Carbon Tetrachloride Soluble Fractions Research Articles

Preliminary Biological Investigations of Lophopetalum fimbriatum and Calophyllum inophyllum

The crude methanol extracts of the leaf of Lophopetalum fimbriatum (non Wight) F. Vill. and Calophyllum inophyllum L. as well as their pet-ether, carbon tetrachloride, chloroform and aqueous soluble fractions were evaluated for antioxidant, cytotoxic, thrombolytic, membrane stabilizing and antimicrobial activities. The antioxidant potential was evaluated by DPPH and Folin-Ciocalteau reagent using butylated hydroxytolune (BHT) and ascorbic acid as standards, respectively. Among the extractives of L. fimbriatum and C. inophyllum, the chloroform soluble fraction and methanolic crude extract demonstrated the highest free radical scavenging activity (IC50 = 175.57 ± 0.02 ?g/ml and IC50 = 1.0 ± 0.22 ?g/ml) which could be correlated with their total phenol contents 82.15 ± 0.89 and 32.19 ± 0.81 mg of GAE /g of extractives, respectively. In the brine shrimp lethality bioassay, the carbon tetrachloride soluble fractions of L. fimbriatum (LC50 = 0.515 ± 0.03 ?g/ml) and C. inophyllum (LC50 = 0.77 ± 0.18 ?g/ml) revealed general toxicity. During assay for thrombolytic activity, the carbon tetrachloride soluble materials of L. fimbriatum and the chloroform soluble fraction of leaf of C. inophyllum revealed clot lysis by 8.89 ± 1.410% and 27.84 ± 0.94%, while the standard streptokinase and water, used as positive and negative controls, demonstrated 66.77% and 3.79% clot lysis, respectively. In hypotonic solution and heat induced conditions, the crude methanol extracts of L. fimbriatum and C. inophyllum inhibited haemolysis of human erythrocyte by 68.14 ± 2.05% & 40.00 ± 1.6% and 57.67 ± 0.26% and 28.12 ± 0.38%, respectively. Here, acetyl salicylic acid (0.1 mg/ml) was used as reference showing 72.79% and 42.12% haemolysis of RBCs in hypotonic solution and heat induced conditions, respectively. The antimicrobial activity was assessed by the disc diffusion method and the chloroform soluble fraction of L. fimbriatum demonstrated 16.0 mm zone of inhibition against Sarcina lutea. Different extractives of C. inophyllum inhibited microbial growth with zone of inhibition ranging from 10.0 mm to 22.0 mm. Among the different extractives of C. inophyllum, the pet-ether and carbon tetrarchloride soluble fractions demonstrated 22.0 mm zone of inhibition against Vibrio parahaemolyticus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, respectively. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bpj.v16i2.22305 Bangladesh Pharmaceutical Journal 16(2): 205-209, 2013

Evaluation of Ex-Vivo Anti-inflammatory and Total Phenolic Content of Fruits of Parmentiera cereifera seem

In the present studies, of the crude methanolic (ME) extract, Hexane (HXSF) soluble fraction, carbon tetrachloride (CTCSF) soluble fraction, the Aqueous (AQSF) and chloroform (CSF) soluble fraction fruits of P. cereifera demonstrated strong membrane stabilizing activity. The bark extracts and fruits extracts were demonstrated significant membrane stabilizing activity ranging from (38.49% to 28.84%) compared with Acetyl salicylic acid (ASA). Whereas mild total phenolic content was demonstrated ranging from (3-5.4) gm of GAE/100 gm of dried extract.

Evaluation of thrombolytic potential of three medicinal plants available in Bangladesh, as a potent source of thrombolytic compounds.

The present study is aimed to investigate in vitro thrombolytic activity of three Bangladeshi medicinal plants Averrhoa bilimbi (Oxalidiaceae), Clerodendrum viscosum (Verbanaceae) and Drynaria quercifolia (Polypodiaceae). Each the plant was extracted with methanol at room temperature and the concentrated methanolic extracts (MEF) were fractionated by the modified Kupchan partitioning method to render pet-ether soluble fraction (PESF), carbon tetrachloride soluble fraction (CTSF), chloroform soluble fraction (CSF) and aqueous soluble fraction (AQSF). To observe their thrombolytic potential, a prompt and swift method was involved where streptokinase and water were used as positive and negative control, respectively. Among the three plants, AQSF and PESF of D. quercifolia with CTSF of C. viscosum exhibited highest thrombolytic activity by clot lysis of 34.38%, 34.27% and 28.64%, respectively. Among other extracts A. bilimbi, C. viscosun and D.quercifolia showed significant percentage (%) of clot lysis compared to standard streptokinase (41.05%) while the negative control water revealed 3.31 % lysis of clot. From our findings it is observed that all the plants revealed remarkable thrombolytic activity. Therefore, steps should be taken to observe in vivo clot dissolving potential and to isolate active component(s) of these extracts.

Simplified the Screening and In Vitro Appraisal of Antioxidant, Cytotoxic, Thrombolytic, Antimicrobial and Membrane Stabilizing Activities of Lablab Purpures at a Time

To simplify the different biological investigation of the methanolic extract and solvent-solvent partitioning of Lablab purpures (L. purpures) bark. In-vitro anti-oxidant study was determined using total DPPH radical scavenging assay. In vitro antimicrobial study was measured by observing zone of inhibition. The cytotoxic activity was studied using brine shrimp lethality bioassay and thrombolytic activity by clot disruption method. The antioxidant potential was evaluated by 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and Folin-Ciocalteau reagents using butylated hydroxytolune (BHT) and ascorbic acid as standards. The Aqueous soluble fraction revealed the highest free radical scavenging activity (IC50 = 48.76 µg/mL). The antimicrobial screening of the bark of L. purpures exhibited mild to moderate activity in test microorganisms. The CSF showed the maximum relative percentage inhibition against Salmonella parathyphi (34.2%) for bacteria and C. albicans (28.8%) for fungi whereas, lowest relative percentage inhibition against Sarcina lutea (22.0%) for bacteria and Aspergillus niger (24.4%) for fungi. In the brine shrimp lethality bioassay, The LC50 values of Carbon tetrachloride and N-Hexane soluble fraction were found 92.18 µg/mL, and 68.95 µg/mL respectively while the LC50 values of standard Vincristine sulphate was 1.37 µg/mL. The methanolic extract and its organic soluble fractions of Lablab purpureus at concentration 2.0 mg/mL, significantly protected the lysis of erythrocyte membrane induced by hypotonic solution and heat as compared to the standard, acetyl salicylic acid (0.10 mg/mL). The MSF and AQSF produced 61.48 % and 53.75% inhibition of hemolysis of RBC caused by hypotonic solution respectively, whereas acetyl salicylic acid (0.10 mg/mL) showed 76.42%. Ethanol extract of L. purpures and all of its different partitions exhibited moderate thrombolytic activity of 37.25%-2.40%. Very good preliminary screening and simplified experiments were able to show the different biological activity of methanolic extract and its soluble fractions of L. purpures at a time.

Canvassing of thrombolytic, cytotoxic, and erythrocyte membrane-stabilizing attributes in in vitro screening of Gynocardia odorata

In the current study, different plant extracts of Gynocardia odorata such as methanol extract (ME), aqueous soluble fraction (AQSF), chloroform soluble fraction (CSF), carbon tetrachloride soluble fraction (CTCSF), and petroleum ether soluble fraction (PESF) were examined for the analysis of thrombolytic, cytotoxic, and erythrocyte membrane-stabilizing activities. A well-explicated method was accomplished for plant extractives investigation. The plant extractives were involved in thrombolytic, cytotoxic, and erythrocyte membrane-stabilizing activity evaluation, on the basis of their ability of clot lysis, cytotoxic potentials, and stabilizing erythrocyte membrane under hypotonic solution and heat-induced conditions. Both thrombolytic and erythrocyte membrane-stabilizing activities were performed by using Swiss albino laboratory mice. In addition, plant cytotoxic activity was performed by using the nauplii of brine shrimp as in vitro model. The study of G. odorata extracts enumerated basic thrombolytic activity (19.94 ± 0.53% to 10.64 ± 0.46%; p < 0.05), and basic cytotoxic LC50 value (23.09 ± 2.01 μg mL−1 to 1.18 ± 0.14 μg mL−1; p < 0.05) including statistical analysis confidence limit ranges, chi-square value, and regression equation was entailed. The erythrocyte membrane-stabilizing activity under hypotonic solution-induced hemolysis (47.41 ± 0.46% to 18.445 ± 0.095%; p < 0.05) and heat-induced hemolysis (27.95 ± 0.55% to 17.84 ± 0.59%; p < 0.05) was determined. All the statistical calculation was optimized by one-way ANOVA followed by Turkey's post hoc test including Dunnett t tests. This study indicates that G. odorata could be a natural medication alternative of thrombolytic agents as well as source of potent bioactive compounds.

In vitro antioxidant, Thrombolytic and Cytotoxic activities of Methanolic leaf extract and its fractionates of Erioglossum rubiginosum (Roxb.) blume

The present study was carried out to investigate the methanolic extract of leaf of Erioglossum rubiginosum and its fractionates (petroleum ether, carbontetrachloride and chloroform fractions) for their in vitro antioxidant, thrombolytic and cytotoxic activities. Among the different fractions, the carbontetrachloride soluble fraction (CTF) showed significant antioxidant activity (IC50=30.32±0.08 ?g/ml) as compared to standard ascorbic acid (IC50=5.87±0.21 ?g/ml) and BHT (IC50=27.50±0.64 ?g/ml). The extract also inhibited 58.44±0.97% lipid from peroxidation and reveled excellent phenolic profile of about 128.56±1.02 mg of GAE /g of extract. In the thrombolytic assay the highest % of clot lysis was exhibited by the chloroform soluble fraction (CF) (28.57±0.83%), while for streptokinase it was about 66.77±0.92%. The LC50 values were found within the range of 12.92 to 80.06 ?g/ml, while different solvent fractions were tested for cytotoxicity against brine shrimp nauplii. This is the first report of antioxidant, thrombolytic and cytotoxic activities of E. rubiginosum. Dhaka Univ. J. Pharm. Sci. 12(2): 153-158, 2013 (December) DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/dujps.v12i2.17612

Evaluation of Antioxidant, Cytotoxic, Antimicrobial, Membrane Stabilizing and Thrombolytic Activities of Polianthes tuberose Linn

Aims: In the present study, the crude methanol extract of tuber of Polianthes tuberosa Linn along with its all Kupchan fractions were investigated for antioxidant, cytotoxic, antimicrobial, membrane stabilizing and thrombolytic activities. Place and Duration of Study: The study was carried out for one year in 2012 in the Department of Pharmacy, Manarat International University (MIU), Dhaka-1216, Bangladesh. Methodology: The antioxidant activity was evaluated by using free radical scavenging (DPPH) assay. Here, butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) was used as standard antioxidant. The total phenolic content was also determined and expressed in gallic acid equivalent. Cytotoxicity and antimicrobial activity of the plant fractions were determined by brine shrimp lethality bioassay as well as by the disc diffusion method, respectively. The membrane stabilizing activity was assessed by hypotonic solution and heat-induced methods and was compared with standard acetyl salicylic acid (ASA). Results: In the free radical scavenging assay, the crude methanol extraxct showed significant free radical scavenging activity with IC50 value 71.23 μg/ml. The highest phenolic content was found in crude methanol extract (113.49 mg of GAE/gm of extractives). In the brine shrimp lethality bioassay, both the crude methanol extract and its carbon tetrachloride soluble fraction demonstrated strong cytotoxic activity with LC50 value of 3.56 and 9.31 μg/ml, respectively compared to that of 0.451 μg/ml exhibited by standard vincristine sulfate (VS). In the disc diffusion antibacterial assay, all the plant samples showed mild to moderate activity (zone of inhibition = 9.0-15.0 mm) against test pathogens. In membrane stabilizing activity test, the plant samples at 2.0 mg/ml inhibited the isotonic solution-induced hemolysis of RBC by 65.23% and heat-induced hemolysis of RBC by 35.61%. During assay for thrombolytic activity, the crude methanol extract revealed 52.6% lysis of clot while standard streptokinase (SK) used as positive control, demonstrated 66.8% lysis of clot. Conclusion: The plant possesses significant bioactivities which rationalize its use as folk medicine.

English

The methanol extract of the leaf of Allamanda cathartica L. as well as its hexane, carbon tetrachloride, chloroform and aqueous soluble partitionates were subjected to screening for antioxidant, membrane stabilizing and antimicrobial activities. The antioxidant potential was evaluated by 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and Folin-Ciocalteau reagents using butylated hydroxytolune (BHT) and ascorbic acid as standards. The carbon tetrachloride soluble fraction revealed the highest free radical scavenging activity (IC50 = 47.5&plusmn;0.11 &mu;g/ml) which could be correlated to its total phenolic content of 59.31&plusmn;0.47 mg of gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/g of extractives. In hypotonic solution and heat induced conditions, the aqueous soluble fraction inhibited haemolysis of human erythrocyte by 69.49&plusmn;0.49 and 40.0&plusmn;0.75%, respectively. Here, acetyl salicylic acid (0.1 mg/ml) was used as reference showing 72.79 and 42.12% of haemolysis of red blood cells (RBCs) in hypotonic solution and heat induced conditions, respectively. The carbon tetrachloride soluble fraction of A. cathartica demonstrated activity against microbial growth with zone of inhibition ranging from 5.0 to 8.5 mm. This fraction demonstrated 8.5 mm zone of inhibition against Bacillus megaterium. Key words: Allamanda cathartica, total phenolic content, 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), free radical scavenging activity, membrane stabilizing activity, zone of inhibition.

Ex-Vivo Cardioprotective and Cytotoxic Screening of Fruits of Parmentiera cereifera Seem

In this present investigation, the fruits extract of Parmentiera cereifera were subjected to a comparative evaluation of the cardio-protective activities and Cytotoxic to brine shrimps (Artemia salina) as compared with standard streptokinase (SK) and Vincristine sulphate (VS). The crude methanolic (ME) extract, Hexane (HXSF) soluble fraction, carbon tetrachloride (CTCSF) soluble fraction, the Aqueous (AQSF) and chloroform (CSF) soluble fraction fruits of P. cereifera were subjected to these studies. In thrombolytic study, the fruits extract crude methanolic (ME) extract and Hexane (HXSF) soluble fraction were demonstrated mild to moderate (2.5 to 21.50%) thrombolytic activity in human blood specimen compared with standard streptokinase (SK) 66.77%. The fruits extracts were demonstrated (1.78 to 79.90) significant Cytotoxic to A. salina with LC50 values ranging from 6.07 to 7.83 µg/mL compared with standard Vincristine sulphate (VS, LC50 value 0.45 µg/mL).

IN-VITRO PHARMACOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS OF THE PLANT BOERHAVIA REPENS (FAMILY: NYCTAGINACEAE)

Boerhavia repens is an important medicinal plant having application in jaundice, fever and various other disorders. The whole plant Boerhavia repens was sun dried and extracted using methanol. Later the crude methanolic extract was fractionated into four different fractions using Petroleum ether, carbon tetrachloride, Di-chloromethane and Ethyl acetate. The anti-oxidant activity of the different fractions was measured by the DPPH free radical scavenging activity. The ethyl acetate and the di-chloro methane soluble fractions showed very potent anti-oxidant activity by the DPPH free radical scavenging method. The antimicrobial activity of the different fractions was measured by disc diffusion method. The antimicrobial screening of the plant showed that the carbon tetrachloride soluble fractions and the Petroleum ether soluble fractions showed mild antimicrobial activity. Evaluation of cyto-toxic activity was done using the brine-shrimp lethality bio-assay. The petroleum ether soluble fraction and the ethyl acetate soluble fractions showed significant cyto-toxic activity.

Investigation of biological activities of Allamanda blanchetii, the violet Allamanda

ObjectivesThe objective of the study was to evaluate Allamanda blanchetii extractives for antioxidant, cytotoxic, thrombolytic, membrane stabilizing and antimicrobial activities. MethodsThe plant extractives were evaluated for their phenolic content and their ability to scavenge 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radicals. Brine shrimp lethality bioassay was conducted to identify cytotoxic potential of the extractives. The test samples were also involved in thrombolytic and membrane stabilizing activity assays to evaluate their abilities to promote clot lysis and to stabilize erythrocyte membrane under hypotonic and heat induced conditions. The extractives were involved in disc diffusion assay to measure their ability to give zones of inhibition in cultured bacterial medium. ResultsIn DPPH free radical scavenging assay, the carbon tetrachloride soluble fraction demonstrated the highest free radical scavenging activity (IC50 = 40.50 ± 0.32 μg/ml) where as, in brine shrimp lethality bioassay, the hexane soluble fraction revealed the highest cytotoxic activity with LC50 value of 0.78 ± 0.74 μg/ml. While evaluating the thrombolytic activity of the extractives, the chloroform soluble fraction showed 32.50 ± 0.63% of clot lysis. This fraction at 1.0 mg/ml concentration also inhibited 46.74 ± 0.73% and 41.33 ± 0.59% of haemolysis of RBCs induced by hypotonic solution and heat as compared to 71.90% and 42.12% by acetyl salicylic acid (0.10 mg/ml), respectively. In disc diffusion assay, the extractives of A. blanchetii revealed zone of inhibition ranging from 7.0 to 13.0 mm. ConclusionFurther chemical and bioassay guided investigation on violet Allamanda must be conducted for isolation, identification and characterization of the bioactive constituents.

&lt;i&gt;In Vitro&lt;/i&gt; Antioxidant and Thrombolytic Activities of &lt;i&gt;Bridelia&lt;/i&gt; Species Growing in Bangladesh

The organic soluble extractives of three Bridelia species, B. verrucosa, B. stipularis and B. tomentosa growing in Bangladesh were subjected to screening for free radical scavenging activity, total antioxidant capacity and total phenolic content. All of the methanol extracts of the these plants and their kupchan fractions showed moderate to strong free radical scavenging activity, the total antioxidant capacity and total phenolic content, of which the methanol extract of the leaf of B. verrucosa revealed highest activity having IC50 value of 6.35 ?g/ml. All the extractives of three plants were also studied for their thrombolytic potential. Among the three plants the carbon tetrachloride soluble fraction and methanol extract of leaf and aqueous soluble fraction of bark of B. tomentosa, methanol extract of bark of B. stipularis and carbon tetrachloride soluble fraction of leaf of B. verrucosa exhibited highest thrombolytic activity with clot lysis value of 41.46%, 34.85%, 37.04%, 36.45% and 33.72%, respectively. Standard streptokinase was used as positive control which exhibited 61.50% lysis of clot while the negative control water revealed 2.56% lysis of clot.Keywords: Antioxidant; Free radical scavenging; Total antioxidant capacity; Phenolic content; Thrombolytic activity; Bridelia.© 2013 JSR Publications. ISSN: 2070-0237 (Print); 2070-0245 (Online). All rights reserved.doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jsr.v5i2.13568 J. Sci. Res. 5 (2), 343-351 (2013)

Bioactivities of Artocarpus chaplasha Roxb. and Bougainvillea spectabillis Willd.

The methanol extracts of leaf of Artocarpus chaplasha Roxb. and Bougainvillea spectabillis Willd. as well as their petroleum ether, carbon tetrachloride, chloroform and aqueous soluble partitionates were subjected to screenings for antioxidant, cytotoxic, thrombolytic, membrane stabilizing and antimicrobial activities. The antioxidant potential was evaluated by 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and Folin- Ciocalteau reagent using butylated hydroxytolune (BHT) and ascorbic acid as standards. The aqueous soluble fraction of the crude methanol extract of A. chaplasha and the methanolic crude extract of B. spectabillis demonstrated the highest free radical scavenging activity with the IC50 of 15.60±0.27 ?g/ml and 18.33±0.17 ?g/ml, which could be correlated to their total phenolic content of 61.26±0.23 and 50.00±0.19 mg of GAE/gm of extractive, respectively. Different extractives of A. chaplasha and B. spectabillis showed clot lysis activity ranging from 2.56±0.68% to 17.07±0.23% and 2.24±0.71% to 17.59±0.74% as compared to 66.77% and 3.791 % produced by the standard streptokinase and water, respectively. In hypotonic solution and heat induced conditions, the crude extract of A. chaplasha inhibited the haemolysis of human erythrocyte by 41.96±0.87% and 40.00±0.78%, while the carbon tetrachloride soluble fraction of methanol extract of B. spectabillis inhibited haemolysis by 65.68±0.36% and 35.62±0.82%, respectively. Here, acetyl salicylic acid (0.1 mg/ml) was used as reference showing 72.79% and 42.12% of haemolysis of RBCs in hypotonic and heat induced conditions, respectively. Among the extractives of both plants, the crude methanol extract of A. chaplasha and the chloroform soluble fraction of B. spectabillis extract revealed mild to moderate antimicrobial activity with zone of inhibition ranging from with 7.0 to 13.0 mm. The general toxicity was determined by brine shrimp lethality bioassay where the pet-ether soluble fraction of A. chaplasha (LC50 0.781±0.36 ?g/ml) and the aqueous soluble partitionate of B. spectabillis (LC50 1.28±0.57 ?g/ml) suggested the presence of considerable bioactive principles. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bpj.v16i1.14493 Bangladesh Pharmaceutical Journal 16(1): 63-68, 2013

In Vitro Membrane Stabilizing and Thrombolytic Activities of Ophirrhiza mungos, Mussaenda macrophylla, Gmelina philippensis and Synedrella nodiflora Growing in Bangladesh

The methanol extracts and their pet-ether, carbon tetrachloride, chloroform and aqueous soluble partitionates of Ophirrhiza mungos, Mussaenda macrophylla, Gmelina philippensis and Synedrella nodiflorawere subjected to assays for membrane stabilizing and thrombolytic activities. The extractives inhibited heat- as well as hypotonic solution-induced haemolysis of human erythrocytes in vitro. The pet-ether soluble fraction of O. mungos, M. macrophylla and S. nodiflora demonstrated 61.16 % &amp; 24.75%, 52.55% &amp; 23.35% and 60.24% &amp; 22.85% inhibition of hemolysis of RBC caused by hypotonic solution and heat, whereas the carbon tetrachloride soluble fraction of G. philippensis showed 49.05% and 21.25% inhibition of hypotonic and heat induced hemolysis of RBC, respectively. Here, acetyl salicylic acid was used as reference standard at 0.10 mg/mL. Among the four plants, the carbon tetrachloride soluble fraction of O. mungos, methanol extract of M. macrophylla, carbon tetrachloride soluble fraction of G. philippensis and chloroform soluble fraction of S. nodiflora revealed highest thrombolytic activity with clot lysis value of 50.09%, 49.50%, 47.14% and 46.37%, respectively. Standard streptokinase and water were used as positive and negative controls which showed 65.00% and 3.84% lysis of clot, respectively.

Evaluation of antioxidant activity and cytotoxic potential of Cryp-tocoryne ciliata

Cryptocoryne ciliata belonging to the Araceae family has been investigated for isolation of its secondary metabolites and evaluation of biological activities of the crude extractives with special emphasis to the antioxidant activity and brine shrimp lethality bioassay. The whole plant was extracted with methanol and concentrated extract was partitioned using petroleum ether, carbon tetrachloride and ethyl acetate. Aqueous soluble fraction of the methanolic extract showed the highest antioxidant activity. The carbon tetrachloride soluble fraction of the methanolic extract and the ethyl acetate soluble fraction of the methanolic extract showed moderate antioxidant activity as compared to free antioxidant activity of tert-butyl-1-hydroxytolunene. In the brine shrimp lethality bioassay, among all extracts of whole plant of C. ciliata, the carbon tetrachloride soluble fraction of the methanolic extract showed strong cytotoxic activity. Aqueous soluble fraction of the methanolic extract, methanolic crude and ethyl acetate soluble fraction of the methanolic extract showed mild cytotoxity as compared to that of vincristine sulphate. The study confirms the mild to moderate antioxidant and moderate potent cytotoxic activities of C. ciliata plant extract as compared to reference standards and therefore demands the isolation of active principles and thorough bioassay.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/icpj.v2i2.13196 International Current Pharmaceutical Journal 2013, 2(2): 38-41

Membrane Stabilizing And Antimicrobial Activities Of Caladium Bicolor And Chenopodium Album

The crude methanol extracts of whole plant of Caladium bicolor (Aiton) Vent. and leaf of Chenopodium album L. as well as their pet-ether, carbon tetrachloride, chloroform and aqueous soluble fractions were evaluated for membrane stabilizing and antimicrobial activities. At concentration 1.0 mg/ml, the carbon tetrachloride soluble fraction of C. bicolor inhibited 43.92±1.63% and 38.08±0.83 % hypotonic solution and heat induced haemolysis of RBCs, respectively. Among the extractives of C. album, the aqueous soluble fraction inhibited 47.11±0.49 % and 36.73±0.76 % hypotonic solution and heat induced haemolysis of RBCs as compared to 72.79 % and 42.12 % by acetyl salicylic acid (0.10 mg/ml), respectively. C. bicolor test samples demonstrated zone of inhibition ranging from 6.0 to 20.0 mm. The chloroform soluble fraction showed the highest zone of inhibition (20.0 mm) against Staphylococcus aureus. The test samples of C. album displayed zone of inhibition ranging from 7.0 to 13.0 mm. The highest zone of inhibition (13.0 mm) was showed by the chloroform soluble fraction against Salmonella paratyphi. Keywords- Caladium bicolor (Aiton) Vent., Chenopodium album L., membrane stabilizing activity, hypotonic solution, disc diffusion method, zone of inhibition

In vitro Antioxidant, Membrane Stabilizing and Thrombolytic Activities of Glycosmis arborea

The methanol extract of leaves and stems of Glycosmis arborea and their pet-ether, carbon tetrachloride, chloroform and aqueous soluble partitionates were subjected to assays for antioxidant activity by Folin-Ciocalteau reagent, membrane stabilizing and thrombolytic activities. The carbon tetrachloride soluble fraction of stems of G. arborea demonstrated the presence of significant amount of phenolic compounds (36.95 ± 0.54 mg of GAE/g of extract). The extractives inhibited heat as well as hypotonic solution-induced haemolysis of rat erythrocytes in vitro. The pet-ether soluble fraction of leaves and stems of G. arborea showed 20.46 and 38.24% and 22.50 and 48.25%. inhibition of hemolysis of RBC caused by heat and hypotonic solution, as compared to 30.55 and 72.91% inhibition of hemolysis of RBC caused by the standard Acetyl salicylic acid at 0.01 mg/ml concentration, respectively. Among the four fractions, the chloroform soluble materials of the stems of G. arborea revealed highest thrombolytic activity with clot lysis value of 36.50% while standard streptokinase and water used as positive and negative controls, showed 64.25±0.26 and 2.35±0.35 % lysis of clot respectively DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bpj.v15i2.12579 Bangladesh Pharmaceutical Journal 15(2): 141-143, 2012

Biological Screenings of Two Araceous Plants Growing in Bangladesh

Two Bangladeshi medicinal plants from Araceae family, Alocasia indica and Steudnera virosa, have been investigated for their in vitro thrombolytic, membrane stabilizing antimicrobial activities and generalized toxicity. The total phenolic content was also determined and expressed in gallic acid equivalent. The membrane stabilizing activity was assessed by heat and hypotonic solution induced methods. The carbon tetrachloride soluble fraction (CTCSF) of A. indica and aqueous soluble fraction (AQSF) of S. virosa demonstrated strong membrane stabilizing activity. Different extractives of A. indica and S. virosa showed moderate thrombolytic activity. Among the two plants, the methanoic crude extract and its chloroform soluble partitionate of S. virosa revealed moderate inhibition of microbial growth. In brine shrimp lethality bioassay, the pet-ether and carbon tetrachloride soluble fractions of A. indica and the crude extract and its pet-ether soluble fraction of S. virosa were found to be as lethal as Vincristine sulphate after 24 hours observation on shrimp nauplii. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/dujps.v10i2.11794 Dhaka Univ. J. Pharm. Sci. 10(2): 131-135, 2011(December)

In vitro antioxidant, total phenolic content and preliminary toxicity studies of Gmelina philippensis chem.

Investigation with the crude methanol extract of leaves and flowers of Gmelina philippensischem. as well as petroleum ether, carbon tetrachloride and dichloromethane soluble partitionates were carried out to evaluate antioxidant activity. It was evaluated by analyzing the bleaching rate of 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and phosphomolybdenum total antioxidant assay using, butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) and ascorbic acid (ASA) as standard antioxidants. The total phenolic content was also determined and expressed in gallic acid equivalent (mg of GAE/g of sample). A great variance was observed for polyphenol content as well as antioxidant activity (1.354 to 10.179 mg GAE/g and DPPH IC50 9.75 to 35.25 μg/ml) depending on the nature of the solvent used to fractionate the crude extracts. The result demonstrated that carbon tetrachloride soluble fraction of leaves extract revealed the highest amount of phenolic compounds (10.179 mg GAE/g) and also had significant antioxidant activity (IC50 9.75 μg/ml). A positive correlation was seen between total phenolic content and total antioxidant activity of leaves and flowers of G. philippensis chem. having correlation coefficient (R2) values of 0.9878 and 0.9385, respectively. The general toxicity of the extractive was studied by brine shrimp lethality bioassay and from the results (LC50 0.902 to 0.487 μg/ml). Key words: Antioxidant, brine shrimp lethality bioassay, Gmelina philippensis chem., phenolic content, verbenaceae.

Antioxidant, Cytotoxic, Membrane Stabilizing and Antimicrobial Activities of Bark and Seed of Entada phaseoloides (L.) Merr.: A Medicinal Plant from Chittagong Hill Tracts

The methanolic crude extract of the bark and seed of Entada phaseoloides (L.) Merr. and its different organic soluble partitionates were screened for antioxidant, cytotoxic, membrane stabilizing and antimicrobial activities. The crude extract and carbon tetrachloride and aqueous soluble fractionsof both bark and seed showed higher level of total phenolic content (TPC, 245.59, 240.22, 240.03 &amp; 117.0 mg of GAE/gm of dried extract). In the DPPH assay, the crude extract of bark and its chloroform and aqueous soluble fractions demonstrated strong antioxidant property with the IC50 of 3.24, 1.55 and 3.6 μg/ml, respectively whereas all the fractions of seed extract revealed mild antioxidant activity. The petroleum ether soluble fraction of both seed and bark exhibited significant cytotoxicity (LC50 = 1.54 &amp; 5.4 μg/ml) which confers the presence of bioactive metabolites in this plant. On the other hand, the crude extract of seed and petroleum ether soluble fraction of bark inhibited the hemolysis of RBC of rat’s blood by 78.89 and 57.43%, respectively as compared to 84.44% exerted by acetyl salicylic acid (0.10 mg/ml). In antimicrobial screening, the carbon tetrachloride soluble fraction of bark showed significant antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus (zone of inhibition = 17.0 mm) with MIC and MBC values of 7.81 μg/ml and 125 μg/ml, respectively