorithms, including Gradient Boosting, Logistic Regression, and Random Forest, among others, were assessed for their effectiveness in classifying diabetes status into two categories: diabetes and no diabetes. The study found that Gradient Boosting achieved the highest overall accuracy at 85%, demonstrating the best recall for diabetic cases at 57%. Meanwhile, Logistic Regression excelled in precision for non-diabetic cases at 94%. Key risk factors identified include general health status, blood pressure, body mass index, cholesterol levels, and age. Notably, the study uncovered that higher income and education levels were associated with increased diabetes risk, contradicting some existing literature and indicating the potential impact of lifestyle factors.

Application Of SMOTE To Address Class Imbalance In Diabetes Disease Classification Utilizing C5.0, Random Forest, And SVM

The implementation of SMOTE to tackle class imbalance in classification frequently results in suboptimal outcomes, owing to the intricacy of the dataset and the multitude of attributes at play. Consequently, alternative classification models were explored through experimentation to gauge their precision. This research aims to compare the precision of C5.0, Random Forest, and SVM classification models both with and without SMOTE. The methodology encompasses dataset selection, an overview of classification algorithms (C5.0, Random Forest, SVM), SMOTE technique, validation via split validation, preprocessing involving min-max normalization, and execution evaluation utilizing confusion matrices and AUC analysis. The dataset was sourced by Kaggle, specifically to rectify class imbalance in a diabetes dataset using SMOTE, consisting of 768 instances, with 268 samples for diabetic cases and 500 samples for non-diabetic cases. Prior to SMOTE application, the classification precision for C5.0, Random Forest, and SVM were 0.714, 0.733, and 0.746 respectively, with corresponding AUC values of 0.745, 0.824, and 0.799. Post-SMOTE, the precision depicts for the same techniques were 0.603, 0.727, and 0.727, with AUC values of 0.734, 0.831, and 0.794 respectively. It can be inferred that there's minimal impact post-SMOTE across the three classification models due to potential overfitting on the dataset, leading to excessive reliance on synthesized data for minority classes, resulting in diminished model execution, precision, and AUC scores.

Adiposity and metabolic health in Asian populations: an epidemiological study using dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry in Singapore

Type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and related cardiometabolic disturbances are increasing rapidly in the Asia-Pacific region. We investigated the contribution of excess adiposity, a key determinant of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular risk, to unfavourable cardiometabolic profiles among Asian ethnic subgroups. The Health for Life in Singapore (HELIOS) Study is a population-based cohort comprising multiethnic Asian men and women living in Singapore, aged 30-84 years. We performed a cross-sectional analysis of data from individuals who had assessment of body composition by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry and metabolic characterisation. In a subset of participants on no medication for type 2 diabetes, hypertension, and hypercholesterolaemia, we tested the relationship of BMI and visceral fat mass index (vFMI) with cardiometabolic phenotypes (glycaemic indices, lipid levels, and blood pressure), disease outcomes (type 2 diabetes, hypercholesterolaemia, and hypertension), and metabolic syndrome score with multivariable regression analyses. Between April 2, 2018, and Jan 28, 2022, 10 004 individuals consented to be part of the HELIOS cohort, of whom 9067 were included in the study (5404 [59·6%] female, 3663 [40·4%] male; 6224 [68·6%] Chinese, 1169 [12·9%] Malay, 1674 [18·5%] Indian; mean age 52·8 years [SD 11·8]). The prevalence of type 2 diabetes, hypercholesterolaemia, and hypertension was 8·2% (n=744), 27·2% (n=2469), and 18·0% (n=1630), respectively. Malay and Indian participants had 3-4-times higher odds of obesity and type 2 diabetes, and showed adverse metabolic and adiposity profiles, compared with Chinese participants. Excess adiposity was associated with adverse cardiometabolic health indices including type 2 diabetes (p<0·0001). However, while vFMI explained the differences in triglycerides and blood pressure between the Asian ethnic groups, increased vFMI did not explain higher glucose levels, reduced insulin sensitivity, and increased risk of type 2 diabetes among Indian participants. Visceral adiposity is an independent risk factor for metabolic disease in Asian populations, and accounts for a large fraction of type 2 diabetes cases in each of the ethnic groups studied. However, the variation in insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes risk between Asian subgroups is not consistently explained by adiposity, indicating an important role for additional mechanisms underlying the susceptibility to cardiometabolic disease in Asian populations. Nanyang Technological University-the Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, National Healthcare Group, and National Medical Research Council, Singapore.

Hubungan Pola Asuh Orang Tua terhadap Kejadian Diabetes pada Anak Usia Sekolah

Elevated blood sugar levels are a sign of a metabolic disease called Diabetes Mellitus (DM). Several factors including the environment are contributors to the incidence of DM. The role of parents is mainly related to the child's lifestyle, including diet and food intake for the child. The lifestyle fostered in the family will affect the health of children. The purpose of this study was to analysis the parenting style of parents towards early diagnosis of diabetes based on blood glucose levels in children. A cross-sectional design and descriptive correlational design were used for this study. This study involved all students at SDN 2 Kepuharjo in August 2023 involving 92 children with total sampling technique. This study used the Parental Authority Questionaire instrument, which consists of twenty question items that assess how parenting is done. Details of the characteristics of the respondents were mostly 11 years old with 47 children (51.1%) and were in grades 5 and 6. The most respondents were female with 49 children (53.3%). Working mother status was at 84 (91.3%). 53 children with less parenting (57.6%). The results of the examination of blood sugar levels obtained were 17 children (18.5%) in the high category. Conclusion There is a correlation between parenting patterns and the number of cases of diabetes in school-age children in elementary schools with a p value of 0.006.

Antidiabetic potentials of crude and purified sulphated polysaccharides isolated from Gracilaria gracilis, a seaweed from South Africa

Over 90 % of all cases of diabetes that have been diagnosed are type 2 diabetes (T2D), a disease exacerbated by an increase in sedentary behaviour, bad eating habits, and obesity. This study investigated the antidiabetic properties of Gracilaria gracilis, using in vitro and ex vivo experimental models. The sulphated polysaccharides (SPs) from crude extracts of the seaweed powder was prepared via hot (100°C) and cold (25°C) aqueous extraction procedures before purification via an anion exchange chromatographic technique. Both the crude and purified extracts were characterised by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), LC-MS analysis, and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. The crude cold-aqueous and purified hot-aqueous SPs from G. gracilis had the strongest α-glucosidase inhibitory effect with IC50 value of 0.15 and 0.07 mg/ml, respectively. The purified cold-aqueous SP was the most potent inhibitor of α-glucosidase with an IC50 value of 0.17 mg/ml. The crude and purified SP-rich extracts inhibited pancreatic lipase (hot aqueous SP = 0.03 mg/ml) activity and effectively stimulated glucose uptake in yeast cells. Moreover, they showed significantly (p < 0.05) better intestinal glucose absorption inhibitory properties at the highest concentration (1 mg/ml) and displayed significantly (p < 0.05) better muscle glucose uptake compared to the commercial antidiabetic drug, metformin, at the same concentration. Overall, the current findings indicate that G. gracilis SPs may inhibit carbohydrate-hydrolysing enzymes, limit the release of simple sugars from the gut whilst effectively stimulating the use of glucose by peripheral tissue thus may be suitable to develop antidiabetic food supplements after further animal and clinical trials.

Association between Vitamin D Deficiency and Risk of Cardiovascular Diseases among Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Individuals in Bangladesh: a Case Control Comparative Study

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a well-known healthcare problem globally. Several factors, including vitamin D level influence cardiovascular diseases. This study was aimed to determine the association of vitamin D (25 [OH] D) levels and serum lipid profiles with T2DM in Bangladesh. The data (n = 111) were collected from the patients’ register record book of BIHS General Hospital (Mirpur, Dhaka). Clinical (age, gender) and biochemical (fasting glucose level, after meal glucose level, HbA1C, lipid profile (HDL, LDL, TG, cholesterol) and 25-hydroxy vitamin D information were included for analysis. Independent sample t-test (two-tailed) was used to compare diabetic (cases, n = 70) and non-diabetic (control, n = 41) groups. Correlation analysis and multiple linear regression assessed unadjusted and adjusted relations between vitamin D levels and other variables, respectively. There was a statistically significant (p &lt;0.001) difference identified in vitamin D levels (mg/dl) between diabetic [mean (range): 23.3 (10.20-38.4)] and non-diabetic [mean (range): 26.9 (20.5-51.4)] subjects. Significantly higher triglyceride, total cholesterol and blood glucose (fasting and after meal) levels were observed in diabetic subjects compared to non-diabetic subjects. However, HDL level was significantly lower in diabetic patients than in non- diabetic patients (40.15 ± 5.56 vs. 42.74 ± 5.72 mg/dl). Pearson correlation analysis exhibited a significantly positive correlation of vitamin D deficiency with glycated hemoglobin (HbA1C) (r = 0.195, p = 0.040), total cholesterol (r = 0.567, p = 0.046), and LDL (r = 0.897, p = 0.003) levels. Multiple regression analysis showed that vitamin D deficiency was significantly associated with higher glycated hemoglobin A1C (β = - 0.097, p = 0.039), fasting blood glucose (β = - 0.119, p = 0.011), total cholesterol (β = - 0.160, p = 001) and triglyceride (β = - 0.201, p &lt; 0.001) levels. Additional extended and thorough randomized controlled clinical trials are required to draw a more definitive conclusion and accumulate more substantial evidence regarding the positive impact of vitamin D supplements on type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Bangladesh Pharmaceutical Journal 27(2): 175-181, 2024 (July)

A multifunctional injectable, self-healing, and adhesive hydrogel-based wound dressing stimulated diabetic wound healing with combined reactive oxygen species scavenging, hyperglycemia reducing, and bacteria-killing abilities

The proficient handling of diabetic wounds, a rising issue coinciding with the global escalation of diabetes cases, poses significant clinical difficulties. A range of biofunctional dressings have been engineered and produced to expedite the healing process of diabetic wounds. This study proposes a multifunctional hydrogel dressing for diabetic wound healing, which is composed of Polyvinyl Alcohol (PVA) and N1-(4-boronobenzyl)-N3-(4-boronophenyl)-N1, N1, N3, N3-teramethylpropane-1, 3-diaminium (TSPBA), and a dual-drug loaded Gelatin methacryloyl (GM) microgel. The GM microgel is loaded with sodium fusidate (SF) and nanoliposomes (LP) that contain metformin hydrochloride (MH). Notably, adhesive and self-healing properties the hydrogel enhance their therapeutic potential and ease of application. In vitro assessments indicate that SF-infused hydrogel can eliminate more than 98% of bacteria within 24 h and maintain a sustained release over 15 days. Additionally, MH incorporated within the hydrogel has demonstrated effective glucose level regulation for a duration exceeding 15 days. The hydrogel demonstrates a sustained ability to neutralize ROS throughout the entire healing process, predominantly by electron donation and sequestration. This multifunctional hydrogel dressing, which integrated biological functions of efficient bactericidal activity against both MSSA and MRSA strains, blood glucose modulation, and control of active oxygen levels, has successfully promoted the healing of diabetic wounds in rats in 14 days. The hydrogel dressing exhibited significant effectiveness in facilitating the healing process of diabetic wounds, highlighting its considerable promise for clinical translation.Graphical

Advances in electrochemical biosensors employing carbon-based electrodes for detection of biomarkers in diabetes mellitus.

The increase in diabetes cases has become a major concern in the healthcare sector, necessitating the development of efficient and minimal diagnostic methods. This study aims to provide a comprehensive examination of electrochemical biosensors for detecting diabetes mellitus biomarkers, with a special focus on the utilization of carbon-based electrodes. A detailed analysis of electrochemical biosensors incorporating various carbon electrodes, including screen-printed carbon electrodes, glassy carbon electrodes, and carbon paste electrodes, is presented. The advantages of carbon-based electrodes in biosensor design are highlighted. The review covers the detection of several key diabetes biomarkers, such as glucose, glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), glycated human serum albumin (GHSA), insulin, and novel biomarkers. Recent developments in electrochemical biosensor technology over the last decade are summarized, emphasizing their potential in clinical applications, particularly in point-of-care settings. The utilization of carbon-based electrodes in biosensors is shown to offer significant advantages, including enhanced sensitivity, selectivity, and cost-effectiveness. This review underscores the importance of carbon-based electrodes in the design of electrochemical biosensors and raises awareness for the detection of novel biomarkers for more specific and personalized diabetes mellitus cases. The advancements in this field highlight the potential of these biosensors in future clinical applications, especially in point-of-care diagnostics.