Carrier Storage Research Articles

Vacuum‐Referred Binding Energies of Bismuth and Lanthanide Levels in LiTaO3 Perovskite: Toward Designing Energy Storage Phosphor for Anti‐Counterfeiting, X‐Ray Imaging, and Mechanoluminescence

AbstractDiscovering UV‐light or X‐ray charged afterglow and storage phosphors with high charge carrier storage capacity remains challenging. Herein, a method is proposed by combining vacuum referred binding energy (VRBE) diagram construction and optimization of dopants’ concentration and compound synthesis. The refined chemical shift model, optical spectroscopy, and thermoluminescence will be combined to construct the VRBE diagram of LiTaO3 with the lanthanide and bismuth charge transition levels. Based on the constructed VRBE diagram of LiTaO3, Bi3+, and/or Ln3+ (Ln = Tb or Pr) doped LiTaO3 will be studied. By combining Bi3+ with Tb3+, Pr3+, or Bi3+ itself, Bi3+ emerges to act as a ≈0.62 eV deep electron trap, while Tb3+, Pr3+, or Bi3+ acts as about 1.5 eV deep hole capturing and recombination centres. The VRBE in the Bi2+ 2P1/2 ground state will be derived by thermoluminescence study. Proof‐of‐concept X‐ray imaging, compression force distribution monitoring, and color‐tailoring for anti‐counterfeiting will be demonstrated by using the developed Bi3+ and/or Ln3+ doped LiTaO3. This work promotes the understanding of trap level locations and on the trapping and release processes of charge carriers in Bi3+ and/or lanthanides doped inorganic compounds for rational design of new afterglow and storage phosphors.

Current perspectives of artificial oxygen carriers as red blood cell substitutes: a review of old to cutting-edge technologies using in vitro and in vivo assessments.

BackgroundSeveral circumstances such as accidents, surgery, traumatic hemorrhagic shock, and other causalities cause major blood loss. Allogenic blood transfusion can be resuscitative for such conditions; however, it has numerous ambivalent effects, including supply shortage, needs for more time, cost for blood grouping, the possibility of spreading an infection, and short shelf-life. Hypoxia or ischemia causes heart failure, neurological problems, and organ damage in many patients. To address this emergent medical need for resuscitation and to treat hypoxic conditions as well as to enhance oxygen transportation, researchers aspire to achieve a robust technology aimed to develop safe and feasible red blood cell substitutes for effective oxygen transport.Area coveredThis review article provides an overview of the formulation, storage, shelf-life, clinical application, side effects, and current perspectives of artificial oxygen carriers (AOCs) as red blood cell substitutes. Moreover, the pre-clinical (in vitro and in vivo) assessments for the evaluation of the efficacy and safety of oxygen transport through AOCs are key considerations in this study. With the most significant technologies, hemoglobin- and perfluorocarbon-based oxygen carriers as well as other modern technologies, such as synthetically produced porphyrin-based AOCs and oxygen-carrying micro/nanobubbles, have also been elucidated.Expert opinionBoth hemoglobin- and perfluorocarbon-based oxygen carriers are significant, despite having the latter acting as safeguards; they are cost-effective, facile formulations which penetrate small blood vessels and remove arterial blockages due to their nano-size. They also show better biocompatibility and longer half-life circulation than other similar technologies.

Effect of additives on hydrogen release reactivity of magnesium hydride composites

Magnesium hydride, a compound potentially applicable as a hydrogen carrier and energy storage material, releases hydrogen via hydrolysis or thermolysis.Ball-milled MgH2 composites were studied to optimize the kinetics and yield of the dehydriding process. Milling MgH2, under inert atmosphere increased the susceptibility to oxidation: the amount of MgO produced following air exposure of pulverized MgH2 was found to be proportional to the milling duration.Incorporation of protective coatings to avoid undesirable oxidation was studied: addition of anionic surfactants or expanded graphite as milling aids reduces the susceptibility of MgH2 to oxidation, presumably via formation of a protective layer. Such coatings minimize the access of oxygen to the particle surface upon exposure to air and facilitate manipulations, such as performing analysis, under ambient atmosphere.Improved dehydriding efficiency of oxidation-protected milled composites was demonstrated.Hydrolysis of pristine magnesium hydride and MgH2-composites with aqueous hydrolysates containing aprotic polar solvents demonstrated a significant increase of dehydriding efficiency.

LiTaO3:Bi3+,Tb3+,Ga3+,Ge4+: A Smart Perovskite with High Charge Carrier Storage Capacity for X‐Ray Imaging, Stress Sensing, and Non‐Real‐Time Recording

AbstractDeveloping X‐ray or UV‐light charged storage and mechanoluminescence (ML) materials with high charge carrier storage capacity is challenging. Such materials have promising utilization in developing new applications, for example, in flexible X‐ray imaging, stress sensing, or non‐real‐time recording. Herein, the study reports on such materials; Bi3+, Tb3+, Ga3+, or Ge4+ doped LiTaO3 perovskite storage and ML phosphors. Their photoluminescence, thermoluminescence (TL), and ML properties are studied. The charge carrier trapping and release processes in the Bi3+, Tb3+, Ga3+, or Ge4+ doped LiTaO3 are explained by using the constructed vacuum referred binding energy diagram of LiTaO3 including the energy level locations of unintended defects, Tb3+, Bi3+, and Bi2+. The ratio of the TL intensity after X‐ray charging of the optimized LiTaO3:0.005Bi3+,0.006Tb3+,0.05Ga3+, or LiTaO3:0.005Bi3+,0.006Tb3+,0.05Ge4+ to that of the state‐of‐the‐art BaFBr(I):Eu2+ is ≈1.2 and 2.7, respectively. Force induced charge carrier storage phenomena is studied in the Tb3+, Bi3+, Ga3+, or Ge4+ doped LiTaO3. Proof‐of‐concept compression force distribution sensing and X‐ray imaging is demonstrated by using optimized LiTaO3:0.005Bi3+,0.006Tb3+,0.05Ga3+ dispersed in a hard epoxy resin disc and in a silicone gel film. Proof‐of‐concept color‐tailorable ML for anti‐counterfeiting is demonstrated by admixing commercial ZnS:Cu+,Mn2+ with optimized LiTaO3:0.005Bi3+,0.006Tb3+,0.05Ge4+ in an epoxy resin disc.

Wide Range X‐Ray to Infrared Photon Detection and Energy Storage in LiTaO3:Bi3+,Dy3+ Perovskite

AbstractIt is challenging to obtain a material that can detect photons ranging from X‐rays to infrared light. Such materials have promising use to develop advanced applications like in information storage, anticounterfeiting, or X‐ray imaging. This article reports on such a material; LiTaO3:xBi3+,yDy3+ perovskite phosphor. Experimental spectroscopy, thermoluminescence, and vacuum referred binding energy diagram (VRBE) construction are combined to study the trapping processes of charge carriers. The VRBEs in the ground or excited states of Bi3+ and Bi2+ are discussed. Bi3+ emerges to act as a ≈1.3 eV deep hole capturing center and it may possibly also act as a 0.80 ± 0.5 eV deep electron trapping center. A linear relation between the amount of stored charge carriers and a photochromic phenomenon both induced by X‐rays or 254 nm UV‐light charging appears. The stored charge carriers in LiTaO3:xBi3+,yDy3+ are removed by heating or with an optically stimulated process with 365 nm UV light to 850 nm infrared laser. More than 3 or 40 h of Bi3+ and Dy3+ based white afterglow is measurable in LiTaO3:0.005Bi3+,0.004Dy3+ after exposure to X‐rays or 254 nm UV light. Proof‐of‐concept light detection applications like 2D information storage and anticounterfeiting or X‐ray imaging are demonstrated by using the phtotochromic and white afterglow LiTaO3:xBi3+,yDy3+ phosphors.

Effects of carrier storage in an uncapped Ge–Si core–shell nanocrystal on simulated nano-electron beam induced current

Carrier trapping process inside an uncapped and spherical Ge–Si core–shell nanocrystal on the surface of an n-doped Si substrate and its effects on electron beam induced current are studied using a three-dimensional Monte Carlo simulation. Charges are generated using an electron beam energy of 5 keV in the perpendicular configuration and collected by a nanoscale electrode which establishes a nanojunction with the Si sample. The surface recombination velocity is equal to zero. The Ge–Si core–shell is assumed to exhibit type II confinement of band edge alignment in which holes are trapped inside the core and electrons inside the shell. The collection and trapping probabilities of a created carrier, when it emerges at the sample surface, are controlled by its electric nature (hole or electron), by distances separating it from the core–shell nanocrystal and from the nanoelectrode. Carrier probabilities and collection are also controlled by opening angles allowing the emerged charge to “see” the core–shell nanocrystal and the nanoelectrode. Results show that the electron trapping is distance independent, and it does not affect the induced current, while the hole collection and trapping processes depend on each other up to a threshold distance of ∼200 nm. Beyond this distance, no modification is observed either in the induced current, suggesting that the nanocrystal can no longer be detected, or in the hole capture process, suggesting a no potential overlapping between the nanocrystal and the nanoelectrode.

Impedance Modeling for Mixed Conductors with Simultaneous Insertion & Electrocatalytic Reactions: A Case Study of Transition-Metal Hydroxides in Aqueous Electrolyte

Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) is commonly used to investigate the kinetics of mixed ionic–electronic conductor (MIEC) electrodes. Across various applications, MIECs exhibit ionic (e.g., insertion) and/or electronic (e.g., electrocatalytic) charge transfer reactions at the electrode/electrolyte interface. Bulk storage and transport of charge carriers also couple with these interfacial reactions. Here, we build a generalized, physics-based impedance model for MIECs with an ion-blocking current collector and explore how bulk and interfacial resistance, chemical capacitance, and DC polarization affect the impedance response. Using transition metal hydroxides as a case study, we provide guidance on extracting reaction kinetics or bulk resistance from the Nyquist plots in interface- or bulk-controlled conditions, respectively. Generalizing our EIS analysis enables a robust analysis of MIEC kinetics for a diverse set of systems.

Application of SiGe layer for reinforcing conductivity modulation in trench insulated gate bipolar transistor

In this work, an investigation for inserting a SiGe layer in an insulated-gate bipolar transistor (IGBT) has been performed to analyze the relation between on-state property and breakdown voltage (BV) with the help of technology computer-aided design simulation. For a carrier storage (CS) IGBT, which is widely studied for enhancing conductivity modulation by increasing hole density, the BV decreases by increased conductivity in the CS layer. However, by using the SiGe layer instead of the CS layer, the on-state property is improved with lower BV reduction than a CS IGBT due to the absence of impurity doping. Finally, an optimization for a Ge mole fraction is performed. Based on the results, it is found that the SiGe with 0.3 mole fraction shows the best performance because over 0.3 Ge mole fraction, the excessive energy band bending induced by over-accumulated holes makes low carrier velocity in the n-drift layer.

A Fully Integrated Flexible Tunable Chemical Sensor Based on Gold-Modified Indium Selenide Nanosheets.

In this work, a novel light-modulated bifunctional gas sensor based on Au nanoparticles-modified 2D InSe nanosheets was demonstrated. The prepared sensor displayed a reversible and extremely high response for recognition of nitrogen dioxide (NO2) under visible-light illumination. The sensitivity (1192%) was about 10 times higher than that under dark condition, and the limit of detection (LOD) was 0.17 ppb. In contrast, when sensing ammonia (NH3), higher sensitivity and selectivity were obtained in darkness rather than in light, with sensitivity and LOD of 11% and 0.2 ppm. Furthermore, the sensor possesses decent stability, repeatability, and anti-interference ability. The tunable sensing behavior with light modulation has been clearly studied with the help of density functional theory. A new principle called "carrier storage box" of Au nanoparticles was proposed to explain the change in surface state of InSe under light modulation. Finally, the prepared sensor has been successfully applied to construct a fully integrated wearable device to measure NH3 and NO2 in ambient environment. In all, this work provides a highly competitive gas detection method and paves the way for designing 2D materials-based optoelectronic devices with tunable and multifunctional features.

REGULATION OF THE WORLD ENERGY MARKET: PRINCIPLES OF FORMATION AND REGULATION

In general, the crisis in the energy sector that is taking place today is directly related to the investigation of energy pressure on Ukraine by Russia, which for decades has been using means for the implementation of energy policy as tools for various kinds of political pressure. In this regard, at the thematic summit held at the beginning and end of 2021, the EU confirmed a high degree of readiness for a phased abandonment of energy resources from the Russian Federation. As a result, as a result of forecasting, it is assumed that already in 2023, alternative energy sources will allow a significantly reduce the dependence of the EU energy sector on Russian natural gas. A substantial restructuring of the energy market today especially jeopardizes the regulatory processes implemented in the practical part until today. It is not a secret that modern changes in various technological processes based on global network-related energy connections actualize the problem of expanding the energy market. Therefore, all these mentioned aspects significantly influence the process of understanding a new practical and theoretical approach to the essential indicator of the "world energy market,", especially from the point of view of its reflection of increasing homogeneity and homogeneity. First, the density of energy flows, transit, and logistic connections forms a position for understanding the unity of the world energy market, its boundlessness, and spaciousness. At the same time, given the independence of each state that is part of the specified market, there is a need for a mental understanding of the principles, norms, standards, and instruments of its regulation. This and other related questions were the basis for a scientific solution to today's significant problem. It is also worth noting that the mechanism of law of the world energy market is nevertheless influenced by the activities of the organizations, as mentioned earlier. Still, the energy pressure from Russia constantly poses new challenges, which in their content involve changes in the activities of the institutions, as mentioned earlier, and the states within which they operate, regarding the formation of a new policy for the regulation of the global energy market under these circumstances. Under these conditions, the EU seeks to ratify a political agreement on the voluntary reduction of consumer demand for natural gas by EU countries in the winter of 2023 to save and increase energy efficiency. The main principles of regulation of the global energy market should be continuity of supplies and purchases of energy products of traditional and non-traditional origin; avoidance and prevention of threats to extraction, storage, and transfer of energy carriers; achieving a balance between the interested parties of this market and ensuring its competitiveness; ensuring rational, ecologically clean and safe energy consumption. Keywords: energy market, global energy, energy market formation, energy market regulation, alternative energy sources.

Effects of Carrier Materials and Storage Temperatures on the Viability and Stability of Three Biofertilizer Inoculants Obtained from Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) Rhizosphere

Biofertilizer technology continues to be derailed by the short shelf life of inoculants. The present study investigated the suitability of wheat-bran (WB), rice-husks (RH), farmyard-manure (FYM), bagasse (BG), and sawdust (SD) in the formulation of potato-derived Klebsiella grimontii (MPUS7), Serratia marcescens (NGAS9), and Citrobacter freundii (LUTT5) under refrigerated (8 °C) and room (25 ± 2 °C) storage. The physicochemical properties of the materials were assessed before sterilization and introduction of the inoculants and assessment of their viability for 8 months. Most of the physicochemical properties of the materials varied significantly (p < 0.05). Bagasse supported the maximum growth of MPUS7 (5.331 log CFU g−1) under refrigeration and LUTT5 (4.094 log CFU g−1) under both conditions. Under room storage, the maximum growth of MPUS7 (3.721 log CFU g−1) occurred in WB. Formulations that remained viable under room storage can easily be integrated into existing agricultural distribution systems that lack refrigeration.

A review on hydrogen production and utilization: Challenges and opportunities

Environment-friendly, safe and reliable energy supplies are indispensable to society for sustainable development and high life quality where even though social, environmental, political and economic challenges may play a vital role in their provision. Our continuously growing energy demand is driven by extensive growth in economic development and population and places an ever-increasing burden on fossil fuel utilization that represent a substantial percentage of this increasing energy demand but also creates challenges associated with increased greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and resource depletion. Such challenges make the global transition obligatory from conventional to renewable energy sources. Hydrogen is emerging as a new energy vector outside its typical role and receiving more recognition globally as a potential fuel pathway, as it offers advantages in use cases and unlike synthetic carbon-based fuels can be truly carbon neutral or even negative on a life cycle basis. This review paper provides critical analysis of the state-of-the-art in blue and green hydrogen production methods using conventional and renewable energy sources, utilization of hydrogen, storage, transportation, distribution and key challenges and opportunities in the commercial deployment of such systems. Some of the key promising renewable energy sources to produce hydrogen, such as solar and wind, are intermittent; hydrogen appears to be the best candidate to be employed for multiple purposes blending the roles of fuel energy carrier and energy storage modality. Furthermore, this study offers a comparative assessment of different non-renewable and renewable hydrogen production systems based on system design, cost, global warming potential (GWP), infrastructure and efficiency. Finally the key challenges and opportunities associated with hydrogen production, storage, transportation and distribution and commercial-scale deployment are addressed.

Homogeneous Catalysis for Sustainable Energy: Hydrogen and Methanol Economies, Fuels from Biomass, and Related Topics.

As the world pledges to significantly cut carbon emissions, the demand for sustainable and clean energy has now become more important than ever. This includes both production and storage of energy carriers, a majority of which involve catalytic reactions. This article reviews recent developments of homogeneous catalysts in emerging applications of sustainable energy. The most important focus has been on hydrogen storage as several efficient homogeneous catalysts have been reported recently for (de)hydrogenative transformations promising to the hydrogen economy. Another direction that has been extensively covered in this review is that of the methanol economy. Homogeneous catalysts investigated for the production of methanol from CO2, CO, and HCOOH have been discussed in detail. Moreover, catalytic processes for the production of conventional fuels (higher alkanes such as diesel, wax) from biomass or lower alkanes have also been discussed. A section has also been dedicated to the production of ethylene glycol from CO and H2 using homogeneous catalysts. Well-defined transition metal complexes, in particular, pincer complexes, have been discussed in more detail due to their high activity and well-studied mechanisms.

INVESTIGATION OF STRUCTURAL AND DIELECTRICAL PROPERTIES OF SOLID POLY (VINYLIDENE DIFLUORIDE-COHEXAFLUOROPROPYLENE) POLYMER FILM FOR ELECTRO CHROMIC DEVICE APPLICATIONS

An electrolyte for electro chromic device applications was prepared by simple solution cast method. The incorporation of functionalized Alkali metal (Nacl) into poly (vinilydene fluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene): Titanium dioxide (TiO2) in the ratio of 80:5 provided an enhanced dielectrical and structural properties, The casting solution, effects of the solvent and non-solvent in addition of nano scale TiO2 particles and Alkali metal (Nacl) complexes were investigated in this study. After annealing of the PVDF-co-HFP/ TiO2 and AM samples at 1600C, the FTIR study showed many spectral changes including the spectral shift to high wavenumbers and the appearance of new peaks. These spectral changes indicate increasing of crystallinity, strong molecular bonds, and some crystal phase transitions. XRD results showed the change in the crystalline phase of PVdF–co-HFP electrolyte with the addition of surface modified TiO2 and Alkali metal (Nacl). The effect of the TiO2 nanoparticles and Alkali metal (Nacl) surface functionality on the degree of crystallinity of the polymer matrix was analyzed using TGA, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) results the surface morphology and porous nature of the fabricated membrane. The particular polymer electrolyte specimen having 15 wt% Alkali metal (Nacl) exhibited the large values of dielectric constant ' in the low frequency region may be due to an enhanced level of storage of charge carriers at the electrolyte-electrode interface thereby resulting in an increase in the equivalent capacitance. Results show that tends to confirm that the best conducting sample with 15 wt% Alkali metal (Nacl) would possess the maximum number of charge carriers among the five different compositions of NCPE system considered during the present endeavor

How Many Electron Traps are formed in Persistent Phosphors?

Persistent luminescence is caused by a charge carrier detrapping process from the carrier traps filled by excitation light. Thus, the carrier storage capacity is an important factor in determining the persistent luminescence intensity. Here, the electron storage capacity was investigated in the YAGG:Ce3+-Yb3+ transparent ceramic persistent phosphor, in which the Ce3+ ion is the luminescence center and the Yb3+ ion acts as the electron trap. The number density of the Yb2+ electron trapping center was estimated to be approximately 1.6 × 1018 ions cm−3 from the absorption coefficient spectrum of Yb2+:4f–5d photochromic absorption center and the Yb-LIII edge XANES spectrum, which means that approximately 12% of the Yb3+ ions in the sample were changed to the divalent state after charging. Although the maximum energy density of 0.61 J cm−3 was calculated as a storage property of persistent phosphors from the Yb2+ number density and the photon energy of Ce3+:5d1−4f luminescence at 520 nm, the actual energy density which was detected as persistent luminescence was 0.011 J cm−3. It is suggested that the recombination efficiency of the detrapped electrons from the Yb2+ ions with the hole-trapped Ce3+ ions is approximately a few percent.

Semi-superjunction IGBT with a relatively high-resistance p-top region for low on-state and turn-off losses

A semi-superjunction (semi-SJ) IGBT with a relatively high-resistance p-top region is proposed and studied by simulations. The p-top region is able to suppress the collection of holes by the p-pillar to enhance the carrier storage effect in the on-state, which helps to obtain excellent trade-off between turn-off loss ( E off ) and on-state voltage drop ( V CE(sat) ) . An n-drift layer is used to sustain a part of the applied voltage, so the thickness of the n/p-pillars can be decreased to reduce manufacturing cost and difficulties of superjunction (SJ). Compared to the conventional semi-SJ IGBT, the proposed semi-SJ IGBT has a nearly same E off and a 0.3–0.6 V lower V CE(sat) under pillar doping concentration N pillar = 4–8 × 10 15 cm −3 . Besides, it is interesting to find that the optimum design for minimum E off under the same V CE(sat) is not obtained in the full SJ case (i.e., the case without the n-drift layer), and minimum values of E off are very close under N pillar = 4–8 × 10 15 cm −3 . • Carrier storage effect enhanced by a relatively high-resistance p-top. • With low losses and reduced fabrication complexity. • Optimization for turn-off and on-state losses of superjunction IGBTs. • Effect of pillar doping and thickness on turn-off loss. • Analysis of turn-off process of superjunction IGBT.

Reliability improvement of 1T DRAM based on feedback transistor by using local partial insulators

This paper proposes a one-transistor dynamic random-access memory (1 T DRAM) with local partial insulator (LPI) to increase data retention time. Proposed 1 T DRAM cell has improved retention characteristics because LPIs inhibit stored carrier movement with a high energy barrier. Definition of retention time in the proposed 1 T DRAM is introduced at hold “0” state. Device optimization with parameter variation is investigated with device simulation. As the barrier length increases, retention characteristics can be improved but it also causes a decrease in the I1/I0 current ratio. An increase in LPI length can improve the retention characteristics but reduce the I1/I0 current ratio. It was confirmed that the retention characteristics were improved as the hold bias was decreased. Finally, the retention characteristics were optimized when the LPI was precisely formed at the junction boundary.

First-principles study of the Li(Y/Lu)SiO4:Ce3+,Sm3+ storage phosphor

First-principles calculations are carried out to study the native point defects and dopants (Ce3+, Sm3+) in Li(Y/Lu)SiO4 for revealing the mechanism of the optical excitation energy storage properties. The calculated excitation and emission energies, the Stokes shifts as well as the positions of 4f and 5d levels of Ce3+ relative to host band edges show great consistent with the experimental results. The calculated formation energies reveal that the Li vacancies (VLi) and the antisite defects LiY and YLi (or LiLu and LuLi) are always much more energetically favorable than Y or Lu vacancies (VY or VLu) and O vacancies (VO) in Li(Y/Lu)SiO4 under reductive atmospheres. Moreover, according to the calculated charge transition levels of the native point defects and the dopants, the antisite defects YLi (or LuLi) and the dopants Sm3+ (SmY or SmLu) are deemed as electron traps that provide suitable charge transition levels for information storage in Li(Y/Lu)SiO4. Based on our calculations, a mechanism diagram of charge carrier storage and recombination during irradiation and thermal or optical readout is constructed for the storage phosphors Li(Y/Lu)SiO4:Ce3+,Sm3+.

Experimental testing of a real aggregator system performing rigorous optimal control of electrical and thermal storage

This paper provides an experimentally validated optimal control approach based on a Hamilton–Jacobi–Bellman (HJB) model for optimising aggregated distributed energy resources across multiple energy carriers. The research incorporates nonlinear effects arising from storage degradation, conversion efficiency and self-discharge as well as multiple energy carrier storage. A semi-Lagrangian HJB solver was implemented on low-cost digital controllers, and integrated into a real fully functional cloud-based aggregation platform. The computational cost is kept at a minimum, enabling on-line computations on the low-cost controller, while maintaining a rigorous proof of convergence to the theoretical value function of the nonlinear, non-convex optimal control problem.The controller links into a distributed optimal control platform that is using local as well as cloud-based information and performs all the computation and decision-making locally. The distributed controllers were tested and validated on site with an electrical and a thermal storage device. Experimental results confirm that the framework is practical, accommodates nonlinear effects and inaccurate external forecasts, has a small computational cost, is robust and can deliver significant cost benefits to the stakeholders.

Fast-switching SOI-LIGBT with compound dielectric buried layer and assistant-depletion trench

A lateral insulated gate bipolar transistor (LIGBT) based on silicon-on-insulator (SOI) structure is proposed and investigated. This device features a compound dielectric buried layer (CDBL) and an assistant-depletion trench (ADT). The CDBL is employed to introduce two high electric field peaks that optimize the electric field distributions and that, under the same breakdown voltage (BV) condition, allow the CDBL to acquire a drift region of shorter length and a smaller number of stored carriers. Reducing their numbers helps in fast-switching. Furthermore, the ADT contributes to the rapid extraction of the stored carriers from the drift region as well as the formation of an additional heat-flow channel. The simulation results show that the BV of the proposed LIGBT is increased by 113% compared with the conventional SOI LIGBT of the same length L D. Contrastingly, the length of the drift region of the proposed device (11.2 μm) is about one third that of a traditional device (33 μm) with the same BV of 141 V. Therefore, the turn-off loss (E OFF) of the CDBL SOI LIGBT is decreased by 88.7% compared with a conventional SOI LIGBT when the forward voltage drop (V F) is 1.64 V. Moreover, the short-circuit failure time of the proposed device is 45% longer than that of the conventional SOI LIGBT. Therefor, the proposed CDBL SOI LIGBT exhibits a better V F–E OFF tradeoff and an improved short-circuit robustness.