Carbon Steel In Water Research Articles

Comparative Study of the Tribological Properties of CFRPEEK, Stainless and Carbon Steel in High Water-Based Fluid

The advantageous physical and chemical properties of carbon-fiber-reinforced polyetheretherketone (CFRPEEK) make it a suitable friction pair for water hydraulic components. To explore the selection of friction pair materials, this paper investigated the tribological properties of CFRPEEK, stainless and carbon steel in water and high water-based fluids, and evaluated them using reciprocating friction and wear tester. After the test, the wear surface morphology of the contact surface was observed under an electron microscope. The results show that the degree of friction between specimens is dependent on the load and frequency. Meanwhile, both 316L and CFRPEEK have good tribological properties in both mediums. Microscope observation analysis showed that CFRPEEK surfaces easily absorb water to create a water film, thus improving its performance and reducing wear. Additionally, the friction between stainless and carbon steel in high water-base fluid will generate a lubricating film, the surface of which shows excellent tribological properties. The final conclusion was that the choice of material for plunger pair material depends on the medium, with 304-316L being more suitable for high water-based fluids, while CFRPEEK-316L is more suitable for water.

Contribution to the Study of Biotechnological Control Techniques Applied Against Biocorrosion Oil Installations

The biological activity of oil extracted from green algae has long been known, but evaluation of bimolecular activities contained in this oil on an industrial scale, especially in the oil industry, was the objective of our research project. The first stapes of this study is to extract the essential oil from green algae marine Ulva Lactuca in our region, obtained by extraction/purification method based on hydro distillation and methanol extraction, the work performed at the laboratories of Sonatrach (SH/DTD/AUI/CEM). The second stapes is to evaluate the potential of these algae extracts on microbiologically influenced corrosion. After chemical-physic characterization of two bio naturals products A and B, we test their effectiveness as a bactericide on bacterial corrosion of carbon steel in water contained sulfate reducing bacteria by electrochemical analysis techniques (Open-circuit potential/OCP and Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy/EIS).

Simulation and Experimental Investigation Quenching Behavior of Medium Carbon Steel in Water Based Multi Wall Carbon Nanotube Nanofluids

Experiments were conducted to study the effect of quenching medium carbon steel in water-based MWCNTs nanofluids at 0.05 % wt. concentration quenchant, a large cylindrical sample with 46 mm diameter and 40 mm length made from medium carbon steel used with three K-type thermocouples with a diameter of 1.5 mm inserted in three locations for sample (center of the sample, mid-point between center and surface and 1 mm from the surface). A time-temperature reading data system was used to read temperature history during cooling stage.The same experiments were simulated using ANSYS Workbench with Thermal Transient Version 19, the cooling curves at three locations for the cylindrical steel sample calculated during quenching in MWCNTs nanofluids. Quench factor analysis was used to predict the hardness results from the calculated and measured cooling curves, and these results compared with the hardness test results conducted in the significant sample from the center to the surface. The results show excellent compatibility when compared between the hardness results from cooling curves, and it also shows a good agreement with the results of the hardness test, especially at the sample surface.

Iron oxide nanopowder synthesized by electroerosion dispersion (EED) – Properties and potential for microwave applications

Magnetic nanoparticles (MNP) have attracted considerable interest in many fields of research and applied science due to their impressive properties. In the past, especially biomedical problems have promoted the development of MNPs. For technical applications e.g. wastewater treatment and absorption of electromagnetic waves, the existing synthesis approaches are too expensive and/or the producible quantities are too low. In this work we present a method for simple preparation of size-controlled magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles by electroerosion dispersion (EED) of carbon steel in water. We describe the synthesis method, the laboratory installation and discuss the structural, chemical and electromagnetic properties of the synthetized EED powders as well as their applicability for microwave absorption compared to other available ferrite powders.

Revealing the Inhibition Efficiencies of Artesunate and Rutin for Corrosion of Steel: A Theoretical Study

Corrosion inhibition characteristics of artesunate and rutin on carbon steel in water has been studied using density functional theory (DFT). Quantum chemical parameters such as highest occupied molecular orbital energy (EHOMO), lowest unoccupied molecular orbital energy (ELUMO), energy gap (ΔE), and global reactivity properties have been calculated at the B3LYP/6-311G(d,p) basis set. The results of theoretical calculations confirm the experimental findings on the superiority of rutin to protect the corrosion of steel in aqueous media compared to artesunate.

Predicting and Preventing Flow Accelerated Corrosion in Nuclear Power Plant

Flow accelerated corrosion (FAC) of carbon steels in water has been a concern in nuclear power production for over 40 years. Many theoretical models or empirical approaches have been developed to predict the possible occurrence, position, and rate of FAC. There are a number of parameters, which need to be incorporated into any model. Firstly there is a measure defining the hydrodynamic severity of the flow; this is usually the mass transfer rate. The development of roughness due to FAC and its effect on mass transfer need to be considered. Then most critically there is the derived or assumed functional relationship between the chosen hydrodynamic parameter and the rate of FAC. Environmental parameters that are required, at the relevant temperature and pH, are the solubility of magnetite and the diffusion coefficient of the relevant iron species. The chromium content of the steel is the most important material factor.

Principal component analysis applied to study of carbon steel electrochemical corrosion

Voltammetric techniques (open circuit potential, linear polarisation resistance and cyclic voltammetry) have been applied to study the corrosion of carbon steel in water. The study has been performed in aqueous solutions for pH ranging between 7 and 12 in the presence of chlorides, sulphates, carbonates, nitrites and nitrates. Principal component analysis (PCA) was performed with the cyclic voltammetric data. Values of corrosion potential and corrosion current obtained with traditional methods are compared to the conclusions arisen by the PCA. These results show the ability of PCA for the evaluation and diagnosis of corrosion processes and not only that, it leads to the possibility of using steel working electrodes as ion sensors.

Statistical approaches for assessment of water corrosivity

This paper investigated the effects of eight dissolved species concentrations on corrosion of carbon steel in water. Short term electrochemical experimental measurements indicated that the corrosion mechanisms of carbon steel in brackish water are uniform and pitting corrosion. The corrosivity of water is difficult to be defined using single parameter such as the corrosion rate. In this case, Mahalanobis–Taguchi method, as a discriminant analysis approach, is applicable for water corrosivity assessment. Mahalanobis–Taguchi method enables to predict whether a given water sample is acceptably corrosive or not. The preliminary investigation has indicated that Mahalanobis–Taguchi method can serve as a tool for water corrosity assessment.

Development of a Suppression Method for Corrosion of Carbon Steel by Double-Layer Ni Metal-Ni Ferrite Film

Water pH control or dissolved oxygen (DO) in water control is being applied to many thermal and nuclear power plants in order to reduce the corrosion of carbon steel (CS). In the former, a continuous pH adjuster, such as hydrazine, is injected into water during plant operation cycles, and in the latter, oxygen gas is injected into water and is controlled during plant operation. Then, we developed the Hitachi ferrite coating (Hi-F Coat) process to suppress the corrosion of CS in plant operation cycles without pH or DO control. In this process, a fine oxide film is formed on the CS base metal of the piping in solution at 363 K. In this study, we developed a method to form a double-layer Ni metal-Ni ferrite film to suppress the corrosion amount of CS in water. In this process, a double-layer film is formed on the base metal of the piping using four chemical reagents in solutions, Fe(HCOO)2, Ni(HCOO)2, H2O2, and N2H4 at 363 K. X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and Auger electron spectroscopy measurements of the film show a close-packed double-layer thin film formed in the amount of 3.6 g/m2. The inner layer is mainly Ni metal and the outer layer is Ni0:7 2+Fe0:3 2+Fe2 3+O4. After adding the four chemical reagent solutions, Ni2+ ions were reduced on the CS surface and a Ni metal film was formed on the base metal. Then, a Ni0:7Fe0:3Fe2O4 film was formed on the CS surface by oxidation of Fe2+ to Fe3+ with H2O2. We confirmed that the respective corrosion amounts were reduced to 1/5 and 1/2 compared with those obtained without and with oxygen injection at 423 K. Furthermore, we analyzed the film after a corrosion test. The double-layer film changed to a Ni0:7Fe0:3Fe2O4 single-layer film. There is the possibility that the transformation from the double-layer film to the single-layer film reduced the corrosion of CS by preventing the diffusion of Fe ions from base CS to high-temperature water.

Heterogeneous corrosion behaviour of carbon steel in water contaminated biodiesel

Biodiesel has been widely used as an additive to traditional fuel supplies, but the corrosion of metals used in biodiesel infrastructure is becoming an increasing concern. In this study, the influence of water contamination and corrosion behaviour of carbon steel in biodiesel, were characterized using the wire beam electrode (WBE) technique. In situ local current distributions among the electrodes showed a distinct corrosion pattern, with the anodes formed in the area that was exposed to water, and the cathodes formed along the water–biodiesel interface. The anodic current distribution showed a positive correlation with the biodiesel concentration gradient in water.

Quantitative Analysis of Cavitation Erosion Particle Morphology in Dilute Emulsions

Wear particles produced by vibratory cavitation erosion tests on 1017 carbon steels in water and oil-in-water (o∕w) emulsions were analyzed. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of wear particles were acquired, forming a database for further analysis. The particle morphology features were first clarified. Next, the size parameters (size, area, and perimeter) and shape factors (elongation and roundness) were determined for each test liquid, using image analysis software. The size parameters of the removed particles were higher in water than in o∕w emulsions. While the shape factors could not significantly discriminate between the particles produced in water and o∕w emulsions. The size distribution was in a wide range for water than that for o∕w emulsions. The cavitation erosion mechanism is fatigue failure for water and o∕w emulsions.

Effect of an electric field applied during the quenching on hardness of carbon steel

It is found that application of an electric field during the quenching of 0.46% carbon steel in water increases its hardness. The hardness of the quenched surface increases with the strength of the electric field. The effect of the electric field on the hardness of the quenched surface is larger than that in the interior of the material. The quenching with an electric field gives a tinier martensite microstructure than the quenching without it. The possible mechanisms of electric field increasing the quenched hardness are: (a) the field reduces the critical radius of the martensite and the nucleation energy, and increases the nucleation rate; (b) the field reduces the vacancy concentration at the charged surface, thereby retarding the vacancy influence on the rate of pearlite formation.

The effect of sulfide on the corrosion behavior of carbon steel in natural waters

PurposeTo study the corrosion behavior and discuss the corrosion mechanism of No. 20 carbon steel in water in the presence of sulfide ions.Design/methodology/approachThe mass‐loss method, electrochemical tests and surface analysis were used to study the corrosion behavior and discuss the corrosion mechanism of No. 20 carbon steel in water in the presence of sulfide ions.FindingsGeneral corrosion occurred when No. 20 carbon steel was immersed in both test solutions (concentrated sample with S2− added to 0.8 mg/L, and pure concentrated sample with no S2− added). The presence of S2− in test solutions accelerated the corrosion rate of No. 20 carbon steel.Practical implicationsIn order to prevent No. 20 carbon steel in water with S2− from corroding, S2− must be removed.Originality/valueIt was found that the presence of S2− in test solutions accelerated the corrosion rate of No. 20 carbon steel in this paper. Therefore, when water containing sulfide ions is used as the source of make‐up water and cooling water, S2− in water must be removed to prevent the pipelines and facilities from corroding. This means the research results can offer theoretical guidelines for the prevention of pipelines and facilities in the power plant from corroding.

Effect of pressure on the rate of corrosion of metals in high subcritical and supercritical aqueous systems

A theory is developed for the effect of pressure on the rates of chemical and corrosion reactions in high subcritical and supercritical aqueous systems, with emphasis on the contributions from activation, system compressibility (volumetric concentration), and chemical dissociation. The theory shows that for high subcritical temperatures ( 300 ° C<T<374 °C), all three contributions are important, but that at supercritical temperatures ( T<374.15 °C), the compressibility of the system and the dissociation of solutes (e.g. HCl) to produce reactants (H +) become dominant, with the latter becoming increasingly so as the temperature in increased. The theory is compared with experimental data for the corrosion of 1013 carbon steel in water at 481 °C and at pressures ranging from 170 bar (2500 psi) to 238 bar (3500 psi). Relatively good agreement is obtained between theory and experiment considering the semi-quantitative nature of the experimental reaction rate data.

Electrochemical investigation of the corrosion behavior of chromium-modified carbon steels in water

Electrochemical measurements were performed on four steels with different chromium (Cr) contents in simulated CANDU reactor coolant at room temperature to investigate the influence of chromium content on the corrosion behavior of the steels. The addition of chromium to carbon steel can promote passivation. The passive film significantly decreases the corrosion rate, and thus improves the corrosion resistance of the steels as chromium content is increased. Repassivation kinetic experiments indicate that there is a more rapid repassivation rate and a more stable passive film on steels containing a higher concentration of chromium. The slip-oxidation model was used to calculate the crack growth rate (CGR) on the steels. The 304L stainless steel has the highest CGR with an increase in potential of the steels studied. Chromium modification of steels can improve the resistance to corrosion. However, its influence on cracking and crack growth must be taken into consideration. The 2.5%Cr–1%Mo steel gave the best overall results when considering both the corrosion and the cracking behavior of the steels studied.

97/04446 Development of high-efficiency USC power plants in Denmark: Blum, H. J. R. and Hald, J. IMechE Conf. Trans., 1997, (2, Advanced Steam Plant), 3–16

A theory is developed for the effect of pressure on the rates of chemical and corrosion reactions in high subcritical and supercritical aqueous systems, with emphasis on the contributions from activation, system compressibility (volumetric concentration), and chemical dissociation. The theory shows that for high subcritical temperatures (300°C<T<374 °C), all three contributions are important, but that at supercritical temperatures (T<374.15 °C), the compressibility of the system and the dissociation of solutes (e.g. HCl) to produce reactants (H+) become dominant, with the latter becoming increasingly so as the temperature in increased. The theory is compared with experimental data for the corrosion of 1013 carbon steel in water at 481 °C and at pressures ranging from 170 bar (2500 psi) to 238 bar (3500 psi). Relatively good agreement is obtained between theory and experiment considering the semi-quantitative nature of the experimental reaction rate data.

ベントナイト接触水中における炭素鋼の不働態化と脱不働態化

ベントナイト接触水中における炭素鋼の不働態化と脱不働態化

Effect of [HCO3-+CO32−[ on Corrosion Crevice Repassivation Potential of Carbon Steel in Simulated Bentonite Environment

AbstractIn order to evaluate the localized corrosion susceptibility of carbon steel in water containing bentonite, the critical pH for depassivation, pHd, the critical potential for crevice corrosion, ERCREV, and the free corrosion potential, Esp, were determined in simulated aqueous solutions of 1 to 100 mmol/L [HCO3- - CO32−], 1 to 1000 mmo!/L [NaCI], and pH of 7 to 12. The Following results were obtained; 1)ER, CREV. increases with increasing [HCO3− CO32−] concentration. The relationship can be described as a function of the ratio of [CI-I HCO3−- CO32−], 2)The Esp increases with increasing pH in the passive region, and 3)ThepHd shows [HCO3− - CO32−] concentration dependency. This paper also discusses the relationship between critical initiation potential for crevice corrosion of carbon steel, [CI-], and [HCO3− CO32−] anion. The crevice corrosion that occurs on passivated metals and alloys is characterized by determinable critical initiation potential that can be induced in a potential range nobler than its critical potential.

Steady-State Model for Erosion-Corrosion of Feedwater Piping

Abstract The erosion-corrosion (EC) of carbon steel in water of low dissolved oxygen content occurs due to flow-assisted dissolution of a normally protective magnetite film that forms on the surface. From the overall reaction involved in formation and dissolution of the film, one mole of hydrogen gas is generated for each mole of iron consumed. A fraction, b, of the hydrogen generated will diffuse into the steel. From the hydrogen generation and the flux rates, the EC rate was calculated by using a simple model consisting of two stages in series. The first stage is the dissolution of the oxide film, and the second stage is a hydrodynamic diffusion of ferrous ions across the mass transfer boundary layer. The EC rate, calculated by using this model using known thermodynamic, hydrodynamic, and diffusional parameters, is in good agreement with published values. In particular, the evaluation of the steady state EC rate showed a peak in the rate vs temperature in agreement with experimental results.

Corrosion and Magnetite Growth on Carbon Steels in Water at 310 C – Effect of Dissolved Oxygen, pH, and EDTA Addition

Abstract The formation of magnetite at 310 C on carbon steels has been studied at pH 7.0 and 10.5 in presence of two oxygen levels (<0.05 and 3.5 ppm) by kinetics, scanning electron microscopy, and electrochemical measurements. An adherent and protective magnetite of thickness 1.8 μ was observed after 530 hours of exposure at pH 10.5 and oxygen <0.05 ppm. Higher oxygen and neutral pH conditions resulted in only a slight increase in the overall corrosion rates, but the magnetite was still adherent and protective. Two stages in the oxide formation were seen. During the first stage, the oxide growth was nearly parabolic and continued up to a thickness of about 4 microns followed by the second stage under steady state conditions, with a low corrosion rate of 0.015 mm/y or less. The addition of EDTA up to 300 ppm has resulted in improving the adherence of the oxide and decreasing the corrosion metal loss. Room temperature electrochemical measurements have shown that the passivity proceeds in two stages, Fe(OH)...