Carbonated Drinks Research Articles

Analysis of drugs and pesticides for forensic purposes using noble metal-modified silica monolith as SALDI-MS substrate

In this study, a 3D SiO2 (M−SiO2) monolith was modified with four noble metals, namely, Au, Ag, Pt, and Pd nanoparticles (NPs), and was explored as a surface-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (SALDI-MS) substrate for forensic detection of drugs and pesticides. The loading of the NPs, reducing agent concentration, and reaction time were optimized using UV–vis spectroscopy. The prepared M−SiO2 monoliths were extensively characterized using different analytical techniques. The surface area of the pristine SiO2 monolith increased slightly upon introduction of the NPs, while the morphology of the SiO2 surface did not change after deposition. The effect of the NP loading and deposition method on SALDI-MS analysis of drugs and pesticides was investigated, and the results proved that layer-by-layer deposition provided the best SALDI performance. Among the prepared M−SiO2 monoliths, Au-SiO2 exhibited superior SALDI performance in terms of the signal-to-noise (S/N) ratio. Furthermore, the effect of NaCl salt was scrutinized using Au-SiO2 monolith, which enabled sensitive detection of the drugs and pesticides even in the presence of high salt concentrations. Finally, Au-SiO2 substrate was applied to the analyses of non-biological and biological samples. Specifically, drug-spiked carbonated malt drink and pesticide-spiked blood serum were analyzed using minute amounts of sample. The prepared substrate offered sensitive detection of the analytes with a limit of detection (LOD) of 100–1000 ng/mL and 1–100 ng/mL with a relative standard deviation (RSD) of 7.21–22.22% and 2.68–26.29% for the drugs and pesticides, respectively, indicating good spot-to-spot repeatability. Thus, the proposed method can be used as an efficient approach for forensic analysis of trace evidence owing to its simplicity and minimum sample volume.

Comparative analysis on some quality attributes of sorghum stem sheath-moringa instant and infused drinks

As per the records of World Health Organization (WHO), it is assumed that more than 60% of the global population is using the traditional medicine system in order to overcome several health related issues. Recent findings revealed that over 80% of the African population relies on medicinal plant species for their primary healthcare. Due to the unaffordability of conventional dugs, medicinal plants like sorghum stem sheath and moringa represent the key products for both urban and rural populations for their healthcare needs. These plants have found to have great therapeutic relevance for fighting major health problems. The research study investigated the proximate, vitamin C, mineral composition and organoleptic properties of sorghum stem sheath-moringa instant and infused drinks at ambient temperature. The result showed that minimal increases were observed in ash and vitamin C compositions of the enriched drinks with increased inclusion of moringa leaf extract. There was also a marginal increase in mineral contents not significantly improved in the enriched drink. The proximate compositions of the instant drinks were in the range of 0.079-0.232% (protein), 10.88-11.51% (carbohydrate), 0.005-0.008% (fat) and 0.25-0.28% (ash). The vitamin C contents of the infused drink ranged between 0.22 and 0.88 mg/100ml. Moreover, based on sensory evaluation, the sample with 15% moringa flour was most preferred in terms of all the sensory attributes evaluated by the panelists. This improved the nutritional value of the enriched drinks which can replace the laden fizzy carbonated commercial drinks in the market.

Frequency of Carbonated Beverage Drinking, Knowledge Regarding its Risks on Health and Association with Bone Mineral Density in Medical Students

Background: The carbonated drink manufacturing companies has set young school/college going children as their primary target customers who are consuming it on daily basis and frequency of drinking vary depending on affordability and need. The consumption of carbonated drink has been increased recently that has led us to think about its unwanted effects on health. It has been identified that consuming more carbonated drinks may cause low bone mineral density.
 Objectives: To identify the frequency of consumption of carbonated drinks in medical students and to assess the knowledge regarding adverse effects of theses drinks and association of BMD.
 Methodology: It was a cross sectional study conducted at Baqai Medical University Karachi from May to August 2020. Students of MBBS 4th year and BDS final year were approached, sample size was calculated at 50% precision of total population i.e 100 participants were recruited by convenient sampling from the mentioned classes. Preformed questionnaire was administered to identify the frequency and knowledge regarding the subject and bone mineral density through Single x-ray absorptiometry (SXA).
 Results: The study participants almost (90%) were aware of the name carbonated drink of, 85.5% were aware regarding the harmful effects, and 75.5% were having knowledge about the ingredients. Majority were aware regarding health related effects but they were not having knowledge about names of the specific diseases. There was no significant (0.079) association between carbonated drink consumption and BMD.
 Conclusion: Students were aware of health related hazards caused by carbonated drinks there was no association of carbonated drink consumption and BMD.

Product packaging communication in the global market – the analysis of consumer behaviour

Research background: Business activities of international companies primarily focus on the use of marketing instruments to shape global markets. The basic tactic tools employed are those related to the product and its brand. The changes in lifestyle observed in global society have led to an increase in the importance of packaging and labelling as a means of conveying information from the manufacturer to the consumer. Purpose of the article: The aim of the study was to analyze consumer behavior related to the selection of canned carbonated drinks offered by various producers, operating on the global and local market. The research material comprised 10 packages of canned carbonated drinks. In terms of the variety of flavors, the products belonged to two different groups: orange-flavored and lemon-flavored. Methods: Eye tracking was the method used in the study. Eye tracking is a research tool consisting in tracking the visual activity of the examined person. Carbonated drinks evaluations were performed using Tobii X2-30 Eye-tracker. Sixty subjects participated in the test. Findings & Value added: The conducted research shows that consumers are more likely to choose the products of global brands than the local ones. In the first part of the study, the respondents focused on graphical elements representing fruit. In the second part, the subjects more often focused on the verbal elements that had been removed from the first part of the test. These findings suggest that verbal elements are very important in the purchasing behavior of consumers.

The study of the informativeness and reliability of the healthy eating index for assessing of dietary peculiarity and eating behavior of Russian population

For the integral assessment of diet, tools have been proposed, called nutritional quality indices, and, as separate options, healthy eating indices (HEI), which assess diets in relation to compliance with existing national recommendations for healthy eating for the population. The aim of this work was to investigate the suitability and reliability of the developed baseline HEI for assessing the nature of the diet, modifications of the diet and eating behavior of the population. Methods. To analyze the suitability and reliability of the HEI for assessing the features of dietary intake and eating behavior of the population, the data on the actual nutrition and eating behavior of adults 19+ years of both sexes obtained by Rosstat in 2013 and 2018 have been used. Along with using the 24-hour food replay method to study actual food intake, the questionnaires included a form for assessing the frequency of consumption of major food groups in a standard format: daily or several times a week, once a week, several times a month, once a month or less often, practically do not consume. Results. The average HEI values for women in all food consumption groups are significantly higher than for men (p<0.01). Changes in average HEI values depending on the level of consumption of various products are multidirectional. When foods such as grains, vegetables and fruits are consumed in quantities greater than the median, the HEI is significantly higher than when consumed at less than the median level. On the contrary, when consuming more than the median of meat products, fatty products and confectionery products, as well as for those who consumed sausages, the HEI for both women and men is significantly lower than for those who consumed less than the median or did not consume these products. The average HEI values in men and women who consumed cottage cheese, kefir or yogurt are significantly higher than among those who did not consume these foods. Significantly higher HEI values were found in vegetarians compared to non-vegetarians. The average HEI values of adults of both sexes in autumn are significantly higher than in spring, which is confirmed by the significantly higher consumption of vegetables and fruits in autumn, w hich are components- indicators of the integral HEI. The dependence of the HEI values on the frequency of consumption of the main food groups, which are its components or affect the consumption of components, has been shown. The higher the frequency of consumpt ion of meat products, butter, salad dressings, chocolate and sweets or sweet carbonated drinks the lower is the HEI. On the other hand, the higher the frequency of consumption of vegetables, fruits, milk, fermented milk, cottage cheese or curd the higher is the HEI. Conclusion. The changes in the values of the HEI at various values, as well as the frequency, of food consumption indicate the possibility of HEI using as a marker for assessing the relationship between diet, health status and the incidence of chronic noncommunicable diseases.

Kokum value-added products and its sensory evaluation

Garcinia indica commonly known as kokum, has lot of medicinal properties and commercial importance, but the crop remains neglected and hence there is a need to concentrate on diversification and popularization of such an underutilized fruits through development of value added products. To take advantage of health promoting properties of Kokum, Kokum fruits used as pulp and powder forms for ten different formulated and standardized value added products like Kokum Jelly (KJ), Kokum Squash (KS), Kokum Carbonated Drink (KCD), Kokum wine (KW), Kokum Diet Powder (KDP), Kokum Chutney Powder (KCP), Kokum Rasam Powder (KRP), Kokum Lassie (KL), Kokum Spray Dried Powder (KSDP) and kokum popsicles (KP). Sensory evaluation was conducted on all the products and the results indicate that, KRP were highly acceptable (8.98 ± 0.32) among all other kokum products followed by KJ, KS, KCD, KW, KDP, KCP, KL, KSDP and KP, with good acceptability scores. Value addition of Kokum fruits will improve the consumption by different communities and also reduce the postharvest losses of the Under-utilised fruit, apart from promoting several health benefits.

Awareness among students on ill effects of carbonated drinks on enamel

It is of interest to document data on the AWARENESS AMONG STUDENTS (18 to 25 years) ON ILL EFFECTS OF CARBONATED DRINK ON ENAMEL using an online survey questionnaire. Data shows that about 67.2% students consume carbonated drinks every day and only 41.8% of the students experienced ill effects. Moreover, 44.8% of students did not experience any discomfort after consumption of soft drinks. The prevalence of tooth erosion in students who consume soft drinks every day is high and the frequency of consumption of potentially erosive soft drinks with low pH values was the only possible risk factor for dental erosion. Most of the students did prefer fruit juices to carbonated drinks due to the constant exposure for a balanced health.

Constructing hierarchical ZnO@C composites using discarded Sprite and Fanta drinks for enhanced lithium storage

Both the exploitation of high-performance anode materials for lithium-ions batteries (LIBs) and the recycle of discard carbonated drinks are urgent problems that need to be solved. Herein, we constructed hierarchical ZnO@SC and ZnO@FC using discard Sprite and Fanta drinks as solvent undergoing ordinal solvothermal reaction and annealing. Interconnected carbon skeletons can greatly accelerate the electroconductibility of composites and effectively prevent ZnO nanoparticle from agglomerating. Meanwhile, nanoscale design benefits to assuage the pulverization of ZnO composites caused by repetitive shrinkage/expansion during repeated charge/discharge process. When served as anode for LIBs, both ZnO@SC and ZnO@FC exhibit excellent electrochemical performance. ZnO@FC maintains high discharge capacity of 1157 mAh g−1 after 150 cycles at 0.2 A g−1 and 742 mAh g−1 after 600 cycles even at 1.0 A g−1, showing the most remarkable lithium-storage performance among as-prepared ZnO@C composites. This work opens up a new opportunity for the recycle of discarded carbonated drinks and the application of ZnO@C anode in LIBs.

Gamified intervention in physical education and consumption of sugary and carbonated drinks in adolescents. Bogotá - colombia

Rationale: Different studies have used gamification in physical education, however, few studies in Colombia show its use to reduce the intake of sugary and carbonated drinks. Objective: to determine the effect of a gamified intervention in the physical education class, for the reduction of the intake of sugary and carbonated drinks, in adolescents from public educational institutions.

Assessment of School Nutrition and Its Impact on Physical Development and Morbidity

Background. The state of health of modern schoolchildren occupies one of the most important positions in the modern world. Improper nutrition with an intensive educational load and low physical activity contribute to the development of “school” diseases. Aim. To assess the actual nutrition of school-age children using the example of third-grade students and to determine its impact on physical development and school morbidity. Materials and methods. The survey was conducted from November 2019 to March 2020. 33 children aged 8–9 years were studied. The nutrition of children was studied using a questionnaire for parents, which included questions about the frequency of eating various foods during the week. Physical development was assessed by height, body weight, and chest circumference. Incidence data were copied from medical records (form 026-y). The statistical analysis included the calculation of the error of relative values. Results . The children›s diet was found to lack protein products (meat, eggs, poultry). On average, 3–4 times a week, 42 ± 1.50 % consume meat, 52 ± 1.51 % poultry, and 45 ± 1.51 % eggs. There was an increased consumption of foods containing a large amount of fat and carbohydrates, so 1–2 times a week 45 ± 1.51 % eat chips, and 55 ± 1.51 % drink sweet carbonated drinks and juices. The assessment of physical development showed an increase in the number of children with disharmonious development (49 ± 1.51 % for the entire sample). Analysis of morbidity revealed the prevalence of diseases of musculoskeletal system: postural disorder – 24 ± 1.29 % of children, flat foot – 15 ± 1.08 %. Body weight indicators were higher or lower than normal in 24 ± 1.29 % of schoolchildren, including a decrease in body weight in 18 ± 1.16 % and an increase – in 6 ± 0.72 % of children. Conclusions. The study noted a lack of protein consumption, which is necessary for the implementation of growth and development, while an excess of carbohydrates inhibits these processes. Thus, nutrition plays a leading role in the health and physical development of schoolchild.

Study of compliance to rational nutrition in various professional groups living in the Russian Federation and the Republic of Tajikistan

Objective to study the adherence to the principles of rational nutrition by representatives of various professional groups living in the Russian Federation and the Republic of Tajikistan.&#x0D; Material and methods.The study was conducted using a questionnaire-survey method among 543 mental workers of the Samara region and 158 students of the Avicenna Tajik State Medical University (Republic of Tajikistan), followed by statistical processing of the data.&#x0D; Results.Violations of the principles of rational nutrition are commonin various professional groups of the working-age population, including among students of a medical university. According to anthropometric studies, 61% of the surveyed workers were overweight and obese; in the group of students this indicator was only 8%, 29% of students were underweight. Violations of nutrition regimen were found among 31.1% of employees and 38% of students. Factor analysis of the actual nutrition of workers revealed 5 types of nutrition models characterized by a stereotype of eating behavior due to the consumption of certain foods and beverage. The regression analysis confirmed the relationship between the risk of obesity and adherence to types 2, 4 and 5 of nutritional models; an individual's adherence to nutritional model type 3 reduced this risk. In the group of the surveyed, the deterioration of the diet quality was revealed due to the excessive consumption of high-calorie foods, "fast food", sweet carbonated drinks, as well as insufficient consumption of vegetables, fruits, fish. The correlation analysis established the relationship between the body mass index and complaints presented by the survey participants concerning the cardiovascular, digestive, endocrine and musculoskeletal systems. The study identified the most common alimentary-dependent pathologies among students such as gastritis, chronic pancreatitis, and chronic cholecystitis.&#x0D; Conclusion.The revealed violations of the principles of rational nutrition, the nutritional status, form the risks of development of the gastrointestinal tract diseases, metabolic disorders and cardiovascular pathology. The results obtained indicate the need of preventive measures in relation to the adherence to the principles of rational nutrition, creating awareness in various professional groups of the population, including students of medical universities in different states.

Assessment of carbonated and healthy drinks consumption pattern among undergraduates in Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile- Ife, Osun State

The study assessed carbonated and healthy drinks consumption pattern of the undergraduate students of Obafemi Awolowo University (OAU), IIe – Ife, Nigeria. Random sampling technique was employed in this study. The study relied on primary data which was collected through questionnaires. Data collected were analyzed using mean and percentages. The total number of respondents was 260 undergraduate students, which comprised 102 males and 158 females. Majority (47.3%) of the respondents were between 17 – 20 years old and were single. It was indicated that majority (49.6%) of the respondents has less than N10,000 as income level from their monthly stipend. The result indicated that the carbonated drinks that the students consume the most were Fanta and Coke. Majority (38.5%) of the respondents consume fruit smoothies while they sometimes (38.8%) consume zobo drink. The result also reveals that zobo drink has the highest percentage (76.2%) of consumption than other healthy drinks. The major factors influencing healthy drinks consumption based on individual perceptions were taste (40.4%), price (38.9%), preferences (36.2%), and nutritional benefit (35.0%) while price (36.5%), taste (35.8%), preferences (33.5%) and availability on campus (31.5%) were the major factors influencing carbonated drinks consumption based on individual perceptions. It is therefore recommended that the Federal and State Government should ensure proper health education of undergraduates regarding the nutritional benefits of healthy drinks as well as the adverse effects of carbonated drinks.&#x0D; Keywords: carbonated drinks, healthy drinks, consumption pattern, Obafemi Awolowo University (OAU)

Proteinuria en habitantes de una aldea de la región costera de Santa Rosa en Guatemala.

Objetivo general: determinar la presencia de proteinuria en una aldea de la región costera de Santa Rosa, Guatemala, julio del año 2019.&#x0D; Población y métodos: estudio descriptivo y transversal, realizado posterior a consentimiento informado y subrogado en una muestra de 575 habitantes de la aldea Casas Viejas captada mediante un muestreo no probabilístico por cuotas realizado en cuatro jornadas médicas, a través de un instrumento elaborado por los investigadores. Las muestras de orina fueron analizadas con tiras reactivas.&#x0D; Resultados: de los habitantes que participaron, las características sociodemográficas fueron: 55.48 % (319) de sexo femenino, la mediana de edad fue de 24 años, el 39.820% (229) estudiante y el 85.2 % (490) sin antecedentes patológicos. De los factores predisponentes de enfermedad renal, el 56.170% (323) consume antiinflamatorios no esteroideo -AINES-, el 82.26 % (473) bebidas carbonatadas, el 13.570% (78) bebidas alcohólicas; la mediana de consumo de agua pura fue de 6 vasos diarios y 13.22 % (76) han estado expuestos a agroquímicos. En relación a la proteinuria, se determinó en 8.87 % (51) de los habitantes.&#x0D; Conclusiones: más de la mitad de los sujeto de estudio son de sexo femenino y sin antecedentes patológicos; de los factores predisponentes a enfermedad renal los más frecuentes son el consumo de -AINES-, bebidas carbonatadas y la hidratación inadecuada. Nueve de cada cien sujetos de estudio presentan proteinuria.&#x0D;

Human health risk assessment of bisphenol A released from polycarbonate drinking water bottles and carbonated drinks exposed to sunlight in Nigeria

ABSTRACTThis study investigated the release of a known endocrine disruptor—bisphenol A (BPA), in drinking water and carbonated drinks stored in polycarbonate bottles and exposed to sunlight with a view of assessing the health risk involved in their consumption. BPA in the samples was extracted using solid-phase extraction method and determined with high performance liquid chromatography equipped with ultra-violet detector. Results showed that there were significant increase (p < 0.05) in BPA concentration of bottled water and carbonated drink exposed at 1, 3, 7 and 21 days. Also, there were enrichment of BPA levels ranging 31–868% in the bottled water and 17–920% carbonated drinks from 1 to 60 days when compared with the control. However, BPA migrating rate decreases with increase in exposure duration and later remains fairly constant as exposure duration progresses. The chronic daily intake of BPA in carbonated drinks and bottled water were low. The health risk index of BPA in polycarbonate bottled carbonated drinks and water was less than one in both adult and child and thus, there may be no probable adverse health effect on consumers of such products. However, caution should be taken as BPA is also released from other food packaging materials.

The relationship between dietary patterns and lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 levels in adults with cardiovascular risk factors: Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study.

Background:Pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) may be indicated by lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 (Lp-PLA2), serving as an inflammatory biomarker. However, the general dietary predictors of Lp-PLA2 have not been investigated so far. The aim of the present study is to investigate the relationship between the serum levels of Lp-PLA2 and dietary patterns in adults with cardiovascular risk factors.Materials and Methods:Dietary patterns extracted using factor analysis and serum levels of Lp-PAL2 in 470 adults aged 40–70 years who participated in the 5th phase of the Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study (2011–2014) were determined. Associations between the dietary patterns and serum levels of Lp-PAL2 considering some confounder factors were evaluated.Results:The results showed that Western and semi-Mediterranean dietary patterns had significant effects on changes in Lp-PLA2 levels in univariate analyses. In multivariate analyses, after adjusting for age, sex, total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, body mass index and physical activity, energy intake, hormone therapy for women, and taking blood lipid-lowering drugs as potential confounders, the Western dietary pattern remained a significant factor influencing the Lp-PLA2 level (β value: 1.65, 95% confidence interval: 1.12, 1.89; P < 0.05). Moreover, after adjustment for the mentioned confounder factors, the effect of the semi-Mediterranean dietary pattern on Lp-PLA2 disappeared.Conclusion:It can be concluded that the Western dietary pattern is associated with higher Lp-PLA2 levels. We recommend that adults eat less carbonated drinks, fast foods, salty snacks, mayonnaise, and organ meat to counteract increased serum Lp-PLA2 levels, which are directly associated with vascular inflammation and CVDs.

Dietary mistakes of Polish athletes in relation to the frequency of consuming foods recommended in the Swiss food pyramid for active people

Mistakes in dietary choices and an unbalanced diet reduce the exercise capacity of athletes. Nutritional behaviours are conditioned by environmental and individual factors. The aim of the study was to assess the scale of improper eating behaviours among high-performance Polish athletes depending on gender, sports level and type of discipline. The study was conducted among 610 athletes (391 men and 219 women). The group consisted of 289 athletes of individual disciplines and 321 team sports athletes representing the championship sports class (282 individuals) as well as the first and second classes (328 subjects). The authors’ validated nutritional behaviour questionnaire was used, referring to the recommendation of the Swiss nutrition pyramid for athletes. In statistical analysis, the Chi2 test was applied (α=0.05). Athletes most often demonstrated improper behaviours regarding: insufficient frequency of consuming vegetable fats (61.78%), fruits (59.89%), wholegrain products (59.90%), vegetables (53.62%) and dairy products (52.09%), and not limiting the intake of energy drinks (59.89%). Compared to women, men, to a larger extent, did not include the following in their daily diet: raw vegetables (p<0.001), wholegrain products (p<0.05) and vegetable fats (p<0.01). Significantly more often, they also did not limit the consumption of: animal fats (p<0.001), sweetened carbonated beverages (p<0.001), energy drinks (p<0.05) or fast food products (p<0.001). Women consumed meals less regularly (p<0.01), rarely ate fish (p<0.01), and were more likely to be inadequately hydrated (p<0.05). Athletes training individual sports disciplines compared to those training team sports consumed hydrating beverages (p<0.001) less often, but included fruit in their daily diet more frequently (p<0.05). Athletes from the master class consumed meals irregularly (p<0.01) in a smaller percentage than athletes with a lower sports class, not limiting animal fats (p<0.05) and implementing inadequate hydration (p<0.05). The scale of incorrect nutrition choices among athletes indicated variations depending on gender, sports level and type of sport practiced, with incorrect behaviours more often presented by men than women and competitors with a lower sports level (non-master class). The nature of the performed discipline was a factor less differentiating the nutritional choices of athletes.

Selected determinants of the frequency of consuming particular food product groups among regional-level football referees

The aim of the study was to assess the frequency of consuming particular food groups among regional-level football referees depending on age, refereeing experience and sense of generalised self-efficacy. The study was conducted among a group of 138 male football referees from the Malopolska and Podkarpacie regions, using the authors’ own questionnaire on food consumption frequency and the Generalised Self-Efficacy Scale (GSES). It was shown that along with the age of the referees, the frequency of consuming fruit (p < 0.001), milk and dairy products with reduced fat content (p < 0.001), poultry and cold-cuts (p < 0.01) as well as nuts (p < 0.001) increased, while the frequency of consuming white cereal products (p < 0.001) and sea fish (p < 0.05) decreased. Along with refereeing experience, the frequency of eating fruit (p < 0.001), milk and dairy products with reduced fat content (p < 0.01), poultry meat and cold-cuts (p = 0.001), nuts (p < 0.001) and alcoholic beverages (p < 0.001) increased, while the frequency of consuming white cereal products (p < 0.001), sea fish (p < 0.05) and sweet carbonated drinks (p < 0.01) decreased. A positive correlation was found between the intensity of generalised self-efficacy and the frequency of consuming milk and dairy products with reduced fat content (p < 0.01), fermented dairy products (p < 0.01), eggs (p < 0.001) and mineral water (p < 0.001) as well as dry red wine (p < 0.05), and a negative correlation was noted with the frequency of consuming pork (p < 0.05), fast food products (p = 0.001) and sweetened carbonated beverages (p < 0.001). In the examined group of regional-level football referees, there was a tendency towards more rational nutrition choices along with age and refereeing experience as well as a sense of self-efficacy, while the most explicit trends regarded relationships with the sense of self-efficacy.

Effect of Food/Beverage and Selected Drugs on the Oral Absorption of Artemether-Lumefantrine Tablet: an in situ and in vivo Study

Aim: This study aims at assessing the effect of some meals/beverage and selected drugs on oral absorption of artemether (ATM) and lumefantrine (LMF). Methods: In the in situ model, artemether-lumefantrine (AL) tablets were crushed and administered to anesthetized rabbits (n=2) via oral cannula either alone (CTR1) or with food components/beverage [i.e., starch (STC), albumin (ALB), sunflower oil (SFO) or carbonated drinks (CBS)] or drugs [i.e., lamivudine (LMV) or metronidazole (MTN)]. Blood samples were taken from cannulated carotid artery post dose administration. In the in vivo model, forty two healthy human subjects (28 male and 14 female) in groups of six persons received AL tablet alone (CRT2) or “eba” (cassava starch) with melon soup (EMS) or corn pap with milk and “akara” (fried beans cake) (PMA) or fruits (FTS) or CBS or drugs (i.e., LMV or MTN). ATM and LMF plasma concentrations were obtained simultaneously from plasma using reverse phase high pressure liquid chromatographic analysis. Results: There was significant reduction in ATM Ka due to STC, ALB, CBS, MTN and LMV (Ka ≤ 1.371 h-1) compared with CRT1 (3.567 h-1), p < 0.05). LMV and MTN also reduced the Ka and AUC of ATM and LMF, p < 0.05. Similarly, in vivo study showed significantly lower ATM AUC and Ka values for EMS (0.775 µghmL-1 and 0.041 h-1) and CBS (0.248 µghmL-1 and 4.155 h-1) compared with the CRT2 (6.090 µghmL-1 and 0.362 h-1). Conclusion: EMS or CBS resulted in significant reduction in the bioavailability of ATM and LMF and can influence the treatment outcomes.

ГИГИЕНИЧЕСКАЯ ОЦЕНКА ПИЩЕВОГО ПОВЕДЕНИЯ МЛАДШИХ ШКОЛЬНИКОВ СМОЛЕНСКА

A hygienic assessment of the eating habits of younger schoolchildren of Smolensk was carried out. A survey of 307 schoolchildren of 3–4 grades with various parameters of physical development in the field of nutrition and lifestyle was carried out. The respondents’ diet showed: insufficient and irregular consumption of food – sources of animal protein (meat, milk and dairy products, fish), lack of vegetables, popularity of fast-food products, sweets and sweet carbonated drinks. The violations in the diet and the level of motor activity are most pronounced in the group of children with overweight and obesity. The results confirm the need to develop preventive measures aimed at developing a healthy eating culture among schoolchildren.

ESTIMATION OF NUTRITION STRUCTURE IN THE SYSTEM OF HYGIENIC TRAINING OF CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS FOR HEALTHY NUTRITION

Data of the hygienic assessment of the nutritional structure of students in the age periods that are critical for the formation of proper eating behavior is presened. The purpose of the study was to study the structure, nutrition regimen, dietary habits in the family, the nature of the physical activity of students. The questionnaire “Study of medical and social reasons for the formation of deviations in health and diseases in children” was used. 70-80% of students in Moscow schools have been established to be at risk in terms of lifestyle factors, among which a significant factor is a nutrition. The structure of their nutrition is characterized by insufficient consumption of biologically valuable food in 27-70% of children. The diet of 20-40% of respondents is depleted in the content of fermented milk products, vegetables, and fruits. Children exclude first courses (68-70%), breakfast cereals, fish, vegetables (35-40%), oils and eggs (29%) from their meals at an educational institution. Most schoolchildren outside educational institutions consume foods that are not intended for children food: chips, fast food, confectionery, sweet carbonated drinks.