Carboxyl Methyl Cellulose Research Articles

Effect of Brachystegia Eurycoma Flour Addition on the Physicochemical Properties of Whole Millet Flour and the Sensory Attributes of its Gluten-Free Bread

Abstract This study evaluated the effect of addition of Brachystegia eurycoma flour (BEF), a natural source of hydrocolloids, on the physicochemical properties of whole millet flour (WMF) and the sensory attributes of its gluten-free bread. BEF and sodium carboxylmethyl cellulose (a reference hydrocolloid) were added to WMF at 1.5 and 3% proportions, and breads were baked from the blends. Wheat flour (100%CWF) bread served as the control. Amylose level decreased significantly (p < 0.05), while water absorption capacity, peak and final viscosities of the blends increased with increasing proportion of BEF. The 100%CWF bread had better sensory qualities than WMF-BEF breads. Hence, BEF improved the physicochemical properties of WMF-BEF blend, but did not alter the sensory qualities of its gluten-free bread.

Number of macrophages and transforming growth factor β expression in Citrus limon L. Tlekung peel oil-treated traumatic ulcers in diabetic rats

Purpose: To analyse the potential use of Citrus limon L. Tlekung peel oil in the treatment of traumatic ulcers in diabetic rats based on number of macrophages and transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) expression.
 Method: Standard steam distillation was performed to produce Citrus limon L. peel oil with its components subsequently analysed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Diabetes was induced with streptozotocin (STZ) via administration of a single 50 mg/kg dose. A traumatic ulcer was subsequently induced with a 5 mm burnisher heated for 30 s and applied without pressure for 1 s to the lower labial mucosa of the animals. Citrus limon L. oil gel containing 3% carboxyl methyl cellulose sodium was then topically administered to the traumatic ulcer for a period of three or five days. TGF-β expression was analysed through immunohistochemical staining and the macrophage number calculated with haematoxylin-eosin stain.
 Results: The major identified compounds in Citrus limon L. peel oil include fumaric (31.78 %), dlimonene (17.38 %), z-citral (13.55 %), L-linalool (8.51 %), geraniol nerol (3.56 %), geraniol (2.94 %,), αterpineol (1.25 %) and γ-terpinene (1.03 %) together with other minor constituents. Treatment of traumatic ulcers with Citrus limon L peel oil produced higher number of macrophages and TGF-β expression (p = 0.000). Treatment over a period of five days also indicated higher expression of TGF-β and number of macrophages compared to that lasting three days with Citrus limon L peel oil (p = 0.000).
 Conclusion: Citrus limon L peel oil stimulates TGF-β expression and an increase of macrophage numbers in diabetic subjects during traumatic ulcer healing after three and seven days. Clinical application of Citrus limon L peel oil constitutes a potential therapy in the treatment of traumatic ulcers in diabetic subjects.

Modification of Nigerian Bitumen Using Locally Source Materials

Bitumen utilized for road construction must satisfy international standard, Nigeria bitumen could not be used because it falls short of the necessary standards approved globally for road construction, it prompts early potholes, rutting, bleeding, hence there is need to modify and improve the properties of Nigeria bitumen. The reason for this study is to upgrade the locally found bitumen in Nigeria to international standard so that the country can curb incessant importation of bitumen for road construction and pavement, as nature naturally endowed the country with bitumen. Several approaches are available by which local bitumen can be modified, but, this paper focused on blending form of modification. Local bitumen (unmodified sample) used for this study was gotten from a village in Ondo state, Nigeria called Agbagu. The bitumen was mixed with powdered (150-micron size) rubber tyres, potash and carboxyl methyl cellulose (CMC) polymer (modified sample). Only 30% by weight of the mixture was used to upgrade 200 grams of the local bitumen sample. Various tests such as penetration value test, softening point test, viscosity test, flash point test and fire point test were carried out on modified bitumen to determine the consistency of the upgraded bitumen. The result confirms that the modified Nigerian bitumen sample when compared with the foreign sample, improved in quality and properties, thereby approaching the international standard required for road construction and other uses of bitumen internationally.

Eco-friendly polymer nanocomposites designed for self-healing applications

Fully biodegradable self-healing nanocomposites were prepared by mixing carbon nanotubes (CNTs)-based carboxyl methyl cellulose (CMC), produced by chemical modification of cellulose, with a commercial biodegradable highly amorphous vinyl alcohol polymer (HAVOH) containing murexide salt. Damaged specimens were allowed to cure by simply touching the cutting sections in a controlled temperature and humidity environment (30 °C and 80%) for a period of 48 h. The healing efficiency of the samples, evaluated by the recovery of the “Storage Modulus” determined by dynamic-mechanical analysis (DMA) of healed samples, manifests a temperature-dependence behaviour. For temperatures above 50 °C, an almost complete recovery (100%) was observed for the sample of HAVOH containing a solubilized murexide salt. The presence of CNTs-based CMC imparts improved mechanical properties. Maximum values for healing efficiency were observed between 30 and 80 °C.

Hydrocarbon solubilisation by oil and cellulose-degrading Chitinophaga terrae isolated from the rumen.

This study investigated the capacity of cellulose and hydrocarbon degrading bacterium isolated from the rumen of a cow to solubilise hydrocarbon. The bacterium was isolated from the rumen fluid of cow and its capacity to degrade cellulose was screened on carboxyl methyl cellulose (CMC) agar plate and the ability to degrade crude oil was carried out using Bonny Light crude. Solubilisation of hydrocarbon was determined by carrying out emulsification index (E24) using kerosene. Other bio-surfactant characteristics such as blood haemolysis, tilted slide capacity and oil displacement were tested also. The bacterium was identified based on phenotypic, biochemical and molecular characteristics. The isolate achieved 48.17% degradation of total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH) within 14 days with emulsification index of 54.5%. The isolate also produced clear zone on agar plate containing CMC as the sole carbon source. Phylogenetic tree analyses classified the bacterial isolate as Chitinophaga terrae. The sequences have been deposited to GenBank under the accession number KJ076216.1. This study has demonstrated that the novel strain of Chitinophaga terrae used in this study not only has the capacity for multiple substrate utilization, but also has the capacity to produce bio-surfactant. Considering that the isolate was obtain from the rumen of cow it shows that rumen content may harbour bacteria with diverse economical and ecologically-friendly product, which may be utilized for bioremediation of crude oil contaminated systems.

Porous polymer composite separators with three-dimensional ion-selective nanochannels for high-performance Li–S batteries

Lithium-sulfur (Li–S) batteries have been regarded as one kind of the most attractive candidates for next-generation energy storage devices for their high theoretical energy density and fairly low cost. However, the “shuttle effect” caused by diffusion of soluble polysulfides and uncontrollable growth of lithium dendrite seriously deteriorate the long-term cycle stability and safety of Li–S batteries in practical applications. Herein, a highly porous polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)/sodium carboxylmethyl cellulose (CMC) composite separator with three-dimensional ion-selective nanochannels has been successfully fabricated via a facile non-solvent induced separation method. The abundant negative –COO- groups inside the nanochannels can hinder the undesired polysulfides penetrating through the separator, but allow Li+ transporting rapidly and induce uniform lithium stripping/plating. As a result, the Li–S battery using the porous PVA/CMC composite separator realizes stable cycling with a low decay rate of 0.045% per cycle over 500 cycles at 1 C. This work offers a feasible strategy to design advanced multifunctional Li–S battery separators.

Theoretical study for cellulose and its derivatives toward enalapril into electronic properties by density functional theory

Current research describes electronic properties for cellulose(CE) and its derivatives (Carboxyl methyl cellulose (CMC), Hydroxy propyl cellulose(HPC), Maliec anhydride cellulose(MAC)) and Enalapril is one of the drugs taking this medicine for high blood pressure. In this research an investigation of an Enalapril drug with cellulose and derivatives by the DFT/B3LYP method, Hartree-Fock (HF) method with basis set (STO-3G,6-31G++(d,p)using) for phallic index and other parameters. The results dealing of Enalapril drug with carries including optimized geometrical structure, activation energy, heat of cracking (ΔHc), dipole moment. The NLO properties and biological activity by depended on chemical parameter studied that including (HOMO-LOMO) from the theoretical results for prodrugs that can use as several carries.

Performance of Selected Natural Bio-Polymers for Fluid Loss Control in Water-Based Drilling Fluid: A Literature Review

Fluid loss to the formation is a well-known problem during exploration and production phases of the upstream sector of oil and gas industry. In fluid filtration formation reduction, it is customary to add chemical additives such as polyanionic, lignosulfonate and carboxyl methyl cellulose in different proportions to build a decent filter cake. This will serve as semi-permeable membrane around the well bore. However, to minimize the cost, the use of less expensive, widely available and environmental benign natural polymers is required. Therefore, the aim of this study is to evaluate the performance of some selected natural biopolymers for fluid loss control in water-based drilling fluid as majority of the polymers used for controlling fluid losses are imported and are quite expensive. Importation, no doubt, adds to the overall co st of drilling operations. However, with the use of local polymers, the operational cost could be reduced, new markets created, which stimulate and promote their cultivation, preservation and job creation. In view of this, the study has evaluated and optimized four less investigated local biopolymers using a reduced central composite experimental protocol for the development of new generation of water-based drilling fluids. The study revealed that there is a significant improvement in the properties of the beneficiated clay. Therefore, the study upon review suggested that their heological properties of the base fluid slurry significantly improved in the presence of detarium microcarpum, food gum, roseline fiber, coconut fiber and local barite. The study contribution to knowledge indicated that C. populnea (food gum fiber), coconut fiber and C. sabdariffa (roseline) has been widely used in polymer industry as reinforcements. Keywords: Optimization, Polymer Admixture, Upstream Sector, Oil Industry, Gas Industry, Nigeria

Combined effects of Gymnema sylvestre and Pergularia daemia on letrozole-induced polycystic ovarian syndrome in rats

Objective: To investigate the combined therapeutic potential of Gymnema (G.) sylvestre and Pergularia (P.) daemia on letrozole-induced polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) in rats. Methods: Thirty six healthy female Wistar rats with regular estrus cycles were randomly divided into six groups each of 6. Group I received 1 mL of 0.5% carboxyl methyl cellulose orally and served as the vehicle control group, while groups II to VI were treated with letrozole (1 mg/kg body weight p. o.) for 21 days to induce PCOS. After induction of PCOS, group II served as the PCOS control group, without treatment; group III received metformin (20 mg/kg body weight p. o.) as the standard group, and groups IV to VI received G. sylvestre (100 mg/kg body weight p. o.), P. daemia (300 mg/kg body weight p. o.), and the combination of G. sylvestre and P. daemia, respectively, for 28 days. Vaginal smears were collected from all rats daily throughout the study to determine the phases of the estrus cycle. After completing the treatment schedule, oral glucose tolerance test, serum lipid profile and reproductive hormonal analysis were carried out. Subsequently, the rats were sacrificed to collect ovary and uterus for histopathological examination. Results: The PCOS control rats showed a significant irregularity in the estrus cycle, hyperglycemia, and the altered serum lipid profile such as the increased low and very low density lipoprotein, triglyceride, and decreased high density lipoproteins. In addition, the PCOS control rats showed a significant increase in serum luteinizing hormone, testosterone, and estrogen, and decrease in follicle stimulating hormone and progesterone. These changes were significantly revoked in all the treatment groups. The test drugs also significantly reduced the gained ovary weight (P<0.001), and histopathology of the ovary showed almost normal ovary. Among the treatment groups, the group of combination treatment of G. sylvestre and P. daemia showed superior ameliorative results in PCOS parameters. Conclusions: Combination of G. sylvestre and P. daemia presents potent synergistic activity against hyperandrogenism, hyperinsulinemia, anovulation and follicular cysts in letrozole-induced PCOS rats.

Behavior of bubble plume in shear-thinning crossflowing liquids

The behavior of bubble plume in crossflows was investigated by experimental and theoretical methods. The high-speed photography method was applied to analyze the visualization of bubble plume in tap water and carboxyl methyl cellulose (CMC) aqueous solution. The influence of crossflow velocity, superficial gas velocity and rheology of liquid phase on the inclination trajectory of bubble plume was studied. The results indicated that the trajectories of bubble plumes in tap water and CMC aqueous solutions approximated linearly, while the inclination characteristic of the bubble plume in CMC aqueous solutions were significantly different from those in tap water due to the effect of the rheological properties. The inclination angle of bubble plume in CMC aqueous solution was one-third more than that in tap water at high crossflow velocity. A correlation was developed via dimensional analysis to predict the inclination trajectories of bubble plumes in Newtonian and shear-thinning non-Newtonian fluid system. Considering the non-Newtonian rheology, the modified integral model of bubble plume was applied for theoretical calculation of centroids of bubble plume in crossflow.

Formula optimization of Cordyceps Flower beverage based on sensory analysis experiments

Cordyceps flower is a new resource as a food and drug, which has a broad market prospect. The paper using Cordyceps flower sporocarp as raw material and adopting sensory results as evaluation criteria, through single factor and orthogonal experiments optimize cordyceps flower beverage formula. The results show that Cordyceps powder should be first leached in a water bath at 80℃ for 15 min at a feed-liquid ratio of 1:30. After centrifugation and filtration, cordyceps flower liquid was obtained. Then the liquid should be reconstitute into 30% diluent. Third, adding 0.04% aspartame, 0.06% citric acid and 0.1% sodium carboxyl methyl cellulose (CMC), a tasty and nutritious cordyceps flower beverage was developed ultimately.

Characterization and Optical Properties of Novel Biodegradable Films Based on Pullulan and Carboxylmethyl Cellulose with Egg White

Characterization and Optical Properties of Novel Biodegradable Films Based on Pullulan and Carboxylmethyl Cellulose with Egg White

Roles of Suaeda vermiculata Aqueous-Ethanolic Extract, Its Subsequent Fractions, and the Isolated Compounds in Hepatoprotection against Paracetamol-Induced Toxicity as Compared to Silymarin.

Suaeda vermiculata, a halophyte consumed by livestock, is also used by Bedouins to manage liver disorders. The aqueous-ethanolic extract of S. vermiculata, its subsequent fractions, and pure compounds, i.e., pheophytin-A (1), isorhamnetin-3-O-rutinoside (2), and quercetin (3), were evaluated for their hepatoprotective efficacy. The male mice were daily fed with either silymarin, plant aq.-ethanolic extract, fractions, pure isolated compounds, or carboxyl methylcellulose (CMC) for 7 days (n = 6/group, p.o.). On the day 7th of the administrations, all, except the intact animal groups, were induced with hepatotoxicity using paracetamol (PCM, 300 mg/kg). The anesthetized animals were euthanized after 24 h; blood and liver tissues were collected and analysed. The serum aspartate transaminase (AST) and alanine transaminase (ALT) levels decreased significantly for all the S. vermiculata aq.-ethanolic extract, fraction, and compound-treated groups when equated with the PCM group (p < 0.0001). The antioxidant, superoxide dismutase (SOD), increased significantly (p < 0.05) for the silymarin-, n-hexane-, and quercetin-fed groups. Similarly, the catalase (CAT) enzyme level significantly increased for all the groups, except for the compound 2-treated group as compared to the CMC group. Also, the glutathione reductase (GR) levels were significantly increased for the n-butanol treated group than for the PCM group. The oxidative stress biomarkers, lipid peroxide (LP) and nitric oxide (NO), the inflammatory markers, IL-6 and TNF-α, and the kidney's functional biomarker parameters remained unchanged and did not differ significantly for the treated groups in comparison to the PCM-induced toxicity bearing animals. All the treated groups demonstrated significant decreases in cholesterol levels as compared to the PCM group, indicating hepatoprotective and antioxidant effects. The quercetin-treated group demonstrated significant improvement in triglyceride level. The S. vermiculata aq.-ethanolic extract, fractions, and the isolated compounds demonstrated their hepatoprotective and antioxidant effects, confirming the claimed traditional use of the herb as a liver protectant.

Adsorption of Toluene on Film Membranes of Chitosan/Nа-CMC

The sorption properties of films on bases of chitosan and sodium carboxyl methylcellulose (Na-CMC) with toluene have been checked. The sorption rate, sorption thermodynamics and isothermal properties of toluene molecules in chitosan/Na-CMC films are analyzed by adsorption-calorimetric method. Thus, it was found that toluene is adsorbed on the chitosan/Na-CMC film by the same patterns of sorption of aromatic compounds, due to the process of penetration of toluene molecules into the network of chitosan macromolecules and this is preceded by the absorption process by the surface of the chitosan/Na-CMC film.

Cellulose isolated from Delonixregia pods: Characterisation and application in the encapsulation of vitamin A

Native cellulose (NC) was extracted from agricultural waste (flamboyant fruit pods) using acidified sodium sulphite treatment followed by mercerization with sodium hydroxide. Carboxyl methyl cellulose (CMC) and cellulose acetate (CA) derivatives were obtained via etherification and acetylation of NC respectively under acidic conditions. Chemical composition, structural crystallinity, morphology, thermal studies, degree of substitution and acetylation of modified cellulose were reported. Wide angle X-ray diffractometry showed remarkable reduction in structural crystallinity and increased amorphous character upon modificationof NC.Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) displayed irregular spherical morphology and rough spongy-like mass for native and modified cellulose respectively confirming the surface disruption upon acetylation and carboxylmethylation. Proximate analysis revealed a reduction in the ash and fat contents of modified cellulose. Thermal analysis showed improved stability upon chemical modification of the NC. CMC significantly enhanced the stability of vegetable oil-water emulsion and ensured successful encapsulation of vitamin A in oil phase.

Evaluation of Grewia ferruginea Hochst ex A. Rich Mucilage as Suspending Agent in Metronidazole Benzoate Suspension.

Various species of the genus Grewia have been investigated for different pharmaceutical applications as excipients, yet a study on the potential use of Grewia ferruginea mucilage (GFM) as a suspending agent is lacking. Thus, this study is aimed at evaluating the efficacy of Grewia ferruginea mucilage (GFM) as a suspending agent in metronidazole benzoate suspension. The suspensions were prepared using 0.5%, 1%, 1.5%, and 2% w/v of GFM and compared with suspensions prepared from xanthan gum (XGM) and sodium carboxyl methyl cellulose (SCMC) in similar concentrations. The prepared suspensions were evaluated for visual appearance, pH, rheology, sedimentation volume, redispersibility, degree of flocculation, and in vitro drug release profile. Stability study was done at different storage conditions for three months. The results indicated that all the prepared suspension formulations exhibited pseudoplastic flow characteristics with viscosity imparting ability of the suspending agents in the order of XGM > GFM > SCMC (p < 0.05). The flow rate and redispersibility of the formulations prepared with GFM were significantly lower than those with SCMC and higher than those prepared with XGM. At 0.5% w/v suspending agent concentrations, the sedimentation volume of the formulations was in the order of XGM > GFM > SCMC (p < 0.05). However, at all other concentrations, the sedimentation volume of the formulations prepared with GFM had similar results with XGM but exhibited significantly higher sedimentation volume than SCMC. The formulations with GFM showed a higher degree of flocculation at 0.5% w/v concentration but were comparable at 1.5% w/v with XGM containing formulations. The pH, assay, and in vitro release profile of all assessed formulations were within the pharmacopial limit. Thus, based on the finding of this study, it can be concluded that Grewia ferruginea bark mucilage has the potential to be utilized as a suspending agent in suspension formulations.

Combined effect of natural dispersant and a stabilizer in formulation of high concentration coal water slurry: Experimental and rheological modeling

The current investigation involves the formulation and stabilization of high concentration coal-water slurry using a sub-bituminous bimodal coal sample and a dispersant derived from Acacia auriculiformis plant in presence of stabilizer carboxyl methyl cellulose. We have first time studied the surface activity of natural surfactant A. auriculiformis isolated by chemical and aqueous extraction method by calculating their critical micellar concentration (CMC) on the basis of surface tension measurement. CMC of isolated dispersant was found to be 0.021 g/cm3 and 0.010 g/cm3 for aqueous and chemical extraction method respectively. Four different sizes of coarse particles such as 217–295 μm, 97–295 μm, 155–217 μm, and 80–145 μm were mixed with fine particle size of below 37 μm to form bimodal coal samples of Sa-1, Sa-2, Sa-3, and Sa-4, respectively. The apparent viscosity of the coal water slurry was investigated as a function of coal particle size variation, different coarse to fine ratio of coal particle, concentration of coal in the range (60–67.2%), A. auriculiformis concentration in the range (0.01–0.021 g/cm3) and stabilizer concentration (0.001–0.01 g/cm3). The addition of carboxymethyl cellulose as stabilizer increased the coal concentration and durability of the slurry. The effect of functional group of surfactant has been discussed in establishing the mechanism of stabilization of coal water slurry. A theoretical simulation approach has been given to justify the experimental observation.

Suaeda vermiculata Aqueous-Ethanolic Extract-Based Mitigation of CCl4-Induced Hepatotoxicity in Rats, and HepG-2 and HepG-2/ADR Cell-Lines-Based Cytotoxicity Evaluations.

Suaeda vermiculata, an edible halophytic plant, used by desert nomads to treat jaundice, was investigated for its hepatoprotective bioactivity and safety profile on its mother liquor aqueous-ethanolic extract. Upon LC-MS (Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry) analysis, the presence of several constituents including three major flavonoids, namely quercetin, quercetin-3-O-rutinoside, and kaempferol-O-(acetyl)-hexoside-pentoside were confirmed. The aqueous-ethanolic extract, rich in antioxidants, quenched the DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) radicals, and also showed noticeable levels of radical scavenging capacity in ABTS (2,2′-azino-bis-3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) assay. For the hepatoprotective activity confirmation, the male rat groups were fed daily, for 7 days (n = 8/group, p.o.), either carboxyl methylcellulose (CMC) 0.5%, silymarin 200 mg/kg, the aqueous-ethanolic extract of the plant Suaeda vermiculata (100, 250, and 500 mg/kg extract), or quercetin (100 mg/kg) alone, and on day 7 of the administrations, all the animal groups, excluding a naïve (250 mg/kg aqueous-ethanolic extract-fed), and an intact animal group were induced hepatotoxicity by intraperitoneally administering carbon tetrachloride (CCl4). All the animals were sacrificed after 24 h, and aspartate transaminase and alanine transaminase serum levels were observed, which were noted to be significantly decreased for the aqueous-ethanolic extract, silymarin, and quercetin-fed groups in comparison to the CMC-fed group (p < 0.0001). No noticeable adverse effects were observed on the liver, kidney, or heart’s functions of the naïve (250 mg/kg) group. The aqueous-ethanolic extract was found to be safe in the acute toxicity (5 g/kg) test and showed hepatoprotection and safety at higher doses. Further upon, the cytotoxicity testings in HepG-2 and HepG-2/ADR (Adriamycin resistant) cell-lines were also investigated, and the IC50 values were recorded at 56.19 ± 2.55 µg/mL, and 78.40 ± 0.32 µg/mL (p < 0.001, Relative Resistance RR 1.39), respectively, while the doxorubicin (Adriamycin) IC50 values were found to be 1.3 ± 0.064, and 4.77 ± 1.05 µg/mL (p < 0.001, RR 3.67), respectively. The HepG-2/ADR cell-lines when tested in a combination of the aqueous-ethanolic extract with doxorubicin, a significant reversal in the doxorubicin’s IC50 value by 2.77 folds (p < 0.001, CI = 0.56) was noted as compared to the cytotoxicity test where the extract was absent. The mode of action for the reversal was determined to be synergistic in nature indicating the role of the aqueous-ethanolic extract.

In Vitro Antiaging Analysis of Topical Pharmaceutical Preparation Containing Mixture of Strawberry Fruit, Pomelo Peel, and Langsat Fruit Extracts

The previous research has discovered that strawberry fruit, pomelo peel and langsat fruit peel have antioxidant activity. This research aimed to put the extract combination into several formula of gel and cream. Extract will be formulated into two gels with Natrium Carboxyl Methyl Cellulose as gelling agent for Formula 1 and Synthalen for Formula 2. Whereas there are three cream formulations with Glyceril Mono Stearat as surfactant for Formula 3, Polawax for Formula 4, and Simulsol 165 for Formula 5. Natrosol HBr was added to Formula 3 as thickening agent and Keltrol CG-SFT added to Formula 5. After five formulas being made, their stability was tested using climatic chamber within 30 days. Physical stability parameters were spreadability, stickiness, pH, viscosity, separation degree, and syneresis test. The chemical properties evaluation of the formula was done by measuring radical 2,2-difenyl-1-pikrylhidrazil (DPPH) scavenging activity percentage, anti-collagenase activity, anti-tyrosinase activity, and anti-elastase activity. The results showed that all of formulas have good activity in scavenging DPPH radical, anti-elastase, anti-collagenase and anti-tyrosinase as well. In addition, all formulas have good stability. There is no change in appearance after three times freeze-thaw cycle. Therefore, it was concluded that all formula can be developed as topical preparation for antiaging.

Effect of polysaccharides on the gel characteristics of “Yu Dong” formed with fish (Cyprinus carpio L.) scale aqueous extract

A novel protein-based gel named “Yu dong” prepared with fish (Cyprinus carpio L.) scale aqueous extract and enhanced by polysaccharides is described in this study. The effects of pectin, alginate, and sodium carboxyl methyl cellulose (CMC-Na) on FS gel formation, stability, textural characteristics, microstructure, and water distribution were evaluated. The results indicated the viscosity of the FS gels decreased and changed slowly as the addition of pectin. While, the addition of alginate enhanced the formation of FS gels. As pectin addition in FS gels, the transition temperature decreased. When alginate and CMC-Na was added to the FS gels, the transition temperature increased. The addition of pectin, alginate, and CMC-Na to the FS gels significantly increased Gr from 44.5% to 71.99%, 61.86%, and 71.35%, respectively. Gel strength increased significantly as the addition of pectin, alginate, and CMC-Na. LF-NMR results showed that a moderate amount (0.2%) of polysaccharides bonded the protein and water more tightly, which was consistent with the SEM results showing gel structure with more uniform pores. This study provides a direct application of FS protein in preparing of gel food, which showing a better way to utilize the abandoned fish resource.