Career Exposure Research Articles

Paradigm Shift: Outcomes from a Physician-Scientist Undergraduate Pipeline Program.

Diverse medical and research teams are essential to culturally-responsive care and robust progress of biomedical research. However, structural inequities stymie the entry of trainees from underrepresented in medicine (URiM) backgrounds into the physician-scientist pipeline. The Preparation for Graduate and Medical Education (PARAdiGM) program was designed to provide students from underrepresented backgrounds early exposure to physician-scientist training in the context of ample mentorship and programmatic support. By emphasizing research experience, career exposure, presentation skills, mentorship, and application assistance, PARAdiGM is an incipient experience priming this student group to pursue careers in academic medicine. Since its establishment in 2014, PARAdiGM is already increasing entry of URiM students into the physician-scientist pipeline. Encouragingly, the majority of PARAdiGM alumni have matriculated into US medical schools, of which 16% are currently enrolled in MD-PhD programs. Early outcomes from PARAdiGM suggest that an immersive framework, longitudinal mentoring, and opportunity for self-growth should be incorporated into URiM pipeline programs on a larger scale. In these ways, helping students to envision themselves as members of the physician-scientist community is a step toward breaking down the barriers currently limiting URiM entry into academic medicine.

What Influenced Generation Z Decision to Enter E-Sport as a Career?

Current technological developments, especially in the gaming industry, have created new job opportunities in digital games and a new phenomenon known as e-sports. There is a relationship between e-sports and career. There is still limited research on e-sports and one's career, especially those related to the variables Self-efficacy, Extrinsic Motivation, Intrinsic Motivation, Influence by Third Parties, and Career Exposure, so this study aims to examine more deeply the relationship between these variables and career choices in the generation-z. Two hundred eighty respondents in the Greater Jakarta area were examined using a judgmental sampling technique. This study uses Smartpls 3.0 to test the hypotheses' validity, reliability, and results. The results of the study state that Self-Efficacy, Extrinsic Motivation, Intrinsic Motivation, and Career Exposure affect Career Choice, while Influence by Third Parties does not affect Career Choice.

Determinants of accounting students' decision to pursue career as ACCA-certified accountants: a case study of Omani students

PurposeThe aim of this study was to examine the determinants of accounting students' decision to pursue a career path.Design/methodology/approachQuantitative approach was used to analyze the impact of independent variables (career exposure, self-competence, financial award, work environment, social values and market factors) on dependent variable (career path). Data were collected from 264 students of University of Technology and Applied Sciences, Oman. Structural equation modeling technique was mainly utilized to determine the causal relationship between the variables.FindingsThe most influencing factor is financial award followed by market factors and work environment. However, other variables such as career exposure and self-competence though significantly determine career path of the students but are the least contributors to the model. In addition, social value was found insignificant and negative contributor to the model.Practical implicationsThe findings of the current study confirm the propositions of the theory of planned behavior that student's decision to pursue career as ACCA-certified accountants is shaped by attitudinal factors as well as subjective norms factors and perceived behavior control. This study's theoretical findings can be used to supplement empirical evidence on impact of career exposure, self-competence, financial awards, work environment, social values and market factors to take the ACCA exam (career path). The implications of this research for academic institutions include providing convenience for students, such as ACCA exam scholarship offers if they have graduated with cum laude and obtained work experience because ACCA involves time and money to participate in.Originality/valueThere has been virtually little research in Oman on this subject though. Investigating Omani accounting students' aspirations to work in public accounting adds additional insight into the field.

Leveraging American football helmet accelerometer data to estimate associations between cumulative repetitive head impact exposure and chronic traumatic encephalopathy

AbstractBackgroundChronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE) is a neurodegenerative tauopathy associated with repetitive head impact (RHI) exposure. We previously showed that duration of American football play is associated with risk and severity of CTE pathology. Helmet accelerometers have been used previously to examine frequency, linear acceleration, and rotational acceleration of hits sustained across youth, high school, and college football. Here we projected this data onto former American football playing brain donors to examine the relationship between cumulative frequency of hits, linear acceleration, and rotational acceleration during players’ athletic careers and CTE pathology.Method656 former American football playing brain donors from the Veterans Affairs‐Boston University‐Concussion Legacy Foundation Brain Bank were examined for CTE pathology and severity. Years and position of play at each level (youth, high school, college, professional) were acquired through retrospective clinical interviews with brain donors next‐of‐kin. From a literature search of studies using helmet accelerometers, we calculated the mean frequency of hits, linear acceleration (g‐force), and rotational acceleration (rad/sec2) for one year of play at each level‐position combination. These values were projected onto brain donors’ career exposure to derive cumulative frequency of head impacts (CHII), cumulative linear acceleration (CHII‐G), and cumulative rotational acceleration (CHII‐R). Separate logistic regression models examined the relationship of years of play, CHII, CHII‐G, and CHII‐R on CTE status and severity (low vs. high), adjusting for age at death.ResultThe mean (SD) age at death was 59.7 (20.1) and 451 (68.8%) had CTE pathology. Each cumulative measure was significantly associated with presence of CTE (p’s<.001) and severity of CTE (p’s<.001). Based on ROC analyses, CHII‐R (AUC=0.765, p<.001) and CHII‐G (AUC= 0.758, p<.001) performed significantly better than years of play (AUC=0.716) in classifying CTE pathology, and there was no difference between years of play and CHII (AUC=0.698, p=0.25). Similar relationships were observed for CTE severity. Model fit and cross‐validation statistics were also consistent (Table 2).ConclusionAmong former American football playing brain donors, cumulative linear and rotational acceleration were better predictors of CTE pathology than duration of play or cumulative hits. The findings suggest head impact intensity is an important factor in developing CTE pathology.

Perivascular Space Morphology Is Affected By Career Exposure In Special Operations Forces Combat Soldiers

Special Operations Forces (SOF) combat Soldiers are at high risk for repetitive blast and head impact exposure. These exposures may predispose SOF combat Soldiers to acute brain injuries and subsequent chronic manifestations including sleep disorders reported by 40% of US Service Members. Studying brain morphology such as perivascular spaces (PVS) may illustrate a strong intersection between brain glymphatic system function and sleep quality. Cerebral PVS are glymphatic system passageways normally serving to clear brain metabolic waste during sleep. Increasing MRI visible PVS number and volume are a possible pathogenesis for neurodegenerative disorders. PURPOSE: To determine the association between PVS morphological characteristics and career stage in SOF combat Soldiers. METHODS: Healthy asymptomatic SOF combat Soldiers (age=33.0±4.1yrs) cross-sectionally participated in this study at two career stages: baseline (n=141) and in-career (n=76). We collected whole brain 3D T2-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) on a Siemens 3T Biograph mMR or 3T MAGNETOM Prisma with equivalent settings (TR/TE = 3200/400ms, slice thickness = 1mm, FoV = 256mm x 256 mm). We segmented the PVS using validated multi-scale deep convolutional encoder-decoder neural networks. All images were skull stripped and registered to a custom brain atlas using Advanced Normalization Tools to identify only PVS clusters within cerebral white matter. We quantified PVS number and volume. The PVS outcome variables were non-normally distributed. As such, we employed nonparametric Mann Whitney U tests to compare the two career stage groups. RESULTS: Median (IQR) data were as follows: PVS number = 37.0 (44.0); PVS volume = 647mm3 (972mm3). In-career SOF combat Soldiers had greater PVS number (z = 2.56, P = 0.01) and PVS volume (z = 2.28, P = 0.02). CONCLUSIONS: In-career SOF combat Soldiers (typically older) show higher segmented PVS number and volume compared to baseline cohort. Also, our PVS findings may indicate impairments with clearing brain wastes suggesting sleep interventions may be warranted in SOF combat Soldier populations who experience continued exposures to combat and training. Measuring the PVS may be an important outcome in determining the efficacy of sleep studies in this population. Funded by US Special Operations Command.

Chicago EYES on Cancer: Fostering Diversity in Biomedicine through Cancer Research Training for Students and Teachers.

The National Cancer Institute's Youth Enjoy Science Research Education Program (YES) supports cancer-based research experiences, curriculum development and outreach activities to foster diversity in the biomedical workforce. The University of Chicago Medicine Comprehensive Cancer Center was among the first recipients of the YES award in 2017, launching the Chicago EYES (Educators and Youth Enjoy Science) on Cancer program for high school and college students. The EYES team also introduced immersive research experiences and mentored curriculum development for high school science teachers, a potentially powerful means to extend science enrichment and career exposure to schools across Chicago. Ongoing evaluation of the EYES program suggests positive outcomes in terms of trainees' research skill development and their knowledge about, and positive attitudes towards, careers in biomedicine. Teacher research fellows reported that the program inspired new insights about science learning and practice that not only strengthened their skills as science educators, but also improved their ability to relate to their pupils. These findings contribute to the broader effort to establish best practices among cancer research training programs, particularly those with a shared mission to empower youth from diverse backgrounds to contribute to a field deeply in need of their talents and perspectives.

A Conceptual Framework For The Factors Influencing The Accounting Students Career Choice As Public Accountants

Purpose: The aim of this research is to provide a critical review of literature on the factors influencing accounting students’ career choice to be public accountants and develop a conceptual framework. Methodology: The study follows a qualitative mythological approach by reviewing the relevant literature pertaining to factors such as financial rewards, prestige in the society, work environment, continuous education opportunities, professional independence opportunities, family and closest friends, GPA or grade of the students, labour market considerations, students’ future educational plan, self-motivation, cultural, and social media along with the relevant applicable theories. Findings: These factors indicate the trending pattern which influences the decision choices of accounting students to become public accountants. The analysis indicates that in previous studies, several factors showed a positive and significant influence on accounting students’ career choices to be public accountants. The analysis also provides implications of these studies’ findings and directions for future research by incorporating new variables in future studies. Originality/Value: This literature review is meant to raise more awareness on the critical factors influencing the accounting students’ career choice to be public accountants. The suggested conceptual framework will help the researchers to provide new evidence on the critical factors. College and university Professors should be able to execute activities that back and help the students to have a positive attitude about public accountancy courses. Universities can produce policies and procedures focusing on students’ extrinsic motivation, career exposure, social values, etc. which can help in motivating them to choose a public accountancy career. Building a strong network with professional bodies such as ACCA, CIMA, and Institute of Chartered Accountancy by developing a synergistic relationship with the real business world.

Perspectives on Development of Measures to Estimate Career Blast Exposure History in Service Members and Veterans.

The Department of Defense (DOD) has recently prioritized the investigation of the acute and chronic adverse brain health and performance effects of low-level blast (LLB) generated by the use of weapons systems. While acute exposure can be quantified by sensor technology, career exposure has no widely accepted and validated measure for characterization. Currently, distinct research groups are developing and validating four promising measures to estimate career blast exposure history: the Salisbury Blast Interview, Blast Exposure Threshold Survey, Blast Ordnance and Occupational Exposure Measure, and the Blast Frequency and Symptom Severity. Each measure offers an assessment of blast history that is uniquely beneficial to addressing specific research questions. However, use of divergent strategies is not efficient to accelerate the field's understanding of the impact of career exposure and Service-connected health outcomes. As a DOD-wide solution, collaboration across these groups is required to develop a tool(s) that can be standardized across research studies and, ultimately, pared down to be implemented in clinical settings. Here, we overview the current four measures and provide a perspective on the way forward for optimization and/or combination in support of this solution.

The Impact of a Project-Based Learning Experience on the SAE Self-Efficacy of Preservice Teachers

The Supervised Agricultural Experience (SAE) program is a valuable component of school-based agricultural education (SBAE). SAE component outcomes consist of real-world career exposure and skill development through experiential learning. Unfortunately, the SAE program is often the weakest component of SBAE in local programs. As such, SBAE teachers regularly request professional development in supervising student SAE projects. To address this need, we evaluated preservice teachers’ self-efficacy for teaching SAE throughout a semester-long course focused on the topic. We were especially interested in how self-efficacy changed over time, and we used an explanatory mixed-methods approach to do so. Our findings revealed that preservice teachers increased their perceived SAE self-efficacy by one full point on a 5-point scale, as a result of the course, when comparing data from Week 1 to Week 16. Financial data records of SAEs were perceived as the lowest SAE self-efficacy item for preservice teachers. Focus group members identified mastery experiences in the form of experiential learning and vicarious experiences of course instructors as contributing factors to their increase in SAE self-efficacy. It was recommended to course instructors to continue experiential learning projects and employing current and previous SBAE teachers as course instructors and guest speakers while also revising instruction related to The Agricultural Experience Tracker. Peer institutions should consider an experiential learning experience in relation to SAE supervision in their SBAE teacher preparation program.

Providing Virtual Health-Related Shadowing Experiences to Combat Growing Opportunity Gaps in PreHealth Education

Abstract An important factor in applying to medical school and health professions graduate school is garnering health-related experiences such as clinical shadowing. Prehealth college students must obtain health-related experiences in order to assess whether healthcare fits the narrative of their career journey. EagleShadow (ES) is a virtual shadowing program for Boston College prehealth students and alumni that reduces current barriers to premedical career exposure to health careers due in part to increased COVID-19 restrictions, allowing students to explore health careers by engaging with professionals in the field virtually.

The Interplay between Career Decision Making Efficacy, Career Exposure and Career Choice of Undergraduates: Does Gender Matters?

Lack of career exposure and rightful decision-making among university students has led to failure and inability to make a satisfying career choice. This lack of exposure emanates as a result poor supervision of programs which includes career education initiatives, workshops, seminars and internship programs which develops career self-efficacy among both of the genders. The aim of this study was to examine whether gender moderated the relationship between career decision-making self-efficacy, career exposure and career choice of Malaysian undergraduates. This study has employed a cross-sectional survey which involves a sample of 131 final-year students from eight faculties in a selected Malaysian public research university. The outcome of this study has demonstrated that there was a positive and moderate relationship between career decision-making self-efficacy and career choice (r=0.452; p<0.001). The findings further indicate a positive and strong relationship between career exposure and career choice (r=0.745; p<0.001). But gender did not moderate the relationship between career decision-making self-efficacy and career choice; neither did it moderate the relationship between career exposure and career choice. The implications of this study are that, both the colleges and faculties should offer a helping hand in encouraging student participation in activities such as organizing competition and designing programs that suit students’ needs and challenges. It is recommended for universities in Malaysia to initiate a career counseling unit in all the universities and regenerate the existing ones, as that will facilitate lingering issues relating to career choice, career exposure and career decision making efficacy.

Intrinsic motivation, career exposure, and quality of life: How do they influence the accounting students’ career choice?

This study aimed to determine the factors that are considered by accounting students who choose careers as public accountants and private accountants. Three factors that became the focus of observation are intrinsic motivation, career exposure, and quality of life. Data collection in this research was organized in several public and private universities in Java. The survey was distributed online and obtained 445 valid questionnaires used to test the research model. The findings indicated that students who have more career information are more likely to choose a career as a public accountant. Besides, students who have a higher perception of the quality of life tend to choose a career as a private accountant. This study has not found significant evidence on the effect of intrinsic motivation on career choice. This study promotes accounting career institutions and universities in developing the interest of the younger generation in the accounting profession, be it public accountants or private accountants. Developing from the limitations in this study, further research can develop this accountant career research model by considering other factors, as well as observing accounting students in various demographic variations.

Minat Jalur Karir Akuntansi dari Perspektif Motivasi Intrinsik, Ekstrinsik, Orang Ketiga dan Eksposur Karir

This study investigates the factors that influence students in choosing a career path in accounting. The decision to choose a career path needs to be detected early because it has an impact on future professional performance which determines both the individual’s social position, style and standard of living, and life satisfaction. This study examines the factors that influence the career paths of accounting students through the social cognitive career theory. Based on this theory, the relationship between career path and driving factors such as intrinsic motivation, extrinsic motivation, third party influence, career exposure, is identified. The online survey was conducted on 333 respondents. Through regression analysis, this study found that intrinsic motivation, extrinsic motivation and career exposure have a positive effect while third parties influences do not have a significant value on career paths. These findings could be useful for policy makers and higher education institutions to provide a more supportive environment that will foster interest among accounting students to be motivated in choosing career paths in accounting.

Exploring the Career Engagement, Interests, and Goals of Pharmacy Students Identifying as Underrepresented Racial Minorities

Objective. To examine pharmacy career engagement, interest, and confidence in Doctor of Pharmacy (PharmD) students identifying as underrepresented racial minorities (URMs).Methods. A 15-item survey about career engagement, confidence, and goals was administered at a business session of a national conference. The survey included demographic items and items about career exposure prior to and during school, career aspirations after graduation, frequency of engagement in various settings, career factors, and career confidence. Cronbach alpha was used to examine survey reliability. Descriptive statistics and nonparametric statistical tests were used to analyze survey responses.Results. Sixty-nine URM students completed the survey. Most indicated frequent engagement with community pharmacy prior to and during school; no engagement with hospital pharmacy prior to school, yet occasional or frequent engagement during school; and no engagement with the pharmaceutical industry prior to and during school. Most selected hospital pharmacy as their career aspiration, followed by community pharmacy and industry. Approximately half indicated an interest in completing a postgraduate fellowship. Items selected as important to career choice included patient care, job security, and level of stress. Group differences were found by gender and year in school.Conclusion. Despite calls for diversity in pharmacy, there is a paucity of research in this area. This study provides a first glimpse into the career engagement, confidence, and goals of students identifying as URMs, raising a number of critical issues for pharmacy education. Moving forward, schools, employers, and researchers must work to better understand the career development of URM students, including barriers and facilitators to access and success.

Mini-Medical school empowers community members to advocate for their and others health

PurposeOver the past three decades, the term Mini-Medical School (MMS) has been used to describe programs offered by schools of medicine, which provide health education to the lay public and health career exposure to youth. The University of Maryland School of Medicine has operated an MMS program since 2001. The purpose of this study was to assess the sociodemographic characteristics of MMS participants and the impacts of this program on their health. MethodsWe analyzed anonymous post-completion program evaluation survey responses and we conducted focus groups with some of the participants who had attended the program for ≥10 years. ResultsMost of the MMS participants were women (84%, n = 72), ≥55 years of age (88%), and well-educated (58% with college degree and higher); and 59% had attended the program for ≥5 years. The focus group discussions revealed acquisition of medical knowledge and community outreach as recurring themes; the former leading to empowerment of the participants for better self-care and care for others, while the latter driving them to health education and advocacy. Most of the participants showed interest in becoming “ambassadors” in their respective communities. ConclusionThe health information provided by the MMS program is well-received and even anticipated by its participants. It has empowered them to care for themselves and for others by making them educated consumers and health advocates in their community. The MMS program should work with the School's community partners to make this resource more widely accessible, particularly to populations experiencing the most health disparities.

Pre-Service Teachers’ Perspectives: STEM as a Solution to Promote Education for Sustainable Development

Education plays an important role to build a sustainable development framework. To support the sustainable development framework, many researchers have constructed various methods, learning approaches, and learning models. STEM is one of the most popular learning approaches in the 21st century, although it has some issues such as the curriculum and structure, skills development, career exposure, evaluation, and the interrelationship between humans and nature. This research was aimed to measure pre-service teachers’ perspectives on the relationship between the implementation of STEM in education to support Education for Sustainable Development (ESD). Nine pre-service teachers from biology education and science education have been interviewed to comprehend the role of STEM in ESD. The result showed that there were different ideas from participants about STEM, ESD, and the advantage of STEM implementation to promote ESD. Further research should be conducted to develop and socialize STEM, specifically based on students’ characteristic, behavior, and culture in each country.

Exploring Career Decisions and Employability Skills among Engineering Students in Vocational Colleges

Malaysia is committed to achieving sustainable growth along with fair and equitable distribution across income groups, ethnicities, regions, and supply chains. The commitment aims to enhance the nation’s prosperity and be prepared with a sufficient skilled and semi-skilled workforce. However, there is a lack of proficiency and sensitivity of the technical and vocational graduates for the various career-enhancing programs organized by the government. The graduates do not have clear action plans and strategies to meet the needs of the industrial market. In addition, there is a concern from the industries about the graduates’ job skills to succeed in their careers. Therefore, this study aimed to explore career decisions and the level of employability skills based on gender, academic achievement, and career exposure among engineering students in vocational colleges in Selangor, Malaysia. The researcher used a survey design and quantitative approach for this research. Respondents for this study are the first and second year of engineering students in Selangor vocational colleges. The findings show that the level of career decision and employability skills are at a moderate high level for most demographic groups. This study also serves as a reference to stakeholders to identify students’ career decisions and employability skills in vocational colleges. Administrators and educators are recommended to play an active role in integrating career information and guidance in the learning process efficiently in order to improve students’ career decisions and employability skills.

Special education teachers’ reflections on school transition practices that support partnerships with businesses to prepare students with disabilities for employment in Saudi Arabia

This study examines special educators’ perspectives on the relationships between schools and businesses concerning the practices used to prepare students with disabilities for work. Based on a review of the literature, we developed a survey to investigate whether teachers believe that such partnerships prepare students with disabilities for working life after graduating. A total of 73 special educators participated in the survey, which assessed teachers’ perspectives toward (a) transition planning; (b) transition assessment; (c) types of skills they provide for students with disabilities during school; (d) currently implemented transition practices; and (e) partnerships and collaboration between schools and employers. The findings revealed that special educators believe their schools have adequate practices that support partnerships with businesses, specifically because they implement the best transition practices in planning, assessment, and needed skills provisions and work together to facilitate the transition to employment for students with disabilities. Most stated that these partnerships allow their students to participate in volunteering, employment training, career exposure, and internships. Students also learn social, communication, and personal skills (e.g., self-advocacy, self-determination, and self-management) that help them become successful in their personal and professional lives. Given these findings, we discuss implications for practice and research.

Factors Affecting Accounting Students In Choosing Accounting Career Path

This study aims to empirically examine factors that influence accounting students in choosing their career path. The samples were 181 students from six biggest universities in Semarang, Indonesia. In this study, data were collected using questionnaire survey and analyzed using multiple linear regression. The results of this study indicate that intrinsic motivation, extrinsic motivation, career exposure, and social values influence the career paths accounting student. While third parties positively influence accounting students in determining career path but it is not statistically significant. These findings may help us to understand how to improve career path among accounting students

Video creation for specialty career exposure in undergraduate medical education.

Video creation for specialty career exposure in undergraduate medical education.