Carrageenan-induced Edema Research Articles

Phytochemical and Antiinflammatory Properties of Etlingera elatior (Jack) RM Sm.: A Review

Background: Inflammation is part of the biological response that exists in vascular tissue to harmful stimulation. Using medicinal plants can help to treat inflammation. Etlingera elatior (Jack) RM Sm. is one of the medicinal plants. Objective: The review aims to present information from some research about the phytochemical and antiinflammatory activity of Etlingera elatior (Jack) RM Sm. Methods: The review provides evidence in the literature for the phytochemical and antiinflammatory activity of Etlingera elatior (Jack) RM Sm. from 2010-2021. The bibliographic databases were used as the primary sources of information (Google Scholar, ScienceDirect, and PubMed). The keywords in this search were "Phytochemical or Phytochemistry" and "Etlingera elatior (Jack) RM Sm. or Nicolaia speciosa Horan" and "Anti-inflammatory or Anti Inflammatory." Five studies were included in this review according to the required criteria. Results: Phytochemical compounds contained in Etlingera elatior (Jack) RM Sm. dominated by flavonoids, saponins, tannins, terpenoids phenolic, and volatile oils which are widely distributed in leaves, flowers, stems, and rhizomes. Pharmacological studies reported that Etlingera elatior (Jack) RM Sm. shown anti-inflammatory activity by inhibiting regulation of NF-κB-p65 expression. It can reduce carrageenan-induced edema in the soles of rat's feet and stabilize erythrocyte membranes. Conclusion: Etlingera elatior (Jack) RM Sm. is the potential medicinal plant to develop as anti-inflammatory therapy.

In Vivo Antiplasmodial Activity and Toxicological Analyses of the Ethanolic Leaf and Twig Extract of Faurea speciosa Welw. (Proteaceae).

In Africa, medicinal plants are commonly used to treat malaria and other diseased conditions. The ethanolic leaf and twig extract of Faurea speciosa has been shown to possess promising antiplasmodial properties. This present study was aimed at investigating its antiplasmodial effect in vivo. Qualitative phytochemical screening was carried out on the plant samples using standard methods. The antiplasmodial effect against early infection, curative effect against established infection, and prophylactic effect against residual infection were studied in vivo in Plasmodium berghei-infected mice while the carrageenan-induced edema model in chicks was used for anti-inflammatory tests. The phosphomolybdenum and DPPH radical scavenging assays were used in the evaluation of antioxidant potential. Acute toxicity of the extract was evaluated using the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) guidelines. Phytochemical screening of plant samples revealed the presence of flavonoids, coumarins, tannins, saponins, and glycosides. Faurea speciosa leaf and twig extract exhibited significant antiplasmodial activities in the mouse model with parasite suppression rates of 66.63%, 71.70%, and 56.93% in the suppressive, curative, and prophylactic tests, respectively. A 55.50% reduction of edema in the anti-inflammatory test indicated moderate success in reducing inflammation. The total antioxidant capacity of the extract was determined to be 65.4 mg AAE/g of extract, while in the DPPH radical scavenging assay, the IC50 value was found to be 499.4 μg/mL. With the exception of an inconsistent rise in urea level, there was no significant difference in the other biochemistry parameters in the acute toxicity studied. The median lethal dose (LD50) of the extract was over 2000 mg/kg. The results of this study show that Faurea speciosa leaf and twig extract has promising antimalarial capabilities and is fairly safe at low concentrations.

Regulation of the redox signaling and inflammation by Terminalia myriocarpa leaves and the predictive interactions of it's major metabolites with iNOS and NF-ĸB

Ethnopharmacological relevanceThe present study was designed to investigate the regulation of the redox signaling and inflammation by ethanolic leaf extract of Terminalia myriocarpaVan Heurck & Müller (ETM), inspired by the reported antioxidant potential of the plant bark and the anti-edema effect of the same genus. Materials and methodsHPLC-DAD dereplication study was conducted to detect the major polyphenolic secondary metabolites. In-vitro DPPH free radical scavenging assay, nitric oxide (NO) scavenging assay, Fe2+ ion chelating ability assay and reducing power assay were conducted to evaluate the antioxidant capacity. The molecular mechanism of anti-inflammation was investigated via assessing the NO and NF-ĸB inhibiting properties in different cell lines. In-vivo carrageenan and histamine-induced edema tests were conducted using established animal models. Pro-inflammatory proteins iNOS and NF-κB were docked against the major metabolites of ETM in the in-silico study. ResultsHPLC dereplication analysis revealed the presence of considerable amount of ellagic acid, where methyl-(S)-flavogallonate was previously reported in T. myriocarpa. Significant antioxidant activity was found in every in- vitro redox assay conducted. NO was reduced in RAW 264.7 cells, showing 83.67 ± 4.18% inhibitory activity at the highest tested concentration. TNF-α induced NF-κB was also observed to be reduced in 293/NF-кB-luc cells with an inhibitory activity of 66.23 ± 0.81% at the highest dose tested. In-vivo carrageenan-induced edema test demonstrated significant anti-inflammatory activity (p < 0.05; p < 0.01) at both doses of 250 and 500 mg/kg with 60.10% highest reduction in rat paw volume. Using same doses, histamine-induced edema test exhibited mentionable anti-inflammatory potential (p < 0.05; p < 0.01) with 67.91% highest reduction in rat paw volume. Moreover, ellagic acid and methyl-(S)-flavogallonate showed significant binding affinity with iNOS (−8.5 and −8.7 Kcal/moL, respectively) and NF-κB (−7.3 and −7.3 Kcal/moL, respectively). ConclusionMentionable basis was found on behalf of the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant potentials of ETM which might be correlated with its NF-ĸB inhibiting properties.

Pharmacognostic, phytochemical and pharmacological aspects of Rosa x damascena Herrm. Georgian cultivar

Rosa x damascena Herrm. represents one of the most popular and important plants of the Rosaceae family. For ages, rose oil, rose water and extracts from its flowers were used in perfumery, cosmetics, aromatherapy, and medicine due to diverse pharmacological efficacy. Nowadays, special attention is paid to the valorization of wastes from the rose oil industry in order to fully recover potent biologically active compounds. The present study describes in detail the microstructural features of the flower petals and provides data on chemical composition and biological potency of the aqueous extract of rose oil waste from the R. damascena Georgian cultivar. Up to 25 constituents were detected by HPLC-MS in the extract, and the content of total flavonoids in the extract reaches 2.29%. Amongst them hyperoside is dominating, which content is not less than 1%. Pharmacological evaluation of the extract on "Hot plate" and carrageenan-induced oedema models in mice revealed analgesic (42%) and anti-inflammatory (67%) effects of the extract. As well, the extract revealed antiplasmodial activity against Plasmodium falciparum (3D7) strain (IC50 =20.31 µg/mL)

Anti-inflammatory of Alhagi sparsifolia Shap. extract: Network pharmacology analysis and experimental verification

Background: Alhagi sparsifolia Shap. (ASS) is a treasured medicinal plant and has long been employed for treating human diseases including physiological process of pain and inflammation in China. However, very tiny information has been stated about active ingredients and action mechanisms of ASS. Objective: The main determination of this article is to examine analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties of chloroform fraction of Alhagi sparsifolia Shap. (CASS), wishing to deliver some basic data for further growth of new drugs for the treatment of inflammation and pain. Materials and Methods: The acute toxicity of CASS was assessed. Essential compositions of CASS were entreated by ultra-performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry. Network pharmacology analysis comprising Herb-Chemical component-Targets-Pathway (H-C-T-P) network conducting and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway enrichment analysis were performed. The anti-inflammatory property of CASS and regulation of two core targets prophesied by network pharmacology were confirmed by a carrageenan-induced paw edema model. Results: CASS was safe even at the maximum oral administration dose of 20 g/kg. Twelve active ingredients were preliminary recognized by ultra-performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry. Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) were found to be the core targets projected by H-C-T-P network. By oral administration, CASS could suggestively relieve carrageenan-induced edema and downregulate TNF-α and IL-1 β concentration in rats' swelling paw since dose of 250 mg/kg. Conclusion: CASS has anti-inflammatory effect through complex mechanisms which encompass downregulating the activation of IL-1 β and TNF-α.

English

The aim of the study is to investigate the anti-inflammatory property of the different parts of Adansonia digitata (Malvaceae) extracts. A. digitata is an important medicinal plant to West Africa including Ghana. The plant is used effectively in folk medicine to treat inflammatory diseases such as joint disorders, asthma, toothache and painful swelling. Carrageenan-induced pedal oedema in 7-day old chicks was was the model used to determine the anti-inflammatory property of the extracts obtained from six different parts of A. digitata. The extracts were also assessed for their acute toxicity. The results from the acute toxicity test showed there were no behavioural changes, toxic signs, or death in the rats when given the highest dose (3000 mg/kg) of the extracts orally. The six extracts demonstrated varying degrees of anti-inflammatory effects, in a dose-dependent manner; with the stem extract giving the most potent activity with an ED50 of 145.3 &plusmn; 7.6 mg/kg, followed by the flower (167.5 &plusmn; 10.42 mg/kg), leaves (169.7 &plusmn; 8.76 mg/kg), root bark (187.8 &plusmn; 11.2 mg/kg), fruit pulp (218.8 &plusmn; 6.86 mg/kg), and the seed (267.1 &plusmn; 12.3 mg/kg) as compared to the positive control (diclofenac, ED50 = 55.08&plusmn;6.11 mg/kg) (p &lt; 0.0001). Key words: Adansonia digitata, carrageenan-induced pedal oedema, anti-inflammatory activity, traditional medicine, acute toxicity.

Malyngamide F Possesses Anti-Inflammatory and Antinociceptive Activity in Rat Models of Inflammation.

Objective Inflammation and pain are involved in the pathophysiology of various clinical conditions. This investigation aims to probe the analgesic and anti-inflammatory activity of Maltoamide F. Methods The possible toxicity of Maltoamide F was evaluated by an acute toxicity test. To assess the anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive effects of Maltoamide F on rats, the models of carrageenan-caused paw edema, xylene-induced ear edema, arachidonic-acid- (AA-) induced ear edema, formalin-caused plantar edema, and cotton-pellet-induced granuloma were established. Levels of TNF-α, PGE-2, and IL-6 were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Results Maltoamide F was safe at oral doses of 1–10 mg/kg for rats. Maltoamide F (1 mg/kg, 5 mg/kg, and 10 mg/kg) notably reduced carrageenan-induced edema percentage of paws in rats and decreased levels of PGE-2, IL-6, and TNF-α in homogenates of foot tissues. Maltoamide F (1 mg/kg, 5 mg/kg, and 10 mg/kg) reduced levels of PGE-2, IL-6, and TNF-α in foot tissues of formalin-induced rats. Maltoamide F (1 mg/kg, 5 mg/kg, and 10 mg/kg) repressed AA-induced increase of ear thickness in rats and reduced levels of PGE-2, IL-6, and TNF-α in homogenates of ear tissues. Maltoamide F (1 mg/kg, 5 mg/kg, and 10 mg/kg) reduced xylene-induced weight of ear edema in rats and reduced levels of PGE-2, IL-6, and TNF-α in homogenates of ear tissues. Maltoamide F (1 mg/kg, 5 mg/kg, and 10 mg/kg) reduced levels of PGE-2, IL-6, and TNF-α in homogenates of cotton ball granuloma of cotton-pellet-induced rats. Conclusions Maltoamide F possessed anti-inflammatory and analgesic activity in inflammatory models of rats.

Wound Management Property of a Hydroethanolic Leaf Extract of Cnestis ferruginea DC.

Objective To establish the wound management property of a hydroethanolic Cnestis ferruginea leaf extract (CFHE). Materials and Methods The wound area was measured after excision at the dorsal part of the Albino rats, and after treatment with 5–15% w/w CFHE ointments for 14 days. Absorbances of platelet-rich plasma treated with 0.8–100 mg/mL CFHE and an aggregating agent were spectrophotometrically determined in an in vitro platelet aggregation test. Wound tissue histopathology of CFHE ointment-treated animals revealed angiogenesis, reepithelialization, deposition of collagen, and granular tissue formation in wound tissues. Reduction in thigh oedema and pain threshold, in 7-day-old chicks, were assessed by carrageenan-induced oedema and Randall-Sellito pressure models, respectively. By the Agar diffusion method, bacterial growth inhibition by a 15% w/w CFHE ointment was investigated on Salmonella typhi, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus. Aureus, and Streptococcus pyogenes. Results All concentrations of CFHE ointment significantly reduced (p < 0.0001) wound area by 29–41% posttreatment. CFHE (1.6–100 mg/ml) promoted platelet aggregation (p ≤ 0.0001) by 37–67% (IC50: 3.1–6.2 mg/ml). There were improved wound tissue reepithelization, fibroblast proliferation, angiogenesis, and collagen deposition with 15% CFHE ointment treatment. CFHE ointment significantly (p ≤ 0.0001) and dose-dependently reduced thigh oedema and showed a significant (p ≤ 0.05) analgesic effect. In vitro, 15% CFHE ointment caused >100% growth inhibition of selected bacteria. Conclusion The hydroethanolic leaf extract of Cnestis ferruginea possesses wound healing, platelet aggregation, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and antimicrobial properties and, hence, could be effective in the management of open and some closed wounds.

Detection of cysteine-rich peptides in Tragia benthamii Baker (Euphorbiaceae) and in vivo antiinflammatory effect in a chick model

Abstract Tragia benthamii (TBM) commonly called the climbing nettle is a tropical plant claimed to have numerous anti inflammatory effects in sub Saharan African ethnomedicine which lacks scientific evidence. Aqueous extracts of TBM were further prepurified on a RP-C18 parked solid phase system to obtain 20% aqueous fraction. This fraction was enzymatically and chemically analyzed (by MALDI TOF MS and MS/MS) to contain interesting low molecular weight cysteine-rich stable peptides within the range of 2.5–3.2 KDa. The 20% aqueous fraction was further tested in vivo using carrageenan-induced foot edema (acute inflammation) in seven-day old chicks with diclofenac as reference drug. The cytotoxicity of this active fraction was investigated using the brine shrimp lethality assay. The brine shrimp cytotoxicity assay produced LC50 above 1000 μg/mL. Pretreatment with the TBM extract (30–300 mg/kg, i.p) dose dependently (P&lt;0.01) reduced foot edema with maximal inhibition of 0.253 ± 0.180 (84.3%) at 300 mg/kg body weight, which was comparable to that of diclofenac with inhibition (P&lt;0.05) of 0.410 ± 0.271 (74.5%) at 10 mg/kg body weight. The study has therefore shown for the first time, the detection of cysteine-rich biologically active peptides in T. benthamii and the stable peptide extracts from this ethnomedicinal plant, which is not toxic to Artemia salina, exhibits anti inflammatory activity in a chick in vivo model. This may provide scientific evidence for its use in the treatment of inflammation and pain in traditional medicine. Further in-depth vivo and in vitro studies will be required to investigate its anti inflammatory activity including effect on HUVEC-TERT, the possible inhibition of ICAM-1 surface expression and the mechanism of the anti inflammatory effect.

English

Amphimas pterocarpoides is used traditionally for the treatment of oedema, infections, malaria and skin diseases. This study described pharmacognostic and physicochemical parameters of the leaf and stem bark. The carrageenan-induced foot oedema and the baker’s yeast-induced pyrexia were used to assess the anti-inflammatory and antipyretic activities respectively. The leaf of A. pterocarpoides is oddly pinnate compound, oblong in shape with acuminate apex and obtuse base. The stem bark is scaly and rugged and exudes a reddish resin when bruised. Leaf microscopy displayed wavy-walled epidermal cells, paracytic stomata, glandular and clothing trichomes, bean-shaped lignified vascular bundle, prismatic calcium oxalate crystals. The leaf (APL) and stem bark (APSB) extracts (30-300 mg/kg p.o.) significantly inhibited foot oedema in chicks with maximum percentage inhibition of 76.65 ± 6.27% and 77.04 ± 2.53% respectively [ED50 = 225.3± 31.52 mg/kg (APL) and 178.9 ± 29.57 mg/kg (APSB)]. APL, APSB and paracetamol also showed significant antipyretic activity [ED50 = 70.95 ± 9.24 mg/kg (APL), 27.02 ± 1.96 mg/kg (APSB), 32.47 ± 3.03 mg/kg (Paracetamol)]. Tannins, flavonoids, phytosterols, triterpenoids and coumarins were identified in A. pterocarpoides. This study has provided essential diagnostic characteristics for the quality control of A. pterocarpoides and justified its anti-inflammatory and antipyretic effects. Key words: Pharmacognosy, carrageenan, Amphimas pterocarpoides, pyrexia, inflammation.

Ability of Mexidol to Enhance Antiexudative Effect of Diclofenac Sodium and Etoricoxib in Rats and Mice with Carrageenan-Induced Edema

Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are some of the most widely used drugs in existence. However, they can cause numerous side effects. Therefore, it is crucial to develop approaches to reducing the severity of their side effects. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of mexidol on the anti-inflammatory activity of NSAIDs, such as selective cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 inhibitor etoricoxib and nonselective COX inhibitor diclofenac sodium. Effect of a single oral dose of the drugs was evaluated in rats and mice with carrageenan-induced edema by measuring the severity of edema over a period of 4 and 6 h, respectively. Diclofenac sodium at doses of 1 and 10 mg/kg exhibits a dose-dependent antiexudative effect, the effect of etoricoxib at these doses is comparable, and mexidol at a dose of 25 mg/kg does not exhibit an antiexudative effect. In mice, the effect of a combination of diclofenac sodium at a dose of 1 mg/kg and mexidol at a dose of 25 mg/kg is noninferior to diclofenac sodium at a dose of 10 mg/kg and superior to the effect of diclofenac sodium at a dose of 1 mg/kg. In rats, the combination of diclofenac sodium and mexidol significantly reduces the severity of edema at 4 h after its induction compared with diclofenac sodium at a dose of 1 mg/kg only. In mice, a combination of etoricoxib at a dose of 1 mg/kg and mexidol at a dose of 25 mg/kg is more effective than etoricoxib at doses of 1 and 10 mg/kg. In rats, etoricoxib at a dose of 10 mg/kg and the combination of etoricoxib at a dose of 1 mg/kg and mexidol at a dose of 25 mg/kg have a comparable effect. Mexidol at a low dose (25 mg/kg) enhances the antiexudative effect of diclofenac sodium and etoricoxib. Therefore, a decrease in the dose of NSAIDs in combination with mexidol will help to reduce the side effects of these drugs.

Photobiomodulation exerts anti-inflammatory effects on the vascular and cellular phases of experimental inflammatory models.

Photobiomodulation therapy (PBMT) is a non-thermal therapeutic procedure widely used in clinical practice. It is considered an effective modality of treatment for the control of various inflammatory conditions with fewer adverse effects as compared to conventional therapy. However, despite the clinical effects, the mechanisms of action and dosimetric parameters of PBMT are not fully understood. This study was performed to describe the effects of two different doses of PBMT on experimental models of inflammation. Male Swiss mice were administered with 0.9% of saline or phlogistic agents (carrageenan, dextran, serotonin, histamine, or bradykinin) by intra-plantar injection and were treated with PBMT at a dose of 1 or 5 J/cm2; right after, the variation of the paw volume was made, and histopathological analysis and myeloperoxidase assay of the carrageenan-induced edematous paw tissues were performed. The action of PBMT on carrageenan-induced vascular permeability was further evaluated. Our results showed that PBMT (1 J/cm2) led to an improvement in paw edema induced by the phlogistic agents and further reduced the histological scores. Inhibition of neutrophil migration was observed following the administration of 1 and 5 J/cm2 of PBMT. However, only 1 J/cm2 of PBMT showed beneficial effects on carrageenan-induced edema. Laser at a dose of 1 J/cm2 showed cellular and vascular effects since it was able to reverse all the inflammatory parameters, and laser at a dose of 5 J/cm2 probably has only cellular effects in the presence of acute inflammation.

Anti-inflammatory mechanisms of fruits and by-products from Mauritia flexuosa, an exotic plant with functional benefits#

ABSTRACT Mauritia flexuosa L., traditionally known as “buriti”, exhibits chemoprotective properties including antioxidant, antithrombotic, and nutritional actions. The aim of this study was to examine the oral anti-inflammatory activity of epicarp, mesocarp and endocarp obtained from M. flexuosa fruits using in vivo models to verify physiological benefits. The anti-edematogenic action was determined using phlogistic agents to induce paw edema and peritonitis. Pro-inflammatory cytokines, cell migration of peritoneal cells, histological changes, and abdominal swelling induced by acetic acid were also investigated. Carrageenan-induced edema was found to be decreased in mice pre-treated with epicarp by 50.8%, 53.7% and 39.2% and mesocarp by 41.8%, 65.3% and 71.9% after 2, 3, and 4 hr stimuli, respectively. Edema initiated by specific agents such as compound 48/80, histamine, serotonin, and prostaglandin E2 were also reduced, and better outcomes were found against histamine-induced edema, as evidenced by the decline at all times analyzed (30–120 min) with both doses of water extract of mesocarp (500 or 1000 mg/kg). Mesocarp-pre-treatment reduced inflammatory tissue parameters such as number of peritoneal leukocytes and TNF-α levels, but only epicarp diminished abdominal pain. In summary, M. flexuosa fruits, especially mesocarp, exhibited oral physiological benefits and capacity to modify biochemical and cellular steps in the inflammatory cascade, indicating that dietary supplements containing these fruits may be combined with pharmacological tools to ameliorate or prevent diseases of inflammatory origin.

Characterization ex vivo skin permeation and pharmacological studies of ibuprofen lysinate-chitosan-gold nanoparticles

Chitosan-gold nanoparticles (CS-AuNPs), at different molar ratios (1:1, 1:2, 1:4 and 1:6) of chloroauric acid (HAuCl4) to chitosan (CS), were prepared at room temperature. The CS-AuNP 1:6 ratio showed pronounced physical stability. The results indicated a shift in wavelength of maximum absorbance (λmax) as the CS-AuNPs ratio changes from 1:1 to 1:6. The mean particle size and zeta potential for the optimal CS-AuNPs molar ratio1:6 were 37.5 nm and +40.5 mV, respectively. The chemical interaction of ibuprofen lysinate (IBL) with the surface of CS-AuNPs was then investigated to develop a novel skin delivery system with enhanced pharmacological activity. It was demonstrated that at IBL concentration (>4.5 mg/ml) a significant change in the composition of the surface of the CS-AuNPs (1:6) was detected leading to a tremendous decrease in the zeta potential and an increase in the aggregate particle size. The negatively charged carboxylate groups of IBL could neutralize the positively charged surface of the CS-AuNPs and hence leading to a significant decrease in the repulsion between the aggregates. Accordingly, zeta potential values drastically decreased which resulted in particle coagulation. Intermolecular interactions between the IBL and CS at the surface of CS-AuNPs were detected with several experimental techniques such as particle size, zeta potential, surface tension and FTIR. Fortunately, a rapid and significant increase in skin permeation of IBL (3 mg/ml) loaded CS-AuNPs was also detected which was several times faster than that of CS/IBL complex, or single IBL (control). The pharmacological activity was also evaluated using Eddy's hotplate method and carrageenan-induced edema model on mice and the results indicated significant enhancement in the analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects of IBL (3 mg/ml) loaded CS-AuNPs.

Effect of Anthonotha macrophyla (P. Beauv) leaf extract on carrageenan-induced paw oedema, oxidative stress makers and hyperalgesia in murine models

Anthonotha macrophylla leaf (AML) is employed in the management of pain, inflammation, and some diseases associated with oxidative stress in African traditional medicine. This study investigated the anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities, the acute toxicity and anti-oxidant properties of AML, characterised the phytochemical constituents, and quantified its total phenolic and flavonoid contents. Anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities of AML extract were evaluated using carrageenan-induced oedema assay in rats’ paw and acetic acid-induced writhing assays respectively. Anti-oxidant effect of the extract was assessed in vivo by measuring liver antioxidant enzymes and in vitro by using DPPH radical scavenging assay and the acute toxicity of the extract was investigated in vivo in mice. The phytochemicals were characterised using basic phytochemical screening and total phenolics and flavonoids were quantified using established methods. The AML extract exhibited significantly high anti-inflammatory activity and moderate analgesic activity compared to diclofenac sodium. The extract exhibited moderate DPPH scavenging activity, significantly increased Superoxide Dismutase (SOD) and Glutathione peroxidase (GPX) activities, and did not have any effect on lipid peroxidation. AML was found to contain high phenolic and low flavonoids. The LD50 of the extract was above 5000 mg/kg body weight. In conclusion, the AML extract possessed significant anti-inflammatory and moderate analgesic activities, which may be mediated through its strong antioxidant properties due to its phenolic contents. The LD50 value showed that the extract was safe in the short-term utilization. The extract may therefore serve as a source of anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antioxidant agents.

The essential oil of Hyptis crenata Pohl ex Benth. presents an antiedematogenic effect in mice.

Hyptis crenata, commonly known as “salva-do-Marajó”, “hortelã-do-campo”, and “hortelãzinha”, is used in folk medicine in Northeast Brazil as tea or infusion to treat inflammatory diseases. Due to the pharmacological efficacy and the low toxicity of the essential oil of Hyptis crenata (EOHc), we decided to investigate the EOHc antiedematogenic effect in experimental models of inflammation. EOHc was administrated orally at doses of 10-300 mg/kg to male Swiss albino mice. Paw edema was induced by subcutaneous injection in the right hind paw of inflammatory stimuli (carrageenan, dextran, histamine, serotonin, and bradykinin) 60 min after administration of EOHc. EOHc significantly inhibited the induced edema. The inhibitory effect of EOHc on dextran-induced edema extended throughout the experimental time. For the 30, 100, and 300 mg/kg doses of EOHc, the inhibition was of 40.28±1.70, 51.18±2.69, and 59.24±2.13%, respectively. The EOHc inhibitory effect on carrageenan-induced edema started at 10 mg/kg at the second hour (h) and was maintained throughout the observation period. At 30, 100, and 300 mg/kg doses the inhibition started earlier, from 30 min. At the edema peak of 180 min, 56, 76, and 82% inhibition was observed for 30, 100, and 300 mg/kg doses, respectively. Additionally, the effect of EOHc on carrageenan-induced paw edema was influenced by the time of administration. The EOHc also inhibited myeloperoxidase activity. In conclusion, the EOHc showed a potent effect, both preventing and reversing the edema, consistent with its anti-inflammatory use in folk medicine.

Review of Experimental Pharmacological Studies of Plants Used for Asthma Management in Africa

Objectives: The aim was to contribute to the promotion of medicinal plants used in Africa for management of asthma by analyzing their experimental pharmacological evaluation data. Methods: We carried out a systematic review of the literature based on the following research equations in English and in French: « médecine traditionnelle africaine » ET « asthma » ; « African traditional medicine » AND « asthma » or « Medicine African traditional » AND « asthma » ; « plantes médicinales » ET « asthma » ET « antispasmodique » ; «medicinal plants » AND « asthma » AND « anti-spasmodic » ; « plantes médicinales » ET « asthma » ET « anti-inflammatoire » ; «medicinal plants » AND « asthma » AND « anti-inflammatory ». Results: The study revealed 184 medicinal plants used in Africa for the treatment of asthma, 34 of which showed pharmacological properties in favor of their use. In animal experiments, 18 of these plants exerted a spasmolytic effect, 22 an anti-inflammatory effect and 6 both effects. The spasmolytic activity study protocols were based primarily on inhibition of smooth airway muscle contraction, including trachea, induced by various spasmogenic agents. As for of the methods used to study anti-inflammatory activity, the majority of them consisted of tests for carrageenan-induced edema or for formalin-induced leg irritation. Conclusion: Our results justify the need for standardization of experimental study protocols for the recovery of medicinal plants.

Analgesic and anti-inflammatory articular effects of essential oil and camphor isolated from Ocimum kilimandscharicum Gürke leaves

Ethnopharmacological relevanceLeaves from Ocimum kilimandscharicum Gürke (Lamiaceae) are popularly used against articular pain. Aim of studyThe aim of this study was to test the anti-inflammatory and anti-hyperalgesic (analgesic) properties of the essential oil and camphor isolated from O. Kilimandscharicum leaves (EOOK) in 4 models including zymosan induced-articular inflammation model in mice. Material and methodsFor in vivo models, EOOK was tested in carrageenan-induced paw edema model with oral doses of 30, 100, and 300 mg/kg (oral administration = p.o.) and in zymosan-induced articular inflammation (including knee edema, leukocyte infiltration, mechanical hyperalgesia and nitric oxide), EOOK (100 mg/kg, p. o.) and camphor (30 mg/kg, p. o.) were tested. EOOK (100 mg/kg, p. o.) was tested in the rolling and also in the adhesion of leukocytes to the mesenteric microcirculation in situ model of carrageenan induced inflammation and EOOK (1, 3, 10, 30, and 60 μg/mL) was tested in vitro against neutrophils chemotaxis induced by N-formyl methionyl leucyl phenylalanine (fMLP). ResultsThe treatment with EOOK significantly inhibited the carrageenan-induced edema, mechanical and cold hyperalgesia. Both, EOOK and camphor inhibited all articular parameters induced by zymosan. In situ intravitral microscopy analysis, EOOK significantly inhibited carrageenan-induced leukocyte rolling and adhesion. In vitro neutrophils chemotaxis, EOOK inhibited the leukocyte chemotaxis induced by fMLP. ConclusionsThe present study showed that EOOK inhibited pain and inflammatory parameters contributing, at least in part, to explain the popular use of this plant as analgesic natural agent. This study also demonstrates that camphor and some known anti-inflammatory compounds present in EOOK could contribute for analgesic and anti-inflammatory articular properties.

Albizia lebbeck and Albizia zygia volatile oils exhibit anti-nociceptive and anti-inflammatory properties in pain models

Ethnopharmacological relevanceAlbizia lebbeck and Albizia zygia are used in Nigeria, South Africa and other countries for the treatment of flu, fever, pain, epilepsy, and inflammation.Aim of the Study: Application of plant essence for treating ailments is common among local communities. This research was designed to characterize the volatile compounds and evaluate the toxicity, anti-inflammatory and anti-nociceptive properties of this plant species. Materials and methodsThe volatile oils were analysed comprehensively utilizing gas chromatography-flame ionization detector (GC-FID) and gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC/MS) using the HP-5 column. The toxicity was evaluated using the toxicity assay. The anti-nociceptive and anti-inflammatory assays were analysed by a hot plate, Formalin, and carrageenan-induced edema assays, respectively. ResultsThe essential oils were obtained in a yield of 0.1% (v/w) calculated on a dry weight basis for both oils. The main compounds of A. lebbeck were 2-pentylfuran (16.4%), (E)-geranyl acetone (15.46%), (E)-α-ionone (15.45%) and 3-Octanone (11.61%), while the oil of A. zygia is mainly hexahydrofarnesyl acetone (33.14%), (E)-methyl isoeugenol (11.7%) and 2-methyl tetradecane (6.64%). The volatile oils are non-toxic to about 5000 mg/kg dose. Albizia zygia significantly (P < 0.001) suppressed the nociceptive afferent fibres in a non-dose dependent manner in comparison to A. lebbeck in the hot plate model. Both oils inhibited nociceptive mediators at both phases of the formalin-induced assay, with a maximum inhibition (100%) at the inflammatory stage. The volatile oils inhibited the Carrageenan-induced inflammation at all phases ranging from P < 0.05 to P < 0.001. The probable pro-inflammatory inhibitory mechanism might be the suppression of some pain biomarkers such as histamine, serotonin, bradykinin, and the Interleukins (ILs) induced by the edema. Volatile constituents such as ionones, eugenol derivatives and other compounds cause the anti-nociceptive and anti-inflammatory activities reported. ConclusionThis is the first report of the volatile oils and bioassays of Albizia zygia, while the study also confirms previous studies of A. lebbeck. Generally, the findings further prove the use of the plants as pain ameliorating agents.

Phytochemical composition and pharmacological assessment of callus and parent plant of Asteriscus graveolens (Forssk.) Less. from Algerian Sahara

Purpose: To determine the phytochemical composition, acute toxicity, as well as analgesic and antiinflammatory properties of extracts of the aerial parts and callus cultures of Asteriscus graveolens.Methods: Different standard chemical tests were used for the screening of bioactive compounds in aqueous extracts of aerial parts of Asteriscus graveolens (PAE) and callus (CAE). High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis was performed to identify the constituents of the glycosidic extract (GE). Acute oral toxicity test was carried out to ascertain the safety of the plant material. The analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties of the extracts were determined using acetic acid-induced writhing test and carrageenan-induced edema test, respectively.Results: Phytochemical analysis showed some differences in composition between the aerial parts and callus cultures. Results from HPLC analysis revealed the presence of 12 phenolic compounds in the GE of adult plants. In addition to being orally safe (no mortality), all extracts showed significant inhibition of acetic acid-induced chemical pain: PAE and GE produced 63 and 68 % reductions in pain, respectively, relative to 60.26 % pain reduction by aspirin. All extracts exerted potent anti-inflammatory effects, with PAE producing the highest effect (73 %) at a dose of 100 mg/mL.Conclusion: Asteriscus graveolens extracts possess potent pharmacological properties due to the presence of some phenolic compounds, especially flavonoids. These findings provide a scientific basis for the traditional uses of Asteriscus graveolens, and indicate that it is a potential source of antiinflammatory agents.&#x0D; Keywords: Acute toxicity, Anti-nociceptive, Anti-inflammatory, Aqueous extract, Callus, Flavonoids