Career Expectations Research Articles

Career expectations and optimistic updating biases in minor league baseball players

Data on the likelihood of becoming a professional athlete are abundant and readily available, yet athletes consistently overestimate their chances of achieving the top levels of career success. Research is needed to examine whether athletes and others update their career expectations when seeing new information. In this study, minor league baseball players created a career tree estimating their probabilities of moving through the minor league system and then read personalized trees built by a C5.0 machine learning algorithm. After seeing the C5.0 trees, many players updated their expectations consistent with updating theory, especially when reevaluating their chances of being out of the system; however, there was evidence of asymmetric updating. Some acted opposite to what Bayesian reasoning would suggest. Analysis of the interview data reveals three themes that explain asymmetric and contrary updating. Players believed optimism is necessary for their baseball career, they neglected their reference group, and they saw information as possessing affective qualities. Using these three themes caused athletes to ignore some information and, occasionally, circumvent the updating process altogether.

Manufacturing Enterprise Executive Career Expectation and Enterprise Risk: Theoretical Path and Empirical Evidence

This paper takes listed companies in Shanghai and Shenzhen stock markets as research samples to analyze and test the relationship between executive career expectation and enterprise risk. This paper argues that manufacturing enterprise executive career expectations have a dual impact on corporate risk, one is to increase corporate risk through investment effect, the other is to reduce corporate risk through reputation effect. The results show that, in the two effects, reputation effect plays a leading role, that is, the higher the career expectation of executives, the more attention they pay to the professional reputation they try to build. In order to protect their own reputation from damage, executives pay more attention to the risk management and internal control of enterprises, so as to reduce the risk of enterprises. This also shows that reputation has a "implicit" incentive effect on executives .This study provides a theoretical basis for enterprises to formulate "explicit" and "implicit" incentive contracts.

The Cultural Career Script: College Students’ Expectations for a Typical Career

Cultural life scripts are composed of the events people expect to occur in the life of a “typical” person in their society. Building on this psychological construct from the field of autobiographical memory, we investigated the cultural career script, referring to the shared expectations individuals have about the typical career in their culture. This mixed-methods study characterizes the nature of the cultural career script using data from 297 undergraduate students, who collectively generated over 2000 events. The results showed similarities with prior life script research, such as a tendency to generate events that are positive and predicted to occur relatively early in life. However, there was little consensus among participants in the events generated, and potential demographic differences in how individuals conceptualize a typical career emerged. Our findings advance scientific understanding of the cultural life script, episodic future thought, and autobiographical memory while providing practical implications for higher education practitioners.

Differing career expectations in the hospitality industry: a cross-cultural study

PurposeThe primary purpose of this study is to examine hospitality and tourism undergraduate students' attitudes to work and career expectations as they prepare to enter the workforce in the hospitality industry in both the United States and South Korea.Design/methodology/approachThe measurement instrument was developed from previous studies (Chen and Shen, 2012; Kong, 2013) and included questions related to job attitudes, job satisfaction, job motivations, job involvement, and career expectations and aspirations upon graduation. T-tests were conducted first for the mean values of the constructs between the United States and South Korea to ensure the comparison of two different cultural groups.FindingsFirst, students from the United States (US) have more and better work attitude than those students from South Korea. Second, students from South Korea appear to be less motivated to work and less satisfied with their current jobs and earnings than students from the US. Third, the results also have managerial implications for both countries. It is very important to know that higher grade point average is not an answer to find the right person but more likely, positive attitudes to work and higher levels of job involvement are more likely to have higher job expectations and aspirations for employment in the industry.Originality/valueThis study adds to the hospitality literature by examining the different perspectives of hospitality and tourism undergraduate students from the US and South Korea, specifically examining their attitudes toward work, job satisfaction, work involvement and job expectations as they prepare for careers in the industry. The results of this study help stakeholders (i.e. students, educators and practitioners) in the hospitality and tourism industry gain a better understanding of their undergraduate students as they prepare for careers in the industry. In addition, the study contributed to understanding cultural differences present among hospitality and tourism students from individualist and collectivist cultures.

Analysis of the correlation between occupational stress and mental health of primary and secondary school teachers.

With the rapid advancement of the educational reform, the requirements for primary and secondary school teachers are increasing, which makes the work pressure of teachers become greater, which can lead to a variety of mental health problems. It is the primary task to promote the psychological health of primary and secondary school teachers by analyzing the stress of teachers and putting forward reasonable countermeasures. The study aimed to analyze the direct and indirect effects of occupational stress on the mental health level of primary and secondary school teachers. 317 teachers from 6 rural primary and secondary schools in Zhejiang province were selected as research subjects. A questionnaire was designed to collect information of occupational stress, mental health, and social support scores. The teachers were compared for differences in gender, marriage status, class teacher, occupational stress, and mental health. The correlation among occupational stress, mental health, and social support was analyzed by structural equation model. The occupational stress of male teachers was higher than that of female teachers in self-development, work load, and career expectation, and the mental health was lower than that of female teachers in work (P < 0.05). The occupational stress of married teachers was significantly higher than that of unmarried teachers, and their mental health was significantly higher than that of unmarried teachers (P < 0.05). The occupational stress of teachers with senior professional titles was lower than that of teachers with primary and intermediate titles in the dimensions of self-development, work load, and career expectation (P < 0.05). The occupational stress of class teachers was higher than that of non-class teachers in terms of student factors, work load, and career expectation (P < 0.05). The direct path coefficient between occupational stress and mental health was -0.421, and the indirect path coefficient between occupational stress and mental health was -0.172. The occupational stress of male, married, class teacher, and teacher with the primary and intermediate titles was significantly greater than that of female, unmarried, non-class teacher, and senior title teacher. In conclusion, the occupational stress of primary and secondary school teachers can not only directly predict the mental health level, but also indirectly affect the mental health level through social support.

Ascribed or achieved? The role of birth order on innovative behaviour in the workplace

The pathway through which birth order triggers status competition and affects individuals’ subsequent innovative behaviours in the Chinese workplace remains an unexplored topic. To fill this lacuna, this study collected data from China to test the relationships. Findings showed that the first-born siblings tended to have a rational status striving orientation, which mediated the relationship between birth order and exploitative innovative behaviour; later-born siblings, though, were more likely to have an emotional status striving orientation, which weakened the relationship between birth order and exploratory innovative behaviour. Considering that expectations for the future career may affect an individual’s current decision, we also examined the moderating role of relative time distance and found that it strengthened the relationship between status striving orientation and employees’ innovative behaviour. Our study is of practical and theoretical significance by exploring the pathway through which birth order affects employees’ innovative behaviour in the Chinese context.

Perception of Dental Students on Gender Preferences in Career Choice, Plans, and Expectations in Dentistry in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

Introduction:Gender-based preferences are common in dental practice and maybe even more prevalent in academic dentistry. A large number of females have been entering the practice of general dentistry for the past two decades. The present study was done to assess dental students' perception of gender preferences in dentistry using a questionnaire in Saudi Arabia.Materials and Methods:A survey was conducted using a pretested questionnaire among dental interns pursuing their internship at different dental schools in Saudi Arabia. The questionnaires were distributed to 482 interns who were willing to participate in the survey. All the responses were collected, tabulated, and analyzed accordingly using appropriate statistical methods.Results:Four hundred and eighty-two dental interns (180 males and 302 females) responded to the survey. Most female interns (68%) prefer female patients for their treatments to the opposite gender. Seventy-five percent of the male interns felt more capable than females to handle stress and workload associated with branches such as prosthodontics, surgery, and implantology. 52.1% felt that female students fared well in academics.Conclusion:The present study shows that more females are taking up this profession in the current situation. It also shows that females are as competitive as males in dentistry and that most of the dental interns want to take up postgraduation after completion of the course. Both males and females are given equal working space and respect in this field of dentistry.

Using PLS-SEM algorithm for Choice of University in Vietnam

The paper tested the factors which influenced the choice of university. Survey data were gathered from 318 students studying at Ho Chi Minh City Industrial University, Vietnam. In the sense of education in Vietnam, the study model was suggested from the university choice studies. We used the PLS-SEM algorithm in Adanco software for analyzing statistics. PLS-SEM algorithm shows that university choice (LC) has been influenced by the University Choice’s five components including Future career expectation (DU), University Reputation, Enroll opportunity (CH), Individual capacity (NL), and Group references (NTK). University Characteristics (DD) and Communication (TT) at university were not influenced University Choice of Student.

Postdocs' advice on pursuing a research career in academia: A qualitative analysis of free-text survey responses.

The decision of whether to pursue a tenure-track faculty position has become increasingly difficult for undergraduate, graduate, and postdoctoral trainees considering a career in research. Trainees express concerns over job availability, financial insecurity, and other perceived challenges associated with pursuing an academic position. To help further elucidate the benefits, challenges, and strategies for pursuing an academic career, a diverse sample of postdoctoral scholars ("postdocs") from across the United States were asked to provide advice on pursuing a research career in academia in response to an open-ended survey question. 994 responses were qualitatively analyzed using both content and thematic analyses. 177 unique codes, 20 categories, and 10 subthemes emerged from the data and were generalized into two thematic areas: Life in Academia and Strategies for Success. On life in academia, postdoc respondents overwhelmingly agree that academia is most rewarding when you are truly passionate about scientific research and discovery. 'Passion' emerged as the most frequently cited code, referenced 189 times. Financial insecurity, work-life balance, securing grant funding, academic politics, and a competitive job market emerged as challenges of academic research. The survey respondents note that while passion and hard work are necessary, they are not always sufficient to overcome these challenges. The postdocs encourage trainees to be realistic about career expectations and to prepare broadly for career paths that align with their interests, skills, and values. Strategies recommended for perseverance include periodic self-reflection, mental health support, and carefully selecting mentors. For early-career scientists along the training continuum, this advice deserves critical reflection before committing to an academic research career. For advisors and institutions, this work provides a unique perspective from postdoctoral scholars on elements of the academic training path that can be improved to increase retention, career satisfaction, and preparation for the scientific workforce.

An Investigation of Preservice Teachers’ Academic Self-Efficacy and Academic Motivation

The purpose of this study is to determine the academic self-efficacy and motivation levels of preservice teachers and to investigate these cognitive aspects in terms of various variables. The participants of the current study consist of 621 preservice teachers studying at Necmettin Erbakan University Ahmet Keleşoğlu Faculty of Education in 2020-2021 academic year. The study adopted a single survey model. Research data were collected using Academic Self-Efficacy Scale and Academic Motivation Scale. Independent sample T-test and one-way ANOVA were used to analyze the data. The findings of the study revealed that the academic self-efficacy and academic motivation levels of the preservice teachers were high; academic self-efficacy did not reveal any significant difference according to gender and year of study variables. It was found out that the academic motivations of the participants revealed significant differences according to gender, year of study, academic achievement, and career expectation variables.

Beyond STEM: The invisible career expectations of Asian American high school students.

The overrepresentation of Asian Americans in science, technology, engineering, and math (STEM) occupations can render invisible the early experiences of Asian Americans in other fields. In this study, we provide a national and longitudinal portrait of the occupational expectations of Asian Americans (n = 2,340) in high school and their postsecondary years. Multinomial logistic regression models confirm Asian Americans hold high occupational expectations in STEM fields overall. However, longitudinal results also reveal high occupational expectations in arts and sports in Grade 9 that decrease and occupational expectations in business and management that begin low but increase after high school. These longitudinal trends are similar for other students but reveal career trajectories of Asian Americans that receive less attention among researchers. Results show little evidence of misalignment between Asian American occupational expectations and academic subject interests in high school. Gaps in occupational expectations between students categorized as English Learner (EL) and those who are not (non-EL) are also mostly attenuated when accounting for individual and parent backgrounds. The study has implications for supporting Asian American youth interested in non-STEM fields, complicating a characterization of Asian Americans as model minorities uniformly predisposed for STEM fields, and improving Asian American career visibility beyond STEM. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).

COVID‐19 has changed the way we think about training future pediatric hematologists/oncologists

COVID‐19 has upended medical practice and education, but has also catalyzed enhancements in the field. Early on, a local group of researchers united to investigate the impact of the pandemic on pediatric hematology oncology (PHO). From this group, a regional educational series was established, “virtual‐Symposium of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology of New York” (v‐SYMPHONY). The implementation of these endeavors while PHO fellowship applications are declining has highlighted our perceptions that education, mentoring, and career expectations are not keeping up with the needs of current trainees. We describe our regional experience joining together to further education and research, and reflect on the current landscape of PHO training and workforce.

Maritime Undergraduate Students: Career Expectations and Choices

The following study presents an inquiry into understanding the motivating factors of students to enroll in a maritime university and to further continue with a career in the maritime industry. By collecting data from 378 undergraduate students enrolled in various maritime programs (navigation, electromechanics, electrical engineering, and economic engineering in transport), we aimed to better understand the profiles of students, their information sources, interest, and the prospects of associated programs where they are enrolled. As such, this study seeks to enable educators and industry practitioners to better understand the educational and career paths chosen by undergraduates in the maritime field. It can align the students’ expectations with program delivery. We examined students’ perceptions and assessments according to the program they are enrolled in. Taking into account the fact that there is a world low attraction for maritime careers, the results of this study are useful for maritime education and training (MET) providers during the design and marketing campaign of the educational program to attract students. Additionally, the findings are useful for public administration and the Ministry of Education’s analysis of expanding educational and research programs, as well as for Ministry of Labour forecasting. Employers from the maritime industry can find useful the main motives for which a graduate would choose to work in this sector, business field, or a related business. Moreover, industry practitioners and academia can expand the study at a larger scale, comprising more countries and taking into account national and regional characteristics.

Gendered career expectations in context: the relevance of normative and comparative reference groups

Although women are increasingly entering male-dominated careers, they remain strongly underrepresented in science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM) occupations. While previous explanations emphasize the importance of individual preferences or family socialization, less is known about how the school context contributes to these differences. This study aimed to examine the role of the classroom context as a frame of reference for students’ career expectations, focusing on comparative and normative reference group effects. Building on gender socialization theory and rational choice models, I investigate whether these contextual effects affect students’ occupational expectations in a gender-specific way. Drawing on a large representative sample of secondary school students in Germany, I find that the gender gap in students’ occupational expectations is larger in classrooms characterized by a high mathematical confidence and high aspirations toward STEM. In classrooms with a pronounced STEM-related classroom climate, female students less frequently expect to work in a STEM career, while for male students the same classroom climate is associated with higher expectations toward STEM. More generally, this study demonstrates that research on the explanation of gender differences in career expectations profits from incorporating social context effects within schools and classrooms.

War for Talent: Career Expectations of Millennial Employees in Sri Lanka

The purpose of this research is to examine millennials’ work aspirations and how different factors affect their career expectations in Sri Lanka. This study used mixed method. Ten respondents were selected using purposive sampling for the qualitative study, and another fifty respondents were selected for the quantitative phase. Total sample size was 60. Data collected was from a sample of males and females born between 1982 and 2000. This study found that millennials are willing to go outside of their job description to gain professional growth and career development. They do not consider a long-term relationship with an organization if basic career expectations have not been considered or met. Millennials are serious job hoppers. Therefore, organizations would benefit from using two dimensions, relational and transactional, to design a management development programme to those who are confronted by war for talent and limited resources in meeting millennials’ expectations. This study expands geographical scope of the literature providing new research avenues.

ASSESSMENT OF THE ROLE OF COMMUNITY PHARMACISTS IN MANAGEMENT OF HIV-POSITIVE INDIVIDUALS IN THE SOUTHERN REGION OF NIGERIA

Background: The long- recognized challenges to HIV care remained relevant as newer challenges emerge. Pharmacists’ role has evolved and expanded to help patients and other healthcare providers to achieve the core goals of HIV management. Objectives: this study assessed the role/services community pharmacists play/offer in the management of HIV patients in Rivers State, Southern region of Nigeria, and evaluated the perception of community pharmacists towards management of HIV infected patients. Method: A cross-sectional study was carried out among three hundred and seventy- four community pharmacist- owned pharmacies spread across Rivers State. Data were collected using pre-tested structured questionnaire. The structure comprises (1) demographic information (2) services offered to HIV infected patients (3) perception towards community pharmacists’ involvement in management of HIV. Data were analyzed with SPSS version 16 and statistical significance taken at p&lt;0.05. Results: Out of 374 (100%) community pharmacist-owned pharmacies only 30 (8%) were involved in the management of HIV patients. 22(73.3%) were male and 8(26.7%) were female. While 23(76.7%) had B.Pharm degree; 2(6.7%) had Pharm D. 18(70%) had 11 – 20yrs practice experience as 7(23%) had over 20 yrs experience. 23(76.6%) had special HIV training program while 3(10%) self-acquired information on HIV. The Likert scale to measure perception is biased towards agreement, Likert scale 3.89, that community pharmacists are knowledgeable and well positioned to play role in the management of HIV infected patients. Conclusion: Very few 30(8%) of registered community pharmacists are involved in the management of HIV patients. Although the services offered cut across the guidelines for management of HIV infected patients, there is still need for improvement and regular update on HIV training for community pharmacists. These steps would help to involve more community pharmacists, decongest hospitals and reduce workload on hospital pharmacists. Peer Review History: Received 23 January 2021; Revised 5 February; Accepted 26 February, Available online 15 March 2021 UJPR follows the most transparent and toughest ‘Advanced OPEN peer review’ system. The identity of the authors and, reviewers will be known to each other. This transparent process will help to eradicate any possible malicious/purposeful interference by any person (publishing staff, reviewer, editor, author, etc) during peer review. As a result of this unique system, all reviewers will get their due recognition and respect, once their names are published in the papers. We expect that, by publishing peer review reports with published papers, will be helpful to many authors for drafting their article according to the specifications. Auhors will remove any error of their article and they will improve their article(s) according to the previous reports displayed with published article(s). The main purpose of it is ‘to improve the quality of a candidate manuscript’. Our reviewers check the ‘strength and weakness of a manuscript honestly’. There will increase in the perfection, and transparency. Received file: Reviewer's Comments: Average Peer review marks at initial stage: 5.0/10 Average Peer review marks at publication stage: 7.0/10 Reviewer(s) detail: Prof. Dr. Hassan A.H. Al-Shamahy, Sana'a University, Yemen, shmahe@yemen.net.ye Dr. Bilge Ahsen KARA, Ankara Gazi Mustafa Kemal Hospital, Turkey, ahsndkyc@gmail.com Similar Articles: AWARENESS OF PHARMACISTS TOWARDS ASPARTAME SIDE EFFECTS IN KHARTOUM CITY, SUDAN SUDANESE PHARMACY STUDENTS: CAREER INTENTIONS, EXPECTATIONS AND FACTORS AFFECTING THEIR CHOICES

Entrepreneurial intentions and high-status seeking in career expectations: a portrait of talents in emerging countries

Nowadays organizations are increasingly engaged in talent management, because it allows firms to grow rapidly by leveraging on human capital. Most antecedent studies focused on expectations and motivations of talents living in developed countries. Though, a little is known about career expectations of talents in emerging economies, and whether they diverge from those of developed countries or not. However, this information might be of use for several motives. First, emerging countries have a high growth rate. Second, these talents may be effectively harnessed from domestic and non-domestic firms, depending on whether their expectations are met or not. Consistently, this study aims at exploring the career expectations of individuals in emerging countries, by capturing the heterogeneity of expectations between emerging and developed countries due to cultural, politic, economic, and religious differences. As a matter of fact, emerging countries are frequently characterized by low levels of both income and employment, differently from many developed countries. For such motives and because of the absence of valid employment alternatives, talents might be more willing to engage in entrepreneurial initiatives rather than attempting to be employed in an organization. Thus, the primary intent of this explorative study is to understand what are the factors that affect career expectations of talents in emerging countries. Consistently, a cross-sectional principal component analysis (PCA) was used for hypotheses testing. The sample refers to a set of African countries, based on data availability for 2019. Data used for the analysis are drawn from the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) and they refer to individual entrepreneurial behaviours and attitudes. Notably, findings show that career expectations of talents are driven by motivation and opportunity, especially in the male groups. However, the study also originally shows that the need for achievement and the willingness to stand out are the main drivers of talents’ expectations. In a nutshell, talents may prefer independence over the employment status. Implications of the findings, at a business level, suggest that companies in emerging markets should revisit their talent management strategy in order to avoid the loss of many talented employees. As instance, they should grant more independence, raise the income, and favour internal and female entrepreneurship. Thereby, the original findings of the study contribute both theoretically and practically to the research domain by specifying that career needs of talented people vary according to context and time.

Attitudes toward artificial intelligence in radiology with learner needs assessment within radiology residency programmes: a national multi-programme survey.

We aimed to assess the attitudes and learner needs of radiology residents and faculty radiologists regarding artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) in radiology. A web-based questionnaire, designed using SurveyMonkey, was sent out to residents and faculty radiologists in all three radiology residency programmes in Singapore. The questionnaire comprised four sections and aimed to evaluate respondents' current experience, attempts at self-learning, perceptions of career prospects and expectations of an AI/ML curriculum in their residency programme. Respondents' anonymity was ensured. A total of 125 respondents (86 male, 39 female; 70 residents, 55 faculty radiologists) completed the questionnaire. The majority agreed that AI/ML will drastically change radiology practice (88.8%) and makes radiology more exciting (76.0%), and most would still choose to specialise in radiology if given a choice (80.0%). 64.8% viewed themselves as novices in their understanding of AI/ML, 76.0% planned to further advance their AI/ML knowledge and 67.2% were keen to get involved in an AI/ML research project. An overwhelming majority (84.8%) believed that AI/ML knowledge should be taught during residency, and most opined that this was as important as imaging physics and clinical skills/knowledge curricula (80.0% and 72.8%, respectively). More than half thought that their residency programme had not adequately implemented AI/ML teaching (59.2%). In subgroup analyses, male and tech-savvy respondents were more involved in AI/ML activities, leading to better technical understanding. A growing optimism towards radiology undergoing technological transformation and AI/ML implementation has led to a strong demand for an AI/ML curriculum in residency education.

Vocational Identity Resources in Emerging Adulthood: Associations With Facets of Dispositional Mindfulness

The processes of career development and forming a crystallized identity can be fraught with emotional turmoil. One multidimensional construct known to reduce emotional reactivity is dispositional mindfulness (DM). We used canonical correlation analysis to examine relationships involving measures of resources for establishing a vocational identity (Hirschi, 2012a) and facets of DM in emerging adults (134 women, 38 men). Observing, describing, and nonreactivity to inner experiences contributed uniquely to the first canonical function with career agency and occupational engagement. Observing, describing, and nonjudging contributed uniquely to the second function with occupational engagement and negative career outlook. These results shed light on key facets of DM that help emerging adults to effectively utilize emotion within the context of career‐life planning. Future research should examine relationships between DM facets and additional constructs subsumed within the career resources model. Counselors may find utility in understanding how clients conceptualize conscious emotional experience and use it in career‐life planning.

Prevalence and associated factors of the career plateau of primary care providers in Heilongjiang, China: a cross-sectional study

BackgroundPrimary care providers are pillars of China’s medical and health sectors. However, due to the gap between career expectations and reality, they enter a career plateau phase through excessive pressure. This study aims to examine the prevalence and associated factors of the career plateau of primary care providers in Heilongjiang Province, China, and proposes strategies to improve and promote their career advancement.MethodsBased on city-level GDP growth in the province, a questionnaire survey was conducted among 1500 primary care providers (effective response rate = 85.8%). Pearson’s chi-square analysis and binary logistic regression were used to analyse the factors associated with their career plateau.ResultsThe prevalence rate of career plateau was 61.8% among primary care provider respondents. The factors associated with a career plateau included having a spouse (OR = 1.394, 95%CI = 1.056–1.839), working more than 40 h per week (OR = 1.473, 95%CI = 1.146–1.893); working for 11–20 years (OR = 1.607, 95%CI = 1.150–2.246); working for more than 20 years (OR = 2.818, 95%CI = 1.938–4.097); having an average monthly income of 3001–4000 yuan (OR = 1.886, 95%CI = 1.197–2.969) or 4001–5000 yuan (OR = 2.104, 95%CI = 1.256–3.524); and reporting unsatisfactory or very unsatisfactory sleep quality (OR = 1.838, 95%CI = 1.317–2.567).ConclusionsPrimary care providers in Heilongjiang Province face a high career plateau, with marital status, weekly working hours, number of years employed, monthly average income, and sleep quality considered associated factors. To eliminate negative factors of the career plateau, it is necessary to provide support to primary care providers in four domains: individual, organisation, society, and policy.