Cardanol Oil Research Articles

Synthesis and Tribological Investigation of Cashew Nutshell Liquid Cardanol Oil Dispersed with Modified Cu–Zn Nanoparticles

Synthesis and Tribological Investigation of Cashew Nutshell Liquid Cardanol Oil Dispersed with Modified Cu–Zn Nanoparticles

Development of biocomposites using cardanol oil bio-toughener, palm kernel fiber and chitosan derived from discarded biomass wastes: a characterization study with aging conditions

Development of biocomposites using cardanol oil bio-toughener, palm kernel fiber and chitosan derived from discarded biomass wastes: a characterization study with aging conditions

Development of almond shell powder and palm kernel fibre–reinforced cardanol oil toughened epoxy resin hybrid composites: mechanical, wear, and antimicrobial properties

Development of almond shell powder and palm kernel fibre–reinforced cardanol oil toughened epoxy resin hybrid composites: mechanical, wear, and antimicrobial properties

Benchmark Study of Epoxy Coatings with Selection of Bio-Based Phenalkamine versus Fossil-Based Amine Crosslinkers.

The phenalkamines (PK) derived from cardanol oil can be used as a bio-based crosslinker for epoxy coatings as an alternative for traditional fossil amines (FA). First, the reaction kinetics of an epoxy resin with four PK and FA crosslinkers are compared by differential scanning calorimetry, illustrating a fast reaction rate and higher conversion of PK at room temperature in parallel with a moderate exothermal reaction. Second, the performance of coatings with various concentrations of PK and PK/FA ratios indicates good mixing compatibility between crosslinkers resulting in higher hardness, scratch resistance, hydrophobicity, and abrasive wear resistance of coatings with PK. The superior performance is confirmed over a broad range of resin/crosslinker ratios, facilitating the processing with viscosity profiles depending on the PK type. Although fossil- and bio-based crosslinkers have different chemical structures, the unique linear relationships between intrinsic mechanical properties (i.e., ductility and impact resistance) and coating performance indicate that the degree of crosslinking is a primary parameter controlling coating performance, where PK simultaneously provides high hardness and ductility. In conclusion, the optimization of the processing range for bio-based PK as a crosslinker for epoxy coatings delivers suitable processing conditions and superior mechanical performance compared to traditional amine crosslinkers.

Effect of Naturally Derived Dentin Bio-modifiers on Immediate and Long-Term Bond Strength of Etch and Rinse Adhesive to Dentin

Purpose: To investigate the effect of 10% Proanthocyanidin (PA) rich grape seedextract (GSE) and cardanol oil applied for 60s on immediate and long-term shearbond strength (SBS) of etch and rinse to dentin. Materials and methods: The occlusalsurfaces of forty two samples were ground to expose flat superficial dentin surfaces.The samples were divided into 3 groups; Group A1 (control group) without any pretreatment,Group A2 (10 % GSE), Group A3 (cardanol). Pre-treatments were appliedfor 60s and then washed away for 30s. Each group was further randomly subdividedinto two groups (n=7) according to the storage time (immediate 24 hours) and (longtermsix months period). Shear bond strength (SBS) was tested using a universal testingmachine at a cross head speed of 0.5mm/min. Data was tabulated and presented asmean and standard deviation, one-way ANOVA, post hoc Tukey’s test for pairwise andPaired student t-test was performed between paired groups. Results: All pre-treatmentgroups showed statistically no significant SBS values after 24 hours of storage. Whileat 6 months storage, group A3 showed the highest SBS mean value followed bygroup A2 while Control Group recorded the lowest shear bond strength mean value.Conclusion: Natural dentin Bio-modifiers are considered effective in improving theshear bond strength of the bonded interface and the Bond strength of dentin is affectedby the storage time.

Effect of Naturally Derived Dentin Bio-modifiers on Immediate and Long-Term Bond Strength of Etch and Rinse Adhesive to Dentin

Purpose: To investigate the effect of 10% Proanthocyanidin (PA) rich grape seedextract (GSE) and cardanol oil applied for 60s on immediate and long-term shearbond strength (SBS) of etch and rinse to dentin. Materials and methods: The occlusalsurfaces of forty two samples were ground to expose flat superficial dentin surfaces.The samples were divided into 3 groups; Group A1 (control group) without any pretreatment,Group A2 (10 % GSE), Group A3 (cardanol). Pre-treatments were appliedfor 60s and then washed away for 30s. Each group was further randomly subdividedinto two groups (n=7) according to the storage time (immediate 24 hours) and (longtermsix months period). Shear bond strength (SBS) was tested using a universal testingmachine at a cross head speed of 0.5mm/min. Data was tabulated and presented asmean and standard deviation, one-way ANOVA, post hoc Tukey’s test for pairwise andPaired student t-test was performed between paired groups. Results: All pre-treatmentgroups showed statistically no significant SBS values after 24 hours of storage. Whileat 6 months storage, group A3 showed the highest SBS mean value followed bygroup A2 while Control Group recorded the lowest shear bond strength mean value.Conclusion: Natural dentin Bio-modifiers are considered effective in improving theshear bond strength of the bonded interface and the Bond strength of dentin is affectedby the storage time.

Sustainable plasticizer from agroindustrial waste for natural rubber compounds: Influence on the curing system and compound properties

The industry has pursued efforts to minimize the use of fossil fuel-based processing oils in favor of naturally occurring nontoxic oils from renewable sources, such as vegetable oils. In this study, the feasibility of replacing naphthenic oil (NAPH)-based plasticizers in natural rubber (NR) compounds with oil originating from cashew nut shells was evaluated. Cardanol oil (Cdn), which is derived from decarboxylated cashew nut shell liquid, a byproduct of cashew nut production, was chemically modified by acetylation and named Cdn-A. The successful acetylation of Cdn with acetic anhydride was confirmed. The effects of Cdn and Cdn-A as plasticizers on the curing characteristics, thermal aging, and physical, mechanical, and dynamic properties of carbon black-filled NR compounds were then evaluated. Cdn acted as a co-activator for rubber vulcanization; by contrast, Cdn-A showed negligible effects on this process. Vulcanized Cdn- and Cdn-A-containing NR compounds exhibited improved abrasion and tear resistance compared with the reference compound containing NAPH, as well as antioxidant activity. The Cdn-added NR compound also demonstrated high elongation at break and toughness. The results collectively suggest that NR compounds containing Cdn exhibit properties suitable for tire tread applications requiring high grip characteristics.

Biodegradable, UV absorber and thermal stable bioplastic films from waxy corn starch/polyvinyl alcohol blends

AbstractChemically modified waxy corn starch is a promising material for biodegradable bioplastic synthesis. This work is to study the film performance and microbial enzymatic biodegradation of the film made from chemically modified waxy corn starch according to the effect of pre-gelatinization and cardanol oil with various ratios as a mixed plasticizer with sorbitol. The preparation of biodegradable bioplastic films from waxy maize acetylated di-starch adipate (WADA) and waxy maize pregelatinized acetylated di-starch adipate (PWADA) blended with polyvinyl alcohol polymer using sorbitol and cardanol oil mixture as plasticizers were performed. Characterization of biodegradability by enzymes mixture of (alpha-amylase and glucoamylase) and soil burial test. The weight loss reached 96% and the degradation percentage reached 95.5% of PWADA and these results were significantly (p < 0.05) lower than WADA; as proved by high-performance liquid chromatography, increasing osmolality is evidence of the degradation as measured by the osmometer and the physical appearance of the film indicated complete degradation after 21 days. The film morphology, chemical structure, crystallinity, transparency, and thermal stability were studied using a scanning electron microscope, Fourier-transformed infrared, X-ray diffraction, UV–Vis spectrophotometer, and thermal gravimetric analysis. As a result, under the electron microscope, PWADA films had a more homogenous surface. The films’ infra-red spectra showed similar patterns, indicating identical chemical structures. Waxy maize starch has an A-type crystalline structure and after the thermoplasticization, the X-ray diffractogram showed new peaks appeared at 2θ of 13.2°, 19.5°, and 20.8°, which attributed to a V-type crystal pattern. The addition of cardanol oil restricts the transmission of light in the UV region by 250 nm by 69 and 63.4%, respectively, indicating UV absorber films. Furthermore, adding oil to (PWADA) and (WADA) films increased onset deterioration from 272 to 318 °C and from 317 to 320 °C, indicating that their thermal stability is improved. The water uptake rate and water vapor permeability increase after the pre-gelatinization of WADA films without cardanol but slightly decrease after the addition of cardanol oil. Also, pre-gelatinization decreases the elongation by 33.3% while increasing the strength by 10.5% of the films. Hence, waxy-modified maize starch film has the potential to be a biodegradable, thermal stable, and UV absorber film in packaging material.

Synthesis and characterization of cardanol oil and cassava tuber peel biochar toughened epoxy composite coating for structural application

Synthesis and characterization of cardanol oil and cassava tuber peel biochar toughened epoxy composite coating for structural application

Effect of nanosilica on mechanical, thermal, fatigue, and antimicrobial properties of cardanol oil/sisal fiber reinforced epoxy composite

AbstractSisal fiber reinforced nanosilica and cardanol oil toughened epoxy composites were prepared and characterized in this present work. The main aim of this study was to understand the importance of adding cardanol oil and nanosilica to sisal‐reinforced epoxy composites in enhancing the load bearing, thermal stability, and antimicrobial properties. The composites were fabricated by the hand layup process and specimens were cut using a water jet machine. The composites were tested using the respective ASTM standards. The results found that the blending of cardanol oil makes the epoxy less brittle and the composites are environment friendly. Similarly, nanosilica with sisal fiber in cardanol oil blended epoxy composites showed improved mechanical properties. The highest tensile strength and modulus were found to be 56% and 64% than pure epoxy resin. The maximum impact resistances and hardness values observed for the composites are 6.48 J and 91 shore‐D. Moreover, improved fatigue life counts were observed for composite designation ECN2, which contains 1.0 vol% of nanosilica, but also a decrement in it if the volume percentage was increased to 2.0. The antimicrobial properties improved with the increment of nanosilica and cardanol oil content. These eco‐friendly, mechanically toughened biocomposites could be used in drug and food storage, automotives, drones, structural, and sports goods as well as in household appliances manufacturing.

Effect of cashew shell biomass synthesized cardanol oil green compatibilizer on flexibility, barrier, thermal, and wettability of PLA/PBAT biocomposite films

Effect of cashew shell biomass synthesized cardanol oil green compatibilizer on flexibility, barrier, thermal, and wettability of PLA/PBAT biocomposite films

Synthesis and characterization of thermoplastic starch/PVA/cardanol oil composites loaded with in‐situ silver nanoparticles

AbstractA novel nanocomposite films of native and modified starch/polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)/sorbitol/cardanol oil with in situ synthesis of silver nanoparticles were prepared. The surface morphology of modified starch was found to be more homogenous than native starch with a good distribution of silver nanoparticles. This result indicated to boost in plasticization after starch modification as observed by scanning electron microscope. Transmission electron microscope confirms the formation of silver nanoparticles with diameters ranging from 50 to 80 nm with homogenously distributed. Moreover, modified starch showed lower water vapor permeability compared to unmodified starch at 39%. The addition of cardanol oil at 0.2% showed significant increases in the elongation of modified starch films by 280.9% compared to the unmodified starch films. However, the film elongation was increased by 421.7% with 2 mmol silver nanoparticles and 0.2% cardanol oil, while it decreased by 14.2 in the modified starch film. Also, cardanol oil reduces transmittance in the UV region for native and modified starch films by 56.2% and 56.5%, respectively. The nanocomposite films demonstrated good antimicrobial activity against gram‐positive and gram‐negative bacteria and yeast. These films can be a potential candidate for application such as food packaging materials.

Metal-Free Multilayer Hybrid PENG Based on Soft Electrospun/-Sprayed Membranes with Cardanol Additive for Harvesting Energy from Surgical Face Masks.

Disposable surgical face masks are usually used by medical/nurse staff but the current Covid-19 pandemic has caused their massive use by many people. Being worn closely attached to the people's face, they are continuously subjected to routine movements, i.e., facial expressions, breathing, and talking. These motional forces represent an unusual source of wasted mechanical energy that can be rather harvested by electromechanical transducers and exploited to power mask-integrated sensors. Typically, piezoelectric and triboelectric nanogenerators are exploited to this aim; however, most of the current devices are too thick or wide, not really conformable, and affected by humidity, which make them hardly embeddable in a mask, in contact with skin. Different from recent attempts to fabricate smart energy-harvesting cloth masks, in this work, a wearable energy harvester is rather enclosed in the mask and can be reused and not disposed. The device is a metal-free hybrid piezoelectric nanogenerator (hPENG) based on soft biocompatible materials. In particular, poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) membranes in the pure form and with a biobased plasticizer (cardanol oil, CA) are electrospun onto a laser-ablated polyimide flexible substrate attached on a skin-conformable elastomeric blend of poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) and Ecoflex. The multilayer structure of the device harnesses the piezoelectricity of the PVDF nanofibers and the friction triboelectric effects. The ultrasensitive mechanoelectrical transduction properties of the composite device are determined by the strong electrostatic behavior of the membranes and the plasticization effect of cardanol. In addition, encapsulation based on PVDF, PDMS, CA, and parylene C is used, allowing the hPENG to exhibit optimal reliability and resistance against the wet and warm atmosphere around the face mask. The proposed device reveals potential applications for the future development of smart masks with coupled energy-harvesting devices, allowing to use them not only for anti-infective protection but also to supply sensors or active antibacterial/viral devices.

Forecasting the Finest Firmness of Biocomposites using Response Surface Design Methodology

Natural fibers are considered likely to be used in polymer composite materials as reinforcing agents because of their main advantages such as fine strength and rigidity, low cost, environmentally friendly, degradable and renewable material. A study was conducted to assess the impact of properties of bicomposite made from cardanol resin banana fibers. The banana fiber extracted from the banana stem was treated with alkali to enhance the interfacial linkage around fiber and cardanol resin. Biocomposite was manufactured using formaldehyde mixed with cardanol oil to form cardanol resin mixed with banana fiber using compression moulding Techniques with different process factors such as fiber weight (5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, and 25%) different fiber length (5, 10, 15, 20, and 25 in mm) and alkali treatment (varying in 1%, 3%, 5%, 7% and 9%. The developed banana fiber reinforced composite were then characterized by impact testing showing strong significance and association in DOE using 15.2% fiber weight response surface methodology with 15.3 mm fiber length and 4.7% alkaline treated. Thus we examined the effect of the above factors on impact and suggested the best combinations of factors for composite processing.

An Experimental Investigation on Tribological Behaviour of Jatropha Biolubricant with Pyrolysed Cardanol Biolubricant at Varying Loads

Nowadays Demand for bio lubricants is increasing due to pollution and depletion of crude oil based fuels in this globe. This paper portraits and compares the tribological behavior of jatropha bio oil with cardanol oil bywear testing machine. SAE20W40 base lubricant is blended with 5%, 10% and 15% ratios of Jatropha and cardanol based bio lubricants. While testing with 2.6m/s sliding velocity friction and wear rate of jatropha and cardanol bio lubricant is accomplished while testing under 50N, 100N and 150N loads. Low wear rate was discerned while mixing 5%and 10% jatropha bio oil with SAE20W40 lubricant, when this limit increases then the wear rate gradually increases. While conducting theexperiment with cardanol oil, addition of 5% and 15% blend with SAE20W40 lubricant has given least rate of wear. 10% blend of Cardanol oil shows increase in wear rate with SAE20W40 lubricant.The mechanical efficiency was raisedduring the usage of CB5 and CB15 at the sliding velocity of 2.5 m/s. So, CB5 and CB15 can act as best alternative lubricant.

A Researchon Tribological Behaviourof Pongamia Biodiesel Blended Lubricant with Cardanol Biodiesel Blended Lubricant at Different Loads

In this world demand for bio lubricants which are easily decomposing, non-toxic and non-polluting is increasing day by day. This paper describes and compares the friction and wear characteristics of Pongamia blended lubricant with Cardanol blended lubricant by using Pin on disc wear testing Tribometer. For the preparation of blended lubricants, cardanol and pongamia based biodiesel were blended with base lubricant SAE20W40 in the ratios of 5, 10, and 20% on volume basis. The friction and wear characteristics of Cardanol and pongamia blended bio lubricants were carried out at the loads of 50N, 100N and 150N with the sliding velocity of 2.5m/s. By adding 5% and 10% pongamia biodiesel with base lubricant, less wear rate was observed. When this limit wear rate exceeds is also increasing gradually. While carrying out the wear test with Cardanol oil blended lubricant, least wear rate was observed during the addition of 5% and 20% Cardanol oil blended lubricant with base lubricant. The wear rate was increased while adding 10% of Cardanol oil blended lubricant with base lubricant. It has been concluded that CBL 5 and CBL 15 can act as an alternative lubricant at minimum and maximum load to increase mechanical efficiency at 2.5m/s sliding velocity and dependency on petroleum-based products was reduced with its contribution

Investigation on performance and emission characteristics of cardanol–diesel blends in a single cylinder DI diesel engine

ABSTRACTBiomass acquires better ability to replace crude petroleum products in most of all the forms. Cardanol oil extracted from cashew nut shell liquid by pyrolysis process represents a growing abundant energy source. In this work, cardanol oil was extracted by pyrolysis process and chemical composition was studied by using gas chromatography–mass spectroscopy. Experimental investigations were conducted in a single cylinder direct injection diesel engine with different blends of cardanol oil–diesel fuel such as neat diesel, B20, B40, B60, B80, and B100. From the pragmatic results, it was observed that at full load operating condition and at B40, without any modifications in engine, brake thermal efficiency was increased by 1.82% and specific fuel consumption was reduced by 1.8%. On the other hand, carbon monoxide emission was same as that of diesel for all the blends at maximum load conditions. Unburned hydrocarbon for B40 was lower than all blends and was slightly higher than diesel fuel at full load. Formation of nitrogen oxide was slightly higher than diesel fuel for all blends in proportion with increase in load. Smoke opacity gradually reduces with increase in load for all blends and B40 shows much reduced level than diesel at full load. Overall, B40 shows better performance and much comparable emission level with diesel fuel.

Influence of Cardanol Oil on the Properties of Poly(lactic acid) Films Produced by Melt Extrusion

Sustainable polymers from renewable resources are classified as biobased polymers. Poly(lactic acid) (PLA) is one of the most common biobased polymers applied in the biodegradable plastic industry as a feasible substitute of petrochemical-derived products. Cardanol oil (CA), a renewable resource and relatively low-cost side product of the cashew agro-industry, combined with neat PLA permitted the preparation of plasticized PLA/CA films by means of hot melt extrusion processes. Looking at packaging applications of the functional biobased PLA/CA films, chemical, mechanical, thermal, antioxidant, and barrier properties were studied. Thermal analysis revealed that the PLA glass-transition temperature decreased with the increasing content of CA, indicating that CA worked as a plasticizer for PLA. The presence of CA increased the oxygen transmission through the PLA/CA films; consequently, the permeability values were always appreciably higher for plasticized films. Nevertheless, the CA-plasticized PLA films sho...

A chemical platform approach on cardanol oil: from the synthesis of building blocks to polymer synthesis

This review proposes a platform approach for the synthesis of various building blocks from cardanol oil in one or two-steps synthesis. Cardanol is a natural phenol issued from Cashew nutshell liquid (CNSL). CNSL is a non-edible renewable resource, co-produced from cashew industry in large commercial volumes. Cardanol is non-toxic and particularly suitable as an aromatic renewable resource for polymers and materials. Various routes were used for the synthesis of di- and poly-functional building blocks used thereafter in polymer syntheses. Phenolation was used to dimerize/oligomerize cardanol to propose increase functionality of cardanol. Thio-ene was used to synthesize new reactive amines. Epoxidation and (meth)acrylation were also used to insert oxirane or (meth)acrylate groups in order to synthesize polymers and materials.

Synthesis of cardanol oil building blocks for polymer synthesis

This review proposes a platform approach for the synthesis of various building blocks from cardanol in one- or two-steps syntheses. Cardanol, which is a natural phenol, is issued from cashew nutshell liquid, a non-edible renewable resource, co-produced from the cashew industry in large commercial volumes. Cardanol is non-toxic and particularly suitable for the addition of aromatic renewable resources in polymers and materials. Various routes were used for the synthesis of di- and poly-functional building blocks used thereafter in polymer syntheses. Phenolation was used to dimerize/oligomerize cardanol in order to increase its functionality. Thio-ene was used to synthesize new reactive amines. Epoxidation and (meth)acrylation were also used to insert oxirane or (meth)acrylate groups in order to synthesize polymers and materials.