Carnic Alps Research Articles

Time prediction of a rock fall in the Carnic Alps : Glawe, U; Zika, P; Zvelebil, J; Moser, M; Rybar, J Q J Engng GeolV26, N3, 1993, P185–192

Time prediction of a rock fall in the Carnic Alps : Glawe, U; Zika, P; Zvelebil, J; Moser, M; Rybar, J Q J Engng GeolV26, N3, 1993, P185–192

The schulterkofel section in the Carnic Alps, Austria: Implications for the carboniferous-permian boundary

The upper part of the LowerPseudoschwagerina Limestone (Rattendorf Group), outcropping on the northwestern flank of Schulterkofel Mountain, Carnic Alps (Austria) is described with special emphasis on fusulinid microfossils and facies. This fusulinid-rich section offers an ideal opportunity for biostratigraphy in defining the Permo-Carboniferous boundary in this region.

Time Prediction of a Rock Fall in the Carnic Alps

Abstract Based on an extensive field study and on the long-term monitoring of the kinematics of a toppling rock tower standing on a slope edge, a forecast of the time of its failure is presented. This is derived from a consideration of both present static equilibrium of the rock block including its kinematics and phenomenological characteristics and also the stage of disintegration of the block as part of the processes leading to rock fall.

Stratigraphy and Geochemical Characterization of the Middle Triassic - Carnian Sequence of the Lumiei Valley (Carnia, Northeastern Italy)

Stratigraphy of carbonate and terrigenous beds of the Anisian, Ladinian and Carnian of the Lumiei Valley (Middle-Western sector of Carnia, NE Italy) is updated and referred to the new chronological scale of Triassic. Western Carnian Alps were emerged in Early Anisian time. The sea transgressed southward and the region was covered by a thick sequence of lagoonal, clastic, and pelagic sediments. The sequence is thicker in this area, where a system of synsedimentary faults increased the subsidence. Tectonic activity increased during Middle(?) Anisian; this area turned into a topographic and structural high, divided by synsedimentary faults from neighbouring open-marine areas that received large amounts of terrigenous sediments. The latest Anisian and the Ladinian are characterized by a general progradation of the platform facies. Basin areas with pelagic and volcanic sediments were mostly developed in this area and towards the Carnian-Julian Alps. In the Late Ladinian a local resuming of volcanism is present in the transgression marked by the Acquatona Formation. The topmost part of the Ladinian is characterized by the general and wide diffusion of the inner platform, mostly with peritidal facies. At the Ladinian-Carnian boundary, tensional tectonics caused the breaking up of the Schlern platform and increased the subsidence. In the Early-Middle Carnian, this area is dominated by a marine transgression with marly limestone, pelagic, and terrigenous sediments. Moreover, major, minor and trace elements were determined. Statistical multivariate analysis methods were applied to experimental geochemical data to study the stratigraphic sequence. The purpose of this paper was to verify the capacity of these methods to describe the different lithologies of the sequence through its geochemical analysis. A multivariate statistical analysis based on geochemical parameters identifies distinct groups of sediments corresponding to lithological intervals of the examined sequence. In this way a good correspondence between geochemical groups and the lithologies was established.

Global iridium anomaly, mass extinction, and redox change at the Devonian-Carboniferous boundary

Iridium abundance anomalies have been found on a global scale in the Devonian-Carboniferous (D-C) boundary interval, which records one of the largest Phanerozoic mass-extinction events, an event that devastated many groups of living organisms, such as plants, ammonoids, trilobites, conodonts, fish, foraminiferans, brachiopods, and ostracodes. At or very close to the D-C boundary, there exists a geographically widespread black-shale interval, and Ir abundances reach anomalous maxima of 0.148 ppb (Montagne Noire, France), 0.138 ppb (Alberta, Canada) 0.140 ppb (Carnic Alps, Austria), 0.156 ppb (Guangxi, China), 0.258 ppb (Guizhou, China), and 0.250 ppb (Oklahoma). The discovery of global D-C Ir anomalies argues for an impact-extinction model. However, nonchondritic ratios of Ir to other important elements and a lack of physical evidence (shocked quartz, microtektites) do not support such a scenario. The fact that all Ir abundance maxima are at sharp redox boundaries in these sections leads us to conclude that the Ir anomalies likely resulted from a sudden change in paleo-redox conditions during deposition and/or early diagenesis. 36 refs., 2 figs., 1 tab.

The ecological role of color polymorphism in male adders Vipera berus : testing the hypotheses

According to a popular hypothesis, the reproductive success of melanistic male adders Vipera berus is higher than that of cryptically coloured ones, because melanism confers a thermal advantage to black individuals, allowing them to grow more quickly than cryptic vipers. Such a high growth rate would be particularly advantageous during sexual fights, as most of them are won by larger and heavier males. If this hypothesis is valid, one may predict, (1) that the mean body weight of black individuals should be higher than that of cryptic ones, and (2) that the weight status of cryptic vipers should be lower than that of melanistic ones. These predictions were tested in an adder population of the Carnic Alps, North-eastern Italy. The results presented in this paper agree with both predictions, black specimens showing a lower individual variance either in body mass or in weight status. However, a comparison of these results with those of other authors working on adder populations living under different environmental conditions call for some caution. There is still no completely convincing evidence supporting a major role of melanism in increasing the reproductive success of male adders.

Allogenic and autogenic controls of reef mound formation: Late Carboniferous auloporid coral buildups from the Carnic Alps, Italy

Allogenic and autogenic controls of reef mound formation: Late Carboniferous auloporid coral buildups from the Carnic Alps, Italy

Lower carboniferous paleokarst in the Carnic Alps (Austria, Italy)

In the Carnic Alps of Austria and Italy a broad spectrum of distinct paleokarst features of Lower Carboniferous age has been recognized, including an extensive paleorelief at the surface dated mainly by conodonts, collapse breccias, silcrete horizons, fissures and strata-bound ore deposits; in the subsurface are caves with cave sediments and paleo-karst-related cements. The paleokarst is associated with the unconformity that separates the Devonian to Lower Carboniferous limestone sequences from the overlying flysch deposits of the Hochwipfel Formation. In terms of the currently used conodont zonation, this event occurred during theScaliognathus anchoralis-Doliognathus latus zone, which corresponds to the latest Tournaisian or the Tournaisian/Visean boundary in Belgium. Field observations as well as biostratigraphic, microscopic and isotopic data establish a sequence of events which explain the karst features observed within a spatial and temporal framework. A drop in sea-level during the Late Tournaisian resulted in extensive limestone dissolution and karstification at surface and subsurface levels, and in local formation of fissures, caves and breccias. Almost simultaneously, a high-porosity silcrete regolith developed at the surface, exhibiting characteristic microporous and alveolar textures and composite void fillings of a euhedral quartz, chalcedony and mosaic quartz. Spar calcite coating on the cave walls may represent original speleothems, which predate the densely laminated and predominantly fine grained cave sediments. These and radial fibrous calcite in the fissures were generated in a phreatic environment. Finally, a slow rise in sea-level promoted the formation of crystal silt and clastic internal sediment in fissures, leading to the formation of rubble pack breccias and the transgression of the Hochwipfel Formation. Their high content of radiogenic strontium (plus other indications) rather suggest a crystalline rock source than a sea-water or host rock origin.

The devonian and carboniferous volcanism of the peloritan mountains (sicily) and the evolution of palaeozoic basins in the calabrian‐peloritan arc

AbstractVolcanic rocks from three Palaeozoic low‐grade metamorphic sequences of different age from the Peloritan Mountains, Sicily, have been analysed for major and trace elements. On the basis of the relative abundances of certain comparatively immobile elements (especially Zr, Ti, Nb, and Y) the petrogenetic affinities of the volcanic rocks in each area have been established. The Fiumara Fitalia sequence contains Lower Devonian within‐plate alkaline basalts, the Ogliastrello sequence contains Upper Devonian continental within‐plate calc‐alkaline basalts and the Randazzo‐Floresta road sequence contains Lower Carboniferous calc‐alkaline basalts probably of island arc affinity.When account is taken of their stratigraphic positions, geochemical characteristics of the volcanic rocks indicate Devonian extensional conditions and Lower Carboniferous compressional conditions. Evidence for Lower Devonian extension is present in several circum‐Mediterranean basins (i.e. Calabria, Sardinia, Carnic Alps). In the Peloritan Mountains, as well as in Calabria and Sardinia, extensional conditions were already present in the Cambro‐Ordovician. The compression in the Calabrian‐Peloritan Arc was probably related to a period of subduction during the Hercynian orogeny and resulted in the closure of the basins in the Carboniferous.

Ordovizische Ostrakoden und Seeigel der Karnischen Alpen und ihre Beziehungen zu Böhmen und Baltoskandien

Ordovizische Ostrakoden und Seeigel der Karnischen Alpen und ihre Beziehungen zu Böhmen und Baltoskandien

A new approach to the electrical conductivity anomalies in the Drauzug-Bakony geological unit

Abstract A major electrical conductivity anomaly has been detected in Transdanubia (West Hungary) in the eastern part of the Drauzug-Bakony geological unit (DBU), a collision zone of the Alpine orogeny. Assuming the source of the conductivity anomaly to be a characteristic formation of the whole DBU, long period magnetotelluric (MT) measurements were made in two regions of the western part of the DBU, in the Gail valley and in the Karawanken. The general features of this formation were studied also in order to elucidate the cause of the Transdanubian conductivity anomaly. The conductivity anomaly detected by long period MT in the Western DBU lies much deeper (12–17 km) than in Transdanubia (5–9 km). As the anomaly in both regions is associated with a well-known tectonic zone, its origin was initially explained by ionic conduction, arising from the presence of pore fluids. The very low resistivity values, the great anisotropy, the effect of charges on the H -polarized MT curves, and the anomalous magnetic field variations also indicated an increase of electronic conduction, possibly caused by graphitic rocks or ores nearer to the surface. In the Gail valley, audiomagnetotelluric measurements made in 1986 have led to the discovery of these standing blocks of graphitic shales lifted up gradually to the surface by tectonic forces from below the dolomites of the Carnic Alps. It is suggested that the same plate collision arranged the Paleozoic graphitic shales to narrow dikes in the Gail valley as well as in Transdanubia along the Balaton line and zones parallel to it.

Paleomagnetism of Upper Carboniferous limestones from the Carnic Alps

Limestones of Stephanian age belonging to the Carboniferous-Permian sedimentary sequence of the Auernig Group at Passo Pramollo (Carnic Alps) were investigated by a paleomagnetic study. These limestones represent the late-tectonic molassic stage of the Hercynian orogeny in the Paleozoic chain of the Carnic Alps. After a preliminary sampling at twenty sites, unstable magnetization was found to affect the remanence at eight sites. Of twelve sites studied in detail (about 180 specimens), 10 sites had a mean paleomagnetic direction of D = 141.8° and I = −8.1°, and α 95 = 17.8° after cleaning and corrections for bedding attitudes tilted by subsequent, mainly Alpine tectonics. The corresponding virtual mean pole position lies at 243.3°E, 36.2°N, coincident with data of comparable age from Morocco, and is located east of the African poles of Late Carboniferous to Permian age. In addition, the pole from the Pramollo limestones is also comparable with the younger Permian poles from the Southern Alps and from most Mediterranean crustal blocks, showing that the area was also rotated counterclockwise with respect to Europe. Paleogeographically, the area of the Carnic Alps already belonged to the Southern Alpine domain by Upper Carboniferous times, and was located in the Northern Hemisphere at that time.

Tradition in the face of Modernization: Cultural Continuity and 'Deagrarization' in the Village of Ukve

clearly indicates an overall decline in agrarian activity of its population during course of this century. Nonetheless, many indigenous Ukljan? continue to pursue subsis­ tence strategies which demonstrate continuity with local practices of past even though their households have in recent decades either reduced or relinquished various agrarian activities. Tradition persists in face of modernization. In order to resolve this apparent contradiction, following investigation of cultural continuity in Ukve assumes that conservatism which is commonly associated with so-called traditional societies is in fact dynamic. It is argued that a realistic understanding of cultural continuity in situations of apparent modernization can be obstructed when analysis is rigidly confined to quantitative analysis of indicators which are selected according to a pre-determined model of deagrarization. The material presented here thus raises question as to whether or not deagrarization is most appropriate term for designating kind of change which during recent decades has occurred in Ukve. This portrait of Ukve is organized with reference to concept of culture as it has been developed in sub-discipline of anthropology known as cultural ecology. 3 Culture core refers to the constellation of features which are most closely related to subsistence activities and economic arrangemnents in a given society (Steward 1955: 37); it points to adaptive processes whereby individuals and groups shape their environment and environment shapes them (Geertz 1963: 8). This systemic interplay between man and environment is effectively conceptualized with term which can be seen to designate reproduction and eventual transformation over time of a specific regimen of productive activity (i.e., cultural core). As a dynamic concept, adaptation draws attention to perspective of actors involved in system, that is, to their understand­ ing of environment of which they are a part and their strategic response to changes in that environment. 4 By focussing on adaptive processes in terms of strategic action it is my objective here to describe social and cultural continuities manifest in Ukve's historical regimen of subsistence. First. however, it is necessary to outline that greater environment5 which has historically been a part of local adaptation. Ukve and Ukljani in Evolution of a Region Ukve is situated in Val Canale in Northeastern Italy. a valley which has represented since at least time of Roman Empire a significant thoroughfare connecting northern Adriatic plain with upper Drava and Sava river basins (Steinicke 1984: 26). Further­ more, surrounding region. at juncture of Carnian Alps, Julian Alps and Karavanke range. is a historical zone of contact between Europe's three major language families.

Molluschi terrestri delle Alpi sudorientali

BIOGEOGRAPHIA — vol. XI/I - 1987 Biogeografia delle Alpi Sud«OrienraIi Molluschi terrestri ‘delle Alpi sudorientali ALBERTA BOATO, MARCO BODON, M. MANUELA GIOVANNELLI, . PAUL MILDNER Dz'p¢zrz‘imem‘o di Biologia, Um'verrz'tz2 dz' Pzzdova Istzmto di Zoologzkz, Um'ver5z'z‘oi di Siemz Mureo Friulzmo dz’ Storm Ncztzzmle, Udirze Lmzdermureum fiir Kt'z’rm‘en, Klagenfim‘ SUMMARY The research, carried out in the years 1978-1987, concerns the terrestrial Prosobranchia and Pulmo- nata from the southeastern Alps, in which the whole Friuli region, the Isonzo Valley and the Carso Triestino are included. Results are presented as a species list (202 species), where for each taxon are provided: quotations from literature, with synonyms; sampling localities; unpublished records from mu- seum collections, if relevant; range; notes on taxonomic problems and distribution. A critical list of taxa of doubtful presence in the area, or uncertain taxonomic position is also provided. For the biogeographical analysis, the southeastern Alps were divided in three subareas: Carnic Low- land, Prealps and Alps (west of the Fella-Tagliamento riverine systems); Julian Lowland, Prealps and Alps (east of the Fella-Tagliamento line, including the Isonzo Valley); Carso Triestino. The binary (pre- sence-absence) Sorensen similarity index has been evaluated for all possible comparisons between the species lists, of following areas: the southeastern Alps (considered as a whole); the three sub—areas (Carnic Alps, Julian Alps, Carso); the central-western Slovenia; the southern Carinthia; the Istrian peninsula; the Venato. The relative percentage of the chorological components of the above cited areas are also com- pare . As far as their terrestrial malacofauna is concerned, the southeastern Alps probably represent the richest italian region as to species number. As species presence-absence, SE Alps as a whole display their highest similarity with the Veneto, and then with Istria, while Carinthia and Slovenia cluster together. In their chorological composition, SE Alps appear to be rather heterogeneous: in fact, in the Julian Alps and in the Carso Triestino the Dinaric and Balcanic components, more xerotetmophilic, are prevailing; species with this type of distribution reach very often the northern and western edges of their range in corre spondence of Isonzo or Tagliamento rivers. Ln contrast, in the Carnic Alps the E-Alpine-Carpathic com- ponent is strongly represented. Species with this type of distribution are linked to cool habitats and were probably arrived in SE Alps from the mountains of southeastern Europe, being favoured by the oceanic climate and continuity of mountain systems. Moreover, in SE Alps, the fauna is enriched by the presence of several endemic species, which presence is probably related to the refuge center role played by this region during the Pleistocene glacial periods, and by the occurrence of several cave habitats. INTRODUZIONE Come «E state piu volte ribadito da molti, ed in particolare da La Greca (1964, 1975), una ricerca biogeografica non puo dare risultati attendibili se non e fondata su taxa ben definiti e dei quali sia anche esaurientemente conosciuta la distribuzione geografica. Queste condizioni, purtroppo, non si possono dire pienarnente soddisfatte per quanto concerne i molluschi terrestri, sui qualj spesso mancano revisioni svolte secondo moderni criteri tassonomici o cornunque secondo metodologie 429

Opilioni delle Alpi Sud-Orientali (Arachnida, Opiliones)

BIOGEOGHAPHIA - vol. XIII — 1987 Biogeografia de/Ie Alpf Sud-Orienta/i Opilioni delle Alpi Sud—Orientali (Arachnida, Opiliones) (qq') ITALO MARCELLINO Dz'pzm‘z'me7zto dz‘ Biologia am’/7zale de[Z’U;zz'versz'tti dz’ Catmzzkz SUMMARY Eighteen species of Phalangids collected in twenty-six different localities of Southeastern Alps have been diagnosed by the Author, seven of which are new at least to one of the studied districts (Sire dzzricarizzr, Tragulur /zepzzefor/m‘r, Opflio dizzarza/5, Ez/darylobzzr Izicaeens/.r, Lop/Jopilio palpizzalir, Mz't0pur fizorio and Leiobu/mm limlazztzzm); thirty~four species more, previously known for this region, are also 'sted. The investigated area comprises the whole Friuli-Venezia Giulia region and the Cansiglio Plateau, in the Venetians Alps, the Carnic Alps and the Karawanken (Southern Carinthia), the Isonzo Valley, the Julian Alps (Karst also included), and the Carniola (Western Slovenia); in this area, which presents a great variety of environments and a well developped Karsism, the stations from which the Phalangids are coming have been identified by UTM system. For all the species some data concerning the occurrence in the different sections of the studied region and in Western‘Alps are provided_: notices on the complete range of distribution of all listed taxa are also given. As for the species number, the Southeastern Alps are one of the richest european regions: there live actually at least fifty-two species of Phalangids, which represent not a small number in comparison with the taxa hitherto known for the entire Alpine region. Several species find in the investigated area their Western limit of distribution, as Nemtzrtoma bide» tatzmz, Diczmzalasma sczzbrzmz, Luci/zizzr de/ztiger, and other; sometimes the Eastern or the Southern limit of the range is reached in this region (Mitopur g/zzcialir and Nemartoma triste, respectively). From a zoogeographical point of wiew, the 52 recognized species can be subdivided as follows: olopalearctic species (3); with an european distribution, either broad or reduced (46%); alpine species (25%), seven of which are also presents in the Dinaric Alps; endemic species (23%), which are often strictly limited to a few stations in the Southeastern Alps. In the region seems to lack any species with a Circum- or Northermtnediterranean distribution, while among the species belonging to the european type, a good number (35%) reach the Central~ or Southern- Apennines. The comparison of the various investigated sections, based on Phalangids and evaluated by the Soc- rensen index, shows a strong similarity among the most mountainous districts: for example, the Southern Carinthia in comparison with the Carnic (QS = 81) and the Julian Alps (QS = 79). Less important result the affinity values in comparisons among the whole area with the Western Alps (QS = 46), the Cansiglio Plateau and the Friulan lowland (QS = 32). The high percentage of stenoendemic taxa appears very clearly in relation with the important part played, as refuge center, by the Southeastern Alps ‘during the glacial periods. d (T) Ricerca eseguita con fondi erogati dal Min. P.I. (Gruppo di Biogeografia del Mediterraneo occi- enta e). 903

A unique geochemical record at the Permian/Triassic boundary

A 330-metre core drilled through the marine Permian/Triassic boundary in the Carnic Alps of Austria allows closely correlated studies of geochemistry, petrography and palaeontology across the boundary. The isotope shifts and metal concentrations are extended, multiple and complex, and do not resemble those seen at the Cretaceous/Tertiary boundary. Both the carbon isotope shifts and the chemical events (including an indium anomaly) may have causes related to a major regression of the sea.

Faunistic notes and zoogeographical considerations on the psyllid fauna of the South-Eastern Alps

BIOGEOGFIAPHIA - vol. XIII - 1937 Biageografia delle A/pi Sud-Orientali Faunistic notes and zoogeographical considerations on the psyllid fauna of the South—Eastern A1ps(qq’) CARMELO RAPISARDA(’”q) - CESARE CONCI(’;qq‘) (‘”q‘)I_rtz'tzzt0 dz‘ Eiztomologzkz agmrzkz, Um'11em'z‘z2 dz’ Czztmzzkz (q°“q9Mure0 cz'w’c0 di Storia mztumle, Milzmo SUMMARY The results are given of a study on the composition of the psyllid fauna of the Adriatic side of the Carnic and Julian Pre—Alps and Alps and of the adjacent plains. Eightyeight psyllid species are recorded in the area under examination. All of them are reported in a list, which is ordered by families and made up on the basis of bibliographical information, direct collec- tions on their host plants and captures by trays. Moreover, a few taxonomic notes are given on some species of little clear systematic interpretation. Zoogeographical information is also given on the species under discussion, determining that the groups of the widely diffused in the Palaearctic and of the European species are the most represented in the psyllid fauna of the examined area. ' In the end, a few faunistic notes are reported on the psyllid of the Italian administrative region Friuli-Venezia Giulia. The knowledge on the jumping plant lice (Psylloidea) of the South-Ea- stern Alps is rather fragmentary and dispersed in numerous pubblications, which concern different subjects. The present note wishes to gather all the available information on the topic, being it based not only on data from the literature but on both the direct field collections and captures by yellow water trays. Most of the for- mers have been carried out by one of us (C.R.); other samples come from Prof. L. Masutti (Istituto di Entomologia agraria, Universita di Padova) and Mr L. Tamanini (Museo civico di Rovereto, TN). The captures by trays have been realized near Gorizia and Udine, during 1984 and 1985, and the speci- mens have been sent to us by Mr P.G. Coceano (Centro Regionale per la Sperimentazione Agraria, Pozzuolo del Friuli, UD). We acknowledge with many thanks the kind help of the mentioned Authors. DEFINITION OF THE INVESTIGATED AREA In the present study, the Adriatic side of South—Eastern Alps and Pre- Alps has been investigated, including the Italian slopes of Carnic Alps and (*5) Research work supported by CNR, Italy. Special grant I.P.R.A. - Sub-project 1. Paper N. 1250. 623

Paleontology and microfacies of a platform margin in the carnic alps (Austria, Middle Triassic)

The Middle Triassic of the Gartnerkofel area was investigated under paleontological and microfacies aspects. Four different facies zones can be distinguished in the area: 1) marginal basin (Formazione di Livinallongo) 2) platform margin (Schlern Dolomite) 3) subtidal platform (Schlern Dolomite) 4) restricted platform (Schlern Dolomite)

Petrogenesis of the paleozoic magmatic rocks of the Carnian Alps

On the basis of whole-rock and mineral chemistry two main magmatic groups can be established for the Paleozoic Volcanism of the Carnian Alps. High-Ti Volcanics (HTV) and Low-Ti Volcanics (LTV). Spilitization processes have not masked the primary magmatic character. The two groups are characterized by very different trace element patterns and cannot be correlated by a fractionation process. The HTV require an enriched mantle source whereas the geochemistry of the LTV indicates strong crustal contamination. Both magmatic groups are consistent with a major rifting episode. The contamination via assimilation of crustal rocks of the LTV group implies that rifting developed in a continental area.

Pb-isotope evidence for the origin of lead in strata-bound Pb-Zn deposits in triassic carbonates of the Eastern and Southern Alps

A comparison of ore-lead isotope ratios of Pb-Zn deposits hosted in Triassic carbonates of the Eastern and Southern Alps with the isotopic composition of trace leads of their host rocks, of Triassic volcanics, and of the underlying clastic sediments shows that these rocks could have supplied only part of the ore lead. The isotopic signature of feldspar lead from crystalline basement rocks, however, reveals that they must have contributed a significant amount of metal to these deposits. The presence of barite and of thallium is also indicative that feldspars were the main source of lead. Arsenic is one of the few important trace elements in these deposits and is known to occur in some areas of Lower Paleozoic metasediments in unusually high concentrations. Any model explaining the origin of these deposits must consider the extensive leaching of the basement and to some extent of the overlying clastic sediments as well. How the metal-bearing solutions entered the lagoonal back-reef areas is still open to question as feeder channels have not yet been positively identified. The results further demonstrate that the basement also acted as a metal source for galena-bearing deposits hosted in Permian sediments, vein-type deposits in Permian volcanics, and probably the barite-fluorite polymetallic deposits along a Devonian erosional surface in the Carnic Alps as well.